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Study Guide – Bacteria, Fungi, Plants
Lesson 10: Leaf Structure and Transpiration
1. Draw and label a picture of a stoma and guard cells.
2. What is the purpose of the stoma?
Their main function is to allow gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen to move into and out
of the leaf.
3. Describe how stomata function.
The guard cells fill with water and swell which cause the pore to open, when water leaves the guard cells
become deflated and the stoma closes.
4. What is transpiration?
Transpiration is when water evaporates from the plant through the stomata.
http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/Transpiration.htm
Lesson 9: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
1. Draw and label a flower below (include: stamen, anther, filament, pistil, stigma, style, ovary). Also write
down the function of each of the parts listed.
2. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
In sexual reproduction there are two organisms involved. A male sex cell fertilizes a female sex cell. In
asexual reproduction there is only one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
3. What is the female reproductive part of a flower? Pistil Male? Stamen
4. What is the difference between a perfect and imperfect flower?
A perfect flower has both male and female reproductive organs, and imperfect flower has either the female
reproductive organ or the male reproductive organ.
5. What is pollination?
Pollination is when pollen lands on the sticky stigma of the female reproductive structure (pistil).
6. What are the two types of pollination and how do they differ?
Perfect flowers have both male and female reproductive organs, so the pollen from the anther can land on
the stigma of the same plant, pollinating it and eventually fertilizing it to form a seed, this is called selfpollination (asexual). Imperfect flowers have only male or female reproductive structures so the pollen from
the anther must travel to a different plant of the same species and land on its stigma for pollination and
fertilization to eventually occur, this is called cross pollination, it can also occur when two perfect flowers
exchange pollen (sexual).
7. What is the purpose of the fruit?
The fruit protects the seed and helps in seed dispersal.
8. Why do flowers need to adapt for pollination? Explain how flowers have adapted.
Flowers are rooted in the ground so they needed to adapt ways of attracting pollinators to them. They have
adapted by having the anther and the stigma held up high where they can be affected by wind, water and
insects which will help transfer pollen from the anther to the stigma. Flowers have also adapted by being
colorful and fragrant (they smell good) to attract pollinators.
Lesson 81 (Evolution & Ecology): Photosynthesis
1. What is the equation for photosynthesis (understand the inputs and outputs)?
Inputs: Sunlight+Carbon Dioxide (CO2)+water (H2O)  Outputs: oxygen (O2) and Glucose
2. What part(s) of the plant makes food?
The leaves and sometimes other parts of the plant that are above ground (stem) make food through
photosynthesis. In the cells of these structures you will find chloroplasts (the site of photosynthesis).
3. Why do plants undergo photosynthesis?
To produce food for themselves.
4. What evidence did we have that photosynthesis occurred in our lab?
In the test tubes that had the plant (Elodea), the water turned from lime green to turquoise blue, telling us
that the plant is using up carbon dioxide in the water and releasing oxygen in the process of photosynthesis.
Lesson 11 – Bacteria
1. What organelle do organisms need to lack in order to belong to the Monera (bacteria) kingdom?
A nuclear membrane that encloses the genetic material.
2. Where can bacteria live?
Anywhere on Earth!
3. How can bacteria be helpful?
They help us digest our food, and they put nitrogen in the soil which plants need to grow, they can be used
to make medications like penicillin and amoxicillin.
4. How can bacteria be harmful?
They cause disease like smallpox, strep throat. They can also destroy crops.
5. Describe how oxygen first created on Earth.
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) were the first organisms to undergo photosynthesis. They took in the sun’s
energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (which provides them with energy). The waste
product of photosynthesis is oxygen, so as the algae photosynthesized they released oxygen.
Lesson 14 and 15 – Fungi
1. Describe the three parts of a mushroom.
Hyphae – Hair-like structures that help the fungus absorb its food.
Mycelium – A thick mass of hyphae bundled together.
Spores – Like the seeds of a plant, they help the mushroom reproduce.
2. Describe how a fungus gets energy.
Fungi are decomposers, they break down dead organic material to get their energy. The mycelium grows
over the food source and releases digestive juices that break down the food, the hyphae then absorb the
nutrients.
3. List 3 benefits of fungi.
- Break down dead and dying material and recycle it to the environment.
- Eliminate pests.
- Clean up chemicals and pesticides that pollute our water and soil.
- Used to make antibiotics and medicines.
- Make foods like, wine, cheese and bread!
4. Define symbiotic. Give one example of a symbiotic relationship.
Definition: Two organisms working together, they both benefit!
Example: Leaf cutter ants help fungi reproduce and then they use the fungus as a food source.
5. Define parasitic. Give one example of a parasitic relationship.
Definition: One organism feeds off another, then one organisms benefits, but the other is harmed!
Example: The fungus that cause Dutch Elm Disease, it feeds on the trees and eventually kills them.
6. What are the inputs and outputs of fermentation?
Input: Sugar is broken down, Output: Carbon Dioxide and Alcohol are produced.
7. How does yeast help make bread?
When baker’s yeast is mixed with water and added to warm, moist dough, the yeast cells become active.
They begin to reproduce by budding, forming smaller cells from larger ones, during this activity,
fermentation occurs, carbon dioxide and alcohol are produced, the gas (carbon dioxide) becomes trapped in
the dough so it makes the dough expand, when the bread is baked the dough stays in this expanded shape.
Compare and contrast yeast and mold:
Yeast
- Fungi
- Decomposers - Get energy through
fermentation
- Unicellular
- Microscopic
- No hyphae or mycelium
- Reproduce sexually or asexually by budding
-
Mold
Fungi
Decomposers
Unicellular or Multicellular
Can be microscopic or very large
Have structures like hyphae, mycelium and
spores
Reproduce sexually