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1. Benchmark Two: The student uses a working knowledge and understanding of individuals, groups, ideas, developments, and turning points in the era of the Great Depression through World War II in United States history (1930-1945) 2. Indicator One: analyzes the causes and impact of the Great Depression: 3. Overproduction: Factories made too many items, so they laid off their employees. 4. Consumer debt: People buying things they could not afford. Buying on credit. 5. Banking regulations: The Fed inflated the credit available to borrow and speculate on the stock market. Second, the Fed-by not making money available to banks-permitted 2/3 of all banks to fail between 1929 and 1933. 6. Unequal distribution of wealth: Higher income inequality meant less money in the hands of the average consumer, which also reduced consumer demand. Monopolization led to less competition and less investment. 7. Stock Market: Many stocks tripled in value during the 1920’s. 8. People speculated on profits and bought stocks on credit. 9. September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones rose to a high of 381 points. 10. Black Thursday: October 24, 1929. Major sell off of stocks. 11. Friday, bankers such as JP Morgan reinvested in the market. 12. Black Monday and Tuesday: October 28 & 29, 1929. 13. The market started a free fall of 25% in two days. 14. July 8, 1932, the Dow Jones fell to a low of 41 points. 15. Relief: 16. RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Hoover’s program to lend money to Banks, Railroads and Insurance Companies. 17. ***Indicator Two: analyzes the costs and benefits of the New Deal. 18. New Deal programs: FDR’s program to get us out of the depression. Relief, Recovery, and Reform. 19. Budget deficits vs. creating employment: Relief Programs. Handing out money created a deficit. The deficit was necessary to give jobs to workers. Pump priming: putting money into circulation to stimulate the economy. 20. Relief: 21. RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation: FDR kept Hoover’s program to lend money to Banks, Railroads and Insurance Companies. 22. CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps. paid workers to do conservation jobs. Built trails in National Parks. 23. WPA: Works Progress Administration. paid workers to do useful jobs. Roads, Schools, etc. 24. NYA: National Youth Administration. Hired students. 25. PWA: Public Works Administration. Hired private companies to build projects. 26. Recovery: 27. AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act. paid farmers to not plant all of their land. Farm supplies went down and farm prices went up. 28. NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act. Encouraged competition and allowed workers collective bargaining. 29. FHA: Federal Housing Administration. Cheap loans to build or buy houses. 30. HOLC: Home Owners Loan Corporation. Cheap loans to remodel older houses. 31. Reform: 32. SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission. Honest information on the stock market. 33. Social Security: was federal aid to elderly, handicapped, and needy. 34. TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority. Build dams on the Tennessee River. Created jobs and provided cheap electricity. 35. REA: Rural Electrification Administration. Provided cheap electricity to farmers. 36. Community infrastructure improved: roads and bridges. 37. Dependence on subsidies: Farmers and industries started to expect government aid. Cycle of Welfare. 38. US Supreme Court: Many early acts were declared unconstitutional. Court Packing. FDR tried but failed to have Congress add six new justices. Retirements changed the makeup of the Court, which later became supportive of the New Deal. 39. Indicator Three: analyzes the debate over expansion of federal government programs during the Depression: 40. Herbert Hoover: elected President in 1928. Hoover felt the responsibility to aid the people was at the local level. He started the Boulder Dam project to create thousands of jobs. He received the blame for the Great Depression. 41. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: FDR was elected in 1932 with a plan called the New Deal. FDR felt the responsibility to aid the people was at the local level. The New Deal started our present welfare system of handing out money to the poor. The government was run with deficit spending. 42. Alf Landon: Kansas governor, defeated by FDR in 1936. 43. Huey Long: US Senator from Louisiana, called the King Fisher. He called the New Deal, “Share our Wealth”. 44. Father Charles Coughlin: Used radio to spread anti-Semitism and praises of Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. "Social Justice," first with, then against, the New Deal. 45. Indicator Four: analyzes the human cost of the Dust Bowl through art and literature: 46. Dorothea Lange: was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration. 47. Woody Guthrie: Guthrie is a songwriter best known for his song "This Land Is Your Land”. 48. John Steinbeck: He wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath. The story of poor Okies going to California during the depression. Steinbeck also wrote: The Red Pony and Of Mice and Men. 49. Indicator Five: analyzes the debate over and reasons for United States entry into World War II: 50. Growth of totalitarianism: Form of government that permits no individual freedom. Subordinates all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of the government. a. Italy: Benito Mussolini was the Fascist dictator. Bombing Ethiopia. b. Germany: Adolf Hitler was the Nazi dictator. Attacking the Rhineland. c. Russia: Joseph Stalin was the Communist dictator. d. Spain: Francisco Franco was the Fascist dictator. e. Japan: Tojo was the military government leader. Taking over Pacific Islands. 51. America First Committee: AFC was established in 1940 by Yale University law students including future President Gerald Ford, Sargent Shriver and future Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart. The AFC launched a petition aimed at forcing President Franklin D. Roosevelt to keep his pledge to keep America out of the war. 52. 1939 Neutrality Act: Spurred by the costly involvement in World War I. Attempt to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. Cash and Carry 53. Isolationism: Policy of staying out of the affairs of other nations. 54. Munich Conference: Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France. Appeasement: let Hitler keep what he has to avoid war. 55. Allied Powers: Britain, France, and Russia. 56. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and later Japan. 57. Poland: attacked by Germany (1939) Blitzkrieg: Lighting War by Germany. Lighting War by Germany. 58. Russia: Took over the Baltic States. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. 59. Maginot Line: France’s impenetrable line of defense. 60. April 1940: Hitler takes over the Scandinavian countries. 61. May 1940: Hitler takes over the low countries. Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. 62. June 1940: Maginot Line and France fall to Germany. Dunkirk: British evacuation of Allied troops. 63. Battle of Britain: Germany bombing England and London. Winston Churchill: New British Prime Minister. 64. Aug, 1941: Atlantic Charter: War aims of GB and US. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Churchill. 65. Pearl Harbor: a surprise attack by the Japanese, on December 7, 1941. A Japanese action to remove the US Pacific Fleet as a factor in the war Japan was about to wage against Britain and the United States. The attack wrecked two U.S. Navy battleships, and destroyed 188 aircraft. 2,388 US servicemen were killed. 66. December 8, 1941, the US declared war on Japan. US joined the Allied Powers. 67. Dec 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the US. 68. US involvement in World War II. 69. Dwight D. Eisenhower *****: placed in charge of all Allied Forces. Operation Torch: Allied Plan to recover North Africa. Eisenhower to start in Morocco and move east. Bernard Montgomery of Britain started in Egypt and moved west. Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox was driven from North Africa in 1943. 70. General Mark Clark of US was in charge of defeating the Axis Powers in Italy. Capture of Sicily then captured Rome in 1944. 71. Operation Fortitude: Fake plan to take over France, led by George Patton. 72. Operation Overlord: plan to take over France, led by Dwight Eisenhower. D-Day: June 6, 1944. Allied invasion of France at Normandy Beach. 156,000 Allies landed in the surprise attack. Appx 2,500 deaths. 73. Race to Berlin. VE Day. May 7, 1945. Victory in Europe. 74. Douglas MacArthur ***** in charge of the Allies in the Pacific. Stationed in the Philippines, but forced to retreat. “I shall return.” 75. Strategy: Island Hopping. Battle of the Coral Sea: First time the Allies stopped the Japanese. Battle of Midway. Successful offensive attack by the Allies. 76. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Peace treaty Germany divided, and Japan controlled by the Allies. 77. George Marshall *****: Chief of Staff of the entire US military forces. 78. United Nations: started in 1945 in San Francisco. 79. 80. ***Indicator Six: discusses how World War II influenced the home front: 81. Women in the work force: During the war, about half of all American women worked outside their homes. 82. Rationing: War ration books and tokens were issued to each American family. Gasoline, tires, sugar, meat, silk, shoes, and nylons were limited. 83. Role of the radio in communicating news from the war front: radio broadcasts brought the war into the nation’s living rooms as families regularly gathered around to hear about what was happening overseas. 84. Newsreels: Fifty million Americans watched newsreels every week in one of 14,000 theatres. 85. Victory gardens: Produced up to 40 percent of all the vegetable produce consumed nationally. 86. Conscientious objectors: Were outcasts in a world convinced of the necessity, the inevitability and the glory of war. 72,354 US applied for conscientious objector status. 87. Indicator Seven: examines the complexity of race and ethnic relations: 88. Zoot Suit Riots: In 1943, eleven sailors on shore leave stated that they were attacked by a group of Mexican pachucos. A group of over 200 uniformed sailors charged into the heart of the Mexican American community in East Los Angeles. Any zoot suiter was fair game. Nine sailors were arrested during these disturbances, not one was charged with any crime. 89. Japanese internment camps: The forced removal and internment of approximately 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during World War II. 110,000 men, women and children – were sent to hastily constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior. Nisei are Japanese Americans. 90. American reaction to atrocities of Holocaust: The onset of the war resulted in less rather than more attention being paid to the fate of the Jews. The beginning of the military dispatches from the battlefronts drove Jewish persecution from the front pages of the world's major newspapers. It is now apparent that Mr. Roosevelt's wartime response was so initially ineffective that it made the United States a passive accomplice in the crime. “opinion” http://www.bulldognews.net/issues_holocaust.html 91. American unwillingness to accept Jewish refugees: The U.S. did not pursue an organized rescue policy for Jewish victims of Nazi Germany until early 1944. About 16,000 Jewish displaced persons entered the United States between December 22, 1945, and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. About 6 million Jews died as a result of the holocaust. 92. Indicator Eight: examines the entry of the United States into the nuclear age: 93. Manhattan Project: to develop the first nuclear weapon. Partially led by Albert Einstein. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test near Alamogordo, New Mexico; "Little Boy" on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. 94. Truman’s decision: Less than two weeks after being sworn in as president, Harry S. Truman received a long report “Within four months,” it began, “we shall in all probability have completed the most terrible weapon ever known in human history.” Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb included Franklin D. Roosevelt’s perspective on the war, the expectations of the American public, and an assessment of the possibilities of achieving a quick victory by other means. 95. Opposition to nuclear weapons: Dr. Leo Szilard, was a physicist who helped persuade President Roosevelt to launch the A-bomb project and who had a major share in it. In 1945, however, he was a key figure among the scientists opposing use of the bomb. 96. Benchmark 3: The student uses a working knowledge and understanding of individuals, groups, ideas, developments, and turning points in the era of the Cold War (1945-1990). 97. Indicator 3-1: explains why the US emerged as a superpower as the result of World War II: 98. Russia and the United States maturing into superpowers, can be traced to World War II. To be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, and a strong national ideology. Before the war, both nations were fit to be described as great powers, but not superpowers at that point. 99. ***Indicator 3-2: analyzes the origins of the Cold War: A war of words. 100. The establishment of the Soviet Bloc: 1945: World War II ends with Soviet troops occupying Eastern and Central Europe. 101. 1948–1953: Establishment of Soviet system in Eastern Europe. Warsaw Pact became the defense alliance of Eastern Europe. 102. Mao Tse-tung’s victory in China: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) built mass support among China’s peasants during the war against Japan in the 1930s and 1940s. It organized effective guerrilla resistance, and brought real social change to the villages. 103. When the Second World War ended in 1945 the US armed the Chinese government against the CCP. So Mao’s victory in 1949 was a stinging defeat for US imperialism. 104. Marshall Plan: primary plan of the US for rebuilding a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. 105. Berlin Blockade: June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 was one of the first major crises of the new Cold War. It began when the Soviets blocked railroad and street access by the three Western powers to the Western-occupied sectors of Berlin. 106. Berlin Airlift: In total, 1,534 tons were needed daily to keep the over 2 million people alive. Additionally, the city needed to be kept heated and powered, which would require another 3,475 tons of coal and gasoline. Aircraft were scheduled to take off every three minutes, flying 500 feet higher than the previous flight. 107. The Easter Parade: the only cargo would be coal, and stockpiles were built up for the effort. From 12:00PM April 15, to 12:00PM April 16, 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered as a result of 1,383 flights without a single accident. 108. Iron Curtain: The "Iron Curtain" was the symbolic, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly 1945 to 1991. Winston Churchill popularized it in his address "Sinews of Peace" at Fulton, Missouri. 109. Indicator 3-3: evaluates the foreign policies of Truman and Eisenhower during the Cold War: 110. Establishment of the United Nations: In 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to form the United Nations at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. 111. The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945: In San Francisco. 112. The charter was ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council — China, France, USSR, United Kingdom, and the United States. 113. Containment: was the US policy of keeping communism where it was located. 114. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Formed in 1949 as a defense alliance for West Europe, US & Canada. 115. Truman Doctrine: March 12, 1947. It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. 116. Korean War: The communist North Korean Army moved south in 1950, to attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948. The US aided the democratic South Korean Government. 117. 38th parallel: was the division line between free and communist Korea. 118. General Douglas MacArthur: The American forces commander in South Korea. 119. The United Nations: Supported S. Korea when USSR walked out in support of Communist China. 120. The United Nations success: troops drove the North Koreans back past the 38th parallel. The American goal of saving South Korea’s government had been achieved, and with the prospect of uniting all of Korea, the UN forces advanced into North Korea. 121. Truman’s orders: MacArthur was to be very cautious when approaching the Chinese border. MacArthur wanted to take over China and remove their communist government. This led to the removal of General MacArthur by President Truman. 122. Korea: was a police action, because the US Senate never declared war. The 38th parallel was restored as the boundary line between North and South Korea. 123. U-2 incident: Occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane. The U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. 124. HS-3-4: evaluates the foreign policies of Kennedy and Johnson during the Cold War: 125. In the Presidential Election of 1960. John F. Kennedy a Democrat defeated Richard Nixon, a Republican. Kennedy won 49.7% to 49.6% or 112,000 votes. First election with televised debates. In November, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. 126. The Bay of Pigs Invasion: was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro, in 1961. The CIA had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy. 127. Cuban Missile Crisis: The closest the world ever came to nuclear war. Castro approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the Soviet Union worked quickly and secretly to build its missile installations in Cuba. Kennedy concluded to impose a naval quarantine around Cuba. Tensions finally eased when Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the missiles. 128. Berlin Wall: The wall divided East Berlin and West Berlin for 28 years, from 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989. . Construction of 97 miles began early on August 13, 1961, of which 27 mi. actually divided West and East Berlin. During this period, around 5,000 people escaped and approximately 125 people were killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin. Check Point Charley was the one location people could legally cross the border. 129. Vietnam War: occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The cornerstone of U.S. policy was the Domino Theory. This argued that if South Vietnam fell to communist forces, then all of South East Asia would follow. 130. Kennedy: increased the number of U.S. military advisers from 800 to 16,300 to cope with rising guerrilla activity. 131. Congress: approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, and gave President Johnson power to conduct military operations in South East Asia without declaring war. 132. By the end of 1965: US troops had reached 184,000 in number, and the first major ground battle involving the US military had occurred. As anticipated, by the end of 1966, troop numbers were approaching one half million in number. 133. Election of 1968: LBJ announced that he would not run for re-election. Richard Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey. 134. The invasion of Cambodia and Laos: sparked nationwide U.S. protests. May 4, 1970, four students were killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University during a protest in Ohio. 135. Vietnam: was a police action, because the US Senate never declared war. 136. Americans killed in the war: 58,148 Approximately 1 million Vietnamese soldiers were killed. 137. Peace Corps: Since 1961, the Peace Corps has shared with the world America's most precious resource—its people. Peace Corps Volunteers have served in 139 countries. 138. HS-3-5: analyzes domestic life in the US during the Cold War era: 139. McCarthyism: Describes the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, accused there were known Communists working for the State Department. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to "condemn" Senator Joseph McCarthy. 140. Federal aid to education: President Truman included a request for a record sum of $688,000,000 for Federal educational expenditures in 1953. This is more than three times the amount that was appropriated for schools and colleges in 1952. 141. Interstate highway system: authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. It had been lobbied for by major U.S. automobile manufacturers and championed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kansas marked its portion of I-70 as the "first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956." 142. Space as the New Frontier: In 1961, Kennedy challenged the U.S. to put a man on the Moon by 1970. 143. Johnson’s Great Society: a set of domestic programs proposed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs included Medicare, Medicaid. 144. HS-3-6: analyzes the cause and effect of the counterculture in the US: 145. 1950s: "Ban the Bomb" protests centered around opposition to nuclear weapons. 146. 1960’s: This new culture of opposition spread like wild fire with alternate lifestyles demonstrated in the Woodstock Music Festival. 147. Sputnik: History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. 148. Military Industrial Complex: Term developed by Eisenhower to include the military branches, Pentagon and Congressional funding. It includes the entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among the defense contractors, The Pentagon, Congress and Executive branch. By 2003, the military-industrial complex had not faded away with the end of the cold war. "the Big Three weapons makers--Lockheed Martin Corporation, Boeing Corporation, and Raytheon Corporation--now receive over $60 billion per year in Pentagon contracts. 149. In 1999, according to Foreign Policy in Focus, the military-industrial complex did not fade away with the end of the cold war. "the Big Three weapons makers--Lockheed Martin Corporation, Boeing Corporation, and Raytheon Corporation--now receive among themselves over $30 billion per year in Pentagon contracts. 150. Robert Kennedy: In 1954 family connections helped him get a job working for Joseph McCarthy's Senate Committee on Unamerican Activities. President Kennedy’s US Attorney General. Senator of NY. Presidential candidate in 1968. Shot and killed by Sirhan Sirhan, who opposed Kennedy’s pro Israeli stand. 151. Martin Luther King, jr: led the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956). (Rosa Parks) His efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray. 152. Military draft: The large number of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service also meant a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments. Especially for college students. Enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a favored means of draft avoidance. Draft lottery from 1969 to 1972. The United States discontinued the draft in 1973. 153. Watergate Scandal: Began with five men being arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel 1972. The attempted cover-up of the break-in would ultimately lead to Nixon's dramatic resignation on August 9, 1974. Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deep into the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and even the White House. Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices that revealed that he had obstructed justice and attempted to cover up the break-in. The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the President must hand over the tapes. With certainty of an impeachment in the House of Representatives and of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned ten days later, becoming the only U.S. President to have resigned from office. 154. ***HS-3-7: examines the struggle for racial and gender equality and for the extension of civil rights: 155. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka: In 1954, the Warren Court's (Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court) unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation perpetuated inferior accommodations, services, and treatment for black Americans. 156. Little Rock Nine: A group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to prevent them from entering the racially segregated school. President Eisenhower ordered the US Army to Little Rock and the nine students successfully entered the school on the next day, September 25, 1957. 157. Montgomery Bus Boycott: December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was charged for violating racial segregation laws after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10, but she appealed. At a church meeting led by Rev. King, a citywide boycott of public transit was proposed. On Monday, December 5, it was evident that very few blacks rode the buses that day. November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling that allowed black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere. 158. Voting Rights Act of 1965: This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War. No Grandfather Clause, literacy tests, or poll taxes. 159. This “act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution” was signed into law 95 years after the amendment was ratified. African Americans in the South faced tremendous obstacles to voting, including poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation and other restrictions to deny them the right to vote. 160. Betty Friedan: American feminist, activist and writer, started what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book The Feminine Mystique. Betty Friedan, in 1966 cofounded the U.S. National Organization for Women with 27 other people. 161. NOW: is the largest American feminist organization. NOW was founded in 1966 and has a membership of 500,000 contributing members. 162. ERA: The Equal Rights Amendment was written in 1923 by Alice Paul. The ERA has been ratified by 35 of the necessary 38 states. “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex”. 163. Title IX: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." 164. HS-3-8: discusses events that contributed to the end of the Cold War: 165. Détente: Generally used in reference to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s. 166. Nixon’s visit to China: In July 1971, Ping-Pong Diplomacy 167. U.S. President Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger had secretly visited Beijing and laid the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. The 1972 Nixon visit to China was the first step in normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. Panda Bears: gift to the US people. 168. SALT talks: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels. On May 26, 1972 in Moscow, Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. The SALT II Treaty of 1979, banned new missile programs so both sides were forced to limit their new strategic missile types development 169. Expansion of the military-arms race: Immediately after World War II, the United States was behind the Soviet Union in the area of intermediate range missiles, but they managed to catch up with the help of German scientists. By 1980, enough nuclear weapons to blow up the world multiple times. 170. Relationship between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev: On March 11, 1985, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party. 1984, Ronald Reagan was elected President of the US. “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”, quote by President Reagan on June 12, 1987. Gorbachev said in 2004 at President Regan’s funeral, "I think we all lost the Cold War, particularly the Soviet Union”. “We each lost $10 trillion," he said, referring to the money Russians and Americans spent on an arms race that lasted more than four decades. 171. HS-3-9: evaluates the causes and effects of the reform movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s: 172. Rachel Carson: Became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the military funding of science. Carson has been called the mother of the modern environmental movement. Wrote Silent Spring. 173. EPA: The Environmental Protection Agency began operation on December 2, 1970, when it was established by President Richard Nixon. It was established to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and disposal of toxic substances. 174. Ralph Nader: The crusading attorney for consumer protection, first made headlines in 1965 with his book Unsafe at Any Speed. Since 1966, Nader has been responsible for: at least eight major federal consumer protection laws such as the motor vehicle safety laws, Safe Drinking Water Act, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Environment Protection Agency, and Consumer Product Safety Administration. 175. Cesar Chavez: A Mexican American labor activist and leader of the United Farm Workers. He is considered a hero for farm laborers and migrant workers. He opposed both legal and illegal immigration to help keep wages higher and improve work safety rules. 176. HS-4: The student uses a working knowledge and understanding of individuals, groups, ideas, developments, and turning points in contemporary US history (since 1990). 177. HS-4-1: examines the relationship of the US to the rest of the world in the post Cold War era: