Download Chapter 7 Notes - Garrard County Schools

The Rise of Nationalism
Main Idea
Nationalism contributed to the growth of American culture and influenced domestic and foreign
policies.
Reading Focus
• What were the characteristics of the new American culture?
• How did nationalism influence domestic policy?
• How did nationalism guide foreign policy?
• What was the Missouri Compromise?
A New American Culture
• In 1823, there were fewer than ___________________________________ Americans.
• The majority of the population still lived in ________ areas along or near the East Coast.
• The largest city, _________________________, was home to only about 120,000 people.
• Philadelphia and Baltimore were about half that size.
Unique American culture slowly develops
• ___________________: the ways of life of a particular group of people (language, art,
music, clothing, food, and other aspects of daily life)
• Instead of imitating European cultures, as they had done for generations, Americans
began doing things in a distinctly American way.
American Art and Literature
• Before the 1800s, American artists and writers were paid little respect, even by their
fellow Americans.
• That changed when their work honored American life.
• In 1825 the painter _______________________________________ helped establish the
____________________________________ School, a group of artists whose landscapes
both depicted and celebrated the American countryside.
• American authors Washington _________________, James Fenimore _______________,
and William Cullen _______________
– Proved that Americans could create literature respected in America as well as in
Europe
• Noah __________________________, lexicographer, published An American Dictionary
of the English Language
– Defined thousands of new words
Nationalism Influences Domestic Policy
• As a unique American culture developed, so did a sense of nationalism.
• ______________________ replaced the tendency toward _________________________.
• These feelings were soon reflected in government policies.
•
John ___________________________, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835)
- His court made two key rulings that reflected growing feelings of nationalism and
strengthened the national government.
- _____________________________________________________: This case
pitted the state of Maryland against the national government. In his ruling,
Marshall made it clear that national interests were to be put above state interests.
- ____________________________________________________: Marshall ruled
that national law was superior to state law.
The American System
• Nationalistic domestic policy of the early 1800s championed by ____________________
included:
– a _______________________ to protect American industries
– the sale of government __________________ to raise money for the national
government
– the maintenance of a national ________________
– government funding of internal improvements or public projects such as
________________ and _________________
– The American System was never implemented as a unified policy, although the
national government did establish tariffs and a bank.
– It demonstrated the nationalist feelings of Americans of the early 1800s.
Nationalism Guides Foreign Policy
• American foreign policy in the early 1800s also reflected the feelings of nationalism.
• In 1816 voters elected ______________________________________ to the presidency.
• During his presidency, the _____________________ grew rapidly, and a spirit of
nationalism and optimism prevailed—”Era of _________________________________.”
Successful diplomacy abroad
• __________________________________________Treaty (1818): treaty with Britain
that called for the nearly complete disarmament of the eastern part of the border between
the United States and British Canada
• During the Convention of 1818, Monroe also convinced Britain to draw the western part
of the border between the United States and Canada along the _______________ parallel.
• ______________________________________ (1819): the United States acquired
Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana Territory and
________________________________ territory farther to the west.
The Monroe Doctrine
• Some Spanish colonies in Central and South America declared their independence in the
early 1800s when Spain was fighting Napoleon.
• After Napoleon was defeated, Spain and other ____________________________ powers
considered retaking control of their former colonies in the Americas.
•
American lawmakers wanted to deter any foreign country from taking lands in the
Americas that the United States might someday claim.
• President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams declared a new policy,
known as the _________________________________________________.
• It declared the Americas off limits to European ________________________________.
The Missouri Compromise
• There were ___________ states in the Union in 1819.
• In half of the states—the “__________________ states” of the South—slavery was legal.
• In half of the states—the “_________________ states” of the North—slavery was illegal.
• This exact balance between slave states and free states gave them equal representation in
the U.S. _____________________.
• If Missouri were admitted as a slave state, the balance would be upset.
• _______________________________________________________ of 1820: agreement
under which Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was to be
admitted as a free state
• The agreement also banned slavery in the northern part of the ______________________
Territory.
• The Missouri Compromise kept the balance between slave and free states.
The Age of Jackson
Main Idea
President Andrew Jackson’s bold actions defined a period of American history.
Reading Focus
• What path led to Andrew Jackson’s presidency?
• How did the Indian Removal Act lead to the Trail of Tears?
• Why was the national bank a source of controversy?
• How did a conflict over the issue of states’ rights lead to a crisis?
Path to the Presidency
Andrew Jackson
• Served in the ______________ during the Revolutionary War
• Practiced law in Tennessee, became a successful land speculator, and served in a variety
of government offices, including the House of Representatives and the Senate
• Served in the War of 1812, nicknamed “_____________________________________”
• Was given command of military operations in the South
• Led the American forces at the Battle of __________________________________
• Became nationally famous as the “Hero of New Orleans”
• In 1824 he ran for president and won the popular vote, but not a majority of the electoral
votes.
• John Quincy __________ won the House of Representatives’ vote and became president.
• Jackson and his supporters created a new political party that became the
____________________________________________________________.
• Adams and his supporters became the National ________________________________.
• Many thought Adams was out of touch with the people.
• Jackson was a popular war hero—“a man of the _______________________________.”
• In the 1820s voting restrictions in many states—such as the requirement for
______________________________ ownership—were being lifted, allowing poor
people to become voters.
Election of 1828
• These ordinary, working Americans were strong Jackson supporters. He easily defeated
the unpopular President Adams.
• Such political power exercised by ordinary Americans became known as
__________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________: rewarding supporters by giving them
positions in the government.
The Indian Removal Act
• Five major Native American groups lived in the southeastern United States: the
Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek.
• White Americans called them the “__________________________________________”
because many of them had adopted aspects of European and American culture.
• Many white Americans viewed them as inferior.
• ____________________________ was becoming scarce in the East, and white settlers
coveted the Indians’ lands.
• __________________________________________________ (1830): called for the
___________________________ of the five nations to an area west of the Mississippi
River called Indian Territory, now present-day __________________________.
• The U.S. Army marched the Choctaw, the Creek, and the Chickasaw west, hundreds of
miles, to Indian Territory.
• Many __________________ on the long trek due to exposure, malnutrition, and disease.
• The Seminole women and children hid from the soldiers in the dense Florida
____________________________ while Seminole men conducted hit-and-run attacks on
the American soldiers.
• About 3,000 Seminole were forced to move to Indian Territory, but many more continued
to ____________________, their descendants still live in Florida today.
The Trail of Tears
• The _________________________________ fought their removal in the American court
system. They sued the federal government, claiming that they had the right to be
respected as a foreign country.
• The Supreme Court in 1831 ruled against the Cherokee.
• The state of Georgia, carrying out the Indian Removal Act, ordered Samuel Austin
Worcester, a white man and a friend to the Cherokee, to leave Cherokee land.
• Worcester brought suit on behalf of himself and the Cherokee.
• _____________________________________________________ (1832): The Supreme
Court ruled against Georgia, denying it the right to take Cherokee lands.
• To get around the Court’s ruling, government officials signed a _________________
with Cherokee leaders who favored relocation.
• The Cherokee were herded by the U.S. Army on a long and deadly march west.
• Of the 18,000 Cherokee forced to leave their homes, about ____________________ died
on the march, which became known as the _____________________________________.
The National Bank
• The ____________________________________________________________________
was a national bank overseen by the federal government to regulate state banks.
- Established in 1816 and given a _______-year charter
•
•
•
•
•
- Opponents (including Jackson) thought that the ___________________________
did not give Congress the authority to create the bank.
- Opponents recognized that state banks were more inclined to make loans to
________________________ farmers in the South and West—the very people
who supported Jackson.
- By contrast, they viewed the bank as an institution devoted to the interests of
________________________ northern corporations.
In 1832, an election year, Jackson ________________ a bill to extend the bank’s charter.
When ______________________________________ challenged Jackson for the
presidency, the controversy over the bank became a major campaign issue.
Jackson won re-election, defeating Clay in a __________________________.
After his re-election, Jackson ordered the money taken out of the bank and deposited in
select state banks.
In 1836 the Second Bank of the United States was reduced to just another state bank.
Conflict Over States’Rights
• In 1828 Congress raised the tariff on ________________________ manufactured goods.
• The tariff was welcomed by industry in the _________________________ states because
it increased the price of British goods and encouraged Americans to buy American goods.
• The agricultural ________________________________ states despised the tax. It forced
southerners to buy northern goods instead of the less expensive British goods.
• Southern ______________________________ growers, who exported most of their crop
to Britain, opposed interference with international trade.
• The concept that states have the right to reject federal laws is called the
_______________________________________________________________________.
• The issue of nullification and states’ rights was the focus of one of the most famous
debates in Senate history in 1830.
Nullification Crisis
• When Congress passed another tariff in 1832, South Carolina declared the tariff law “null
and void” and threatened to ________________________ from the Union if the federal
government tried to enforce the tariff.
• Jackson received the Force Bill from Congress, but South Carolina declared the Force
Bill null and void as well.
• Compromise worked out by _________________________________
- Tariffs would be reduced over a period of ______ years.
- Issues of nullification and of states’ rights would be raised again.
The North Industrializes
Main Idea
The North developed an economy based on industry.
Reading Focus
• What was the Industrial Revolution?
• How did the Industrial Revolution affect the North?
• What advancements were made in transportation and communication?
The Industrial Revolution
• The ______________________________________________________ was the birth of
modern industry and the social changes that accompanied it.
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain’s _______________________ industry.
• In the late 1700s, a series of inventions mechanized both spinning and weaving, radically
transforming the industry.
• British inventors created machines that used power from running water and steam
engines to spin and weave cloth.
• By 1800 textile companies had built hundreds of mills to produced volumes of
__________________ that could only have been dreamed of a few decades earlier.
• In 1793 Samuel _________________ and Moses _______________ built a waterpowered spinning mill on the Blackstone River in Rhode Island.
• It marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the United States.
The Lowell Mills
• The Industrial Revolution spread rapidly throughout New England.
• ____________________________, Massachusetts, became the center of textile
production with 40 mill buildings and 10,000 looms.
• The majority of the workers in the Lowell mills were young women, recruited from local
farms.
• They made relatively good ______________ but worked long ______________—often
as long as 14 hours a day, 6 days a week.
• The young women came to be known as the _________________________________.
The Revolution Spreads
• Throughout the early and mid-1800s, industrialization spread slowly from the textile
industry to other industries in the North.
• In the 1830s ____________________________________ became better and more widely
available.
• Their power helped make industry the fastest-_______________________ part of the
U.S. economy.
Industrialization and Urbanization
• People left the farm and moved to cities where they could work in the mills and factories.
• In 1820 only ______ percent of Americans lived in cities.
• Within 30 years, that percentage more than ____________________.
• Within a few decades, the North evolved from a region of small towns and farms into one
including large _________________ and factories.
Transportation & Communication
Businesses needed ways to transport raw materials to their growing number of factories and mills
and to ship their finished goods to market.
Roads
In 1811 construction began on the __________________________________________.
• It was completed in 1841.
• Stretched ______________ miles west from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois
• Most roads were much shorter and crudely made.
• By 1840 a network of roads connected most of the cities and towns throughout the United
States, promoting travel and trade.
Canals
• In 1825 the 363-mile-long ___________________________________ opened,
connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River—and with the Atlantic Ocean.
• The canal provided a quick and economical way to ship manufactured goods to the West
and farm products to the East.
• Within 15 years after the success of the Erie Canal, more than _________________ miles
of canals formed a dense network in the northeast.
The Steamboat
• The first successful steamboat service was run by ___________________________ on
the Hudson River with his boat, the Clermont.
• Within a decade, dozens of steamboats were puffing up and down the Ohio, the
Mississippi, and other rivers.
The Railroad
• The first steam-powered train ran in the United States and made its first trip in 1830.
• By 1840 there were about ___________________ miles of track in the country.
• The speed, power, reliability, and carrying capacity of the railroad quickly made it a
preferred means of travel and transport.
The Printing Press
• Steam-powered presses enabled publishers to __________________ material much faster
and in much greater volume than ever before.
Postal Service
•
With the growing use of steamboats and the railroad, _______________ delivery was
faster and more widely available.
The Telegraph
• Considered the greatest advancement in communication
• ___________________________________ patented the first practical telegraph in 1840.
• Communication by telegraph was ___________________________________.
• Newspapers, railroads, and other businesses were quick to grasp its advantages.
The Land of Cotton
Main Idea
During the early 1800s, the South developed
an economy based on agriculture.
Reading Focus
• Why was cotton king in the South?
• How did the cultivation of cotton lead to the spread of slavery?
• What key differences developed between the North and the South?
“King Cotton”
• The ___________________________________ had a major impact on life in the South.
• It solved the problem of separating the seed from the cotton and made the large-scale
production of cotton possible.
• In the United States, the booming textile industry of the _________________ bought
cotton to weave into cloth to sell to the American population.
• Overseas, the greatest demand came from ___________________________________
mechanized textile industry.
• The combination of the new cotton gin and the huge _________________ for cotton
encouraged many American farmers to begin growing cotton.
• Beginning in the 1820s, the number of acres devoted to cotton cultivation soared.
• ___________________________________: A nearly uninterrupted band of cotton farms
that stretched across the South, all the way from Virginia in the East to Texas in the West
• Cotton became so important to the economy of the South that people called it
_____________________________________
The Spread of Slavery
• Farming cotton was a ____________________-intensive enterprise.
– The land had to be prepared.
– The cotton seeds had to be planted.
– The growing plants had to be tended.
– The crop had to be picked, cleaned, and formed into bales.
• The first cotton farms were ______________ and run by families who didn’t own slaves.
• They were soon followed by wealthier planters who bought huge tracts of land.
• These planters used _____________________ African Americans to cultivate the cotton.
• As the amount of money made by growing cotton increased, so did the number of
plantations.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The growth of cotton farming led directly to an ________________________ in demand
for enslaved African Americans
Although the importation of enslaved people had been ________________________ in
1808, they were routinely smuggled into southern ports.
These people, and the children of enslaved parents, were cruelly bought and sold by slave
traders to provide workers for the cotton fields.
By 1840 the number of enslaved African Americans had risen to nearly
_____________________________.
As cotton farms ___________________, so too did slavery.
Enslaved African Americans accounted for about _________________________ of the
population of the South.
About ________________________ of the white families in the South owned slaves
(most had fewer than 20).
Difference Between the North and the South
Southern Crops
• Cotton, sugarcane, sugar beets, tobacco, and rice
• These crops led the economy of the South.
• By 1840 the South was a thoroughly _____________________________ region.
Northern Goods
• Since colonial times, farming was important.
• The Industrial Revolution made ________________________________ and trade the
base of the North’s economy.
North
• Trade and industry encouraged _________________________________, and so cities
grew in the North much more than in the South.
• The Industrial Revolution and the revolutions in transportation and communication had
the greatest impact on the _____________________.
• Northern businesses seized new technology in pursuit of efficiency and growth.
South
• There was relatively little in the way of ________________________________ progress.
• Many southerners saw little need for labor-saving devices when they had an ample
supply of enslaved people to do their work.
Different points of view
• In the North, urban dwellers were exposed to many different types of people and tended
to view change as ______________________________.
• In the South, where the landscape was less prone to change and where the population was
less diverse, people tended to place a higher value on ____________________________.
Physical distance
• Relatively few southerners had the means or motivation to travel extensively in the
North, and relatively few northerners had ever visited the South.
Slavery
• South
o
o
o
• North
o
o
o
Slavery was _________________.
It was viewed by most white people as an absolutely vital part of the economy.
To many, it was a practice sanctioned by their _____________________ religion.
Slavery was ______________.
Ever-increasing numbers of people viewed it as ____________.
Few realized the differences would lead to war.