Download High School US History Standard: The student uses a

1. Benchmark Two: The student uses a working knowledge and
understanding of individuals, groups, ideas, developments, and
turning points in the era of the Great Depression through World War
II in United States history (1930-1945)
2. Indicator One: analyzes the causes and impact of the Great Depression:
3. Overproduction: Factories made too many items, so they laid off their
employees.
4. Consumer debt: People buying things they could not afford. Buying on
credit.
5. Banking regulations: The Fed inflated the credit available to borrow and
speculate on the stock market. Second, the Fed-by not making money
available to banks-permitted 2/3 of all banks to fail between 1929 and
1933.
6. Unequal distribution of wealth: Higher income inequality meant less
money in the hands of the average consumer, which also reduced
consumer demand. Monopolization led to less competition and less
investment.
7. Stock Market: Many stocks tripled in value during the 1920’s.
8. People speculated on profits and bought stocks on credit.
9. September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones rose to a high of 381 points.
10. Black Thursday: October 24, 1929. Major sell off of stocks.
11. Friday, bankers such as JP Morgan reinvested in the market.
12. Black Monday and Tuesday: October 28 & 29, 1929.
13. The market started a free fall of 25% in two days.
14. July 8, 1932, the Dow Jones fell to a low of 41 points.
15. Relief:
16. RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Hoover’s program to lend
money to Banks, Railroads and Insurance Companies.
17. ***Indicator Two: analyzes the costs and benefits of the New Deal.
18. New Deal programs: FDR’s program to get us out of the depression.
Relief, Recovery, and Reform.
19. Budget deficits vs. creating employment: Relief Programs. Handing out
money created a deficit. The deficit was necessary to give jobs to
workers. Pump priming: putting money into circulation to stimulate the
economy.
20. Relief:
21. RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation: FDR kept Hoover’s program
to lend money to Banks, Railroads and Insurance Companies.
22. CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps. paid workers to do conservation jobs.
Built trails in National Parks.
23. WPA: Works Progress Administration. paid workers to do useful jobs.
Roads, Schools, etc.
24. NYA: National Youth Administration. Hired students.
25. PWA: Public Works Administration. Hired private companies to build
projects.
26. Recovery:
27. AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act. paid farmers to not plant all of their
land. Farm supplies went down and farm prices went up.
28. NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act. Encouraged competition and
allowed workers collective bargaining.
29. FHA: Federal Housing Administration. Cheap loans to build or buy
houses.
30. HOLC: Home Owners Loan Corporation. Cheap loans to remodel older
houses.
31. Reform:
32. SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission. Honest information on the
stock market.
33. Social Security: was federal aid to elderly, handicapped, and needy.
34. TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority. Build dams on the Tennessee River.
Created jobs and provided cheap electricity.
35. REA: Rural Electrification Administration. Provided cheap electricity to
farmers.
36. Community infrastructure improved: roads and bridges.
37. Dependence on subsidies: Farmers and industries started to expect
government aid. Cycle of Welfare.
38. US Supreme Court: Many early acts were declared unconstitutional.
Court Packing. FDR tried but failed to have Congress add six new
justices. Retirements changed the makeup of the Court, which later
became supportive of the New Deal.
39. Indicator Three: analyzes the debate over expansion of federal
government programs during the Depression:
40. Herbert Hoover: elected President in 1928. Hoover felt the responsibility
to aid the people was at the local level. He started the Boulder Dam
project to create thousands of jobs. He received the blame for the Great
Depression.
41. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: FDR was elected in 1932 with a plan called
the New Deal. FDR felt the responsibility to aid the people was at the
local level. The New Deal started our present welfare system of handing
out money to the poor. The government was run with deficit spending.
42. Alf Landon: Kansas governor, defeated by FDR in 1936.
43. Huey Long: US Senator from Louisiana, called the King Fisher. He called
the New Deal, “Share our Wealth”.
44. Father Charles Coughlin: Used radio to spread anti-Semitism and praises
of Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. "Social Justice," first with, then
against, the New Deal.
45. Indicator Four: analyzes the human cost of the Dust Bowl through art and
literature:
46. Dorothea Lange: was an influential American documentary photographer
and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm
Security Administration.
47. Woody Guthrie: Guthrie is a songwriter best known for his song "This
Land Is Your Land”.
48. John Steinbeck: He wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of
Wrath. The story of poor Okies going to California during the depression.
Steinbeck also wrote: The Red Pony and Of Mice and Men.
49. Indicator Five: analyzes the debate over and reasons for United States
entry into World War II:
50. Growth of totalitarianism: Form of government that permits no individual
freedom. Subordinates all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of
the government.
a. Italy: Benito Mussolini was the Fascist dictator. Bombing Ethiopia.
b. Germany: Adolf Hitler was the Nazi dictator. Attacking the
Rhineland.
c. Russia: Joseph Stalin was the Communist dictator.
d. Spain: Francisco Franco was the Fascist dictator.
e. Japan: Tojo was the military government leader. Taking over Pacific Islands.
51. America First Committee: AFC was established in 1940 by Yale University law students
including future President Gerald Ford, Sargent Shriver and future Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart.
The AFC launched a petition aimed at forcing President Franklin D. Roosevelt to keep his pledge to
keep America out of the war.
52. 1939 Neutrality Act: Spurred by the costly involvement in World War I. Attempt to ensure that
the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. Cash and Carry
53. Isolationism: Policy of staying out of the affairs of other nations.
54. Munich Conference: Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France.
Appeasement: let Hitler keep what he has to avoid war.
55. Allied Powers: Britain, France, and Russia.
56. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and later Japan.
57. Poland: attacked by Germany (1939) Blitzkrieg: Lighting War by
Germany. Lighting War by Germany.
58. Russia: Took over the Baltic States. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
59. Maginot Line: France’s impenetrable line of defense.
60. April 1940: Hitler takes over the Scandinavian countries.
61. May 1940: Hitler takes over the low countries. Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourg.
62. June 1940: Maginot Line and France fall to Germany. Dunkirk: British
evacuation of Allied troops.
63. Battle of Britain: Germany bombing England and London. Winston
Churchill: New British Prime Minister.
64. Aug, 1941: Atlantic Charter: War aims of GB and US. Franklin D. Roosevelt
and Churchill.
65. Pearl Harbor: a surprise attack by the Japanese, on December 7, 1941. A Japanese action to remove
the US Pacific Fleet as a factor in the war Japan was about to wage against Britain and the United
States. The attack wrecked two U.S. Navy battleships, and destroyed 188 aircraft. 2,388 US
servicemen were killed.
66. December 8, 1941, the US declared war on Japan. US joined the Allied Powers.
67. Dec 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the US.
68. US involvement in World War II.
69. Dwight D. Eisenhower *****: placed in charge of all Allied Forces. Operation Torch: Allied Plan to recover North
Africa. Eisenhower to start in Morocco and move east. Bernard Montgomery of Britain started in Egypt and
moved west. Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox was driven from North Africa in 1943.
70. General Mark Clark of US was in charge of defeating the Axis Powers in Italy. Capture of Sicily then captured
Rome in 1944.
71. Operation Fortitude: Fake plan to take over France, led by George Patton.
72. Operation Overlord: plan to take over France, led by Dwight Eisenhower. D-Day: June 6, 1944. Allied invasion
of France at Normandy Beach. 156,000 Allies landed in the surprise attack. Appx 2,500 deaths.
73. Race to Berlin. VE Day. May 7, 1945. Victory in Europe.
74. Douglas MacArthur ***** in charge of the Allies in the Pacific. Stationed in the Philippines, but forced to retreat.
“I shall return.”
75. Strategy: Island Hopping. Battle of the Coral Sea: First time the Allies stopped the Japanese. Battle of Midway.
Successful offensive attack by the Allies.
76. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Peace treaty Germany divided, and Japan controlled by
the Allies.
77. George Marshall *****: Chief of Staff of the entire US military forces.
78. United Nations: started in 1945 in San Francisco.
79.
80. ***Indicator Six: discusses how World War II influenced the home front:
81. Women in the work force: During the war, about half of all American women worked outside
their homes.
82. Rationing: War ration books and tokens were issued to each American family. Gasoline, tires,
sugar, meat, silk, shoes, and nylons were limited.
83. Role of the radio in communicating news from the war front: radio broadcasts
brought the war into the nation’s living rooms as families regularly gathered around to hear about what
was happening overseas.
84. Newsreels: Fifty million Americans watched newsreels every week in one of 14,000 theatres.
85. Victory gardens: Produced up to 40 percent of all the vegetable produce consumed nationally.
86. Conscientious objectors: Were outcasts in a world convinced of the necessity, the
inevitability and the glory of war. 72,354 US applied for conscientious objector status.
87. Indicator Seven: examines the complexity of race and ethnic relations:
88. Zoot Suit Riots: In 1943, eleven sailors on shore leave stated that they were attacked by a group
of Mexican pachucos. A group of over 200 uniformed sailors charged into the heart of the Mexican
American community in East Los Angeles. Any zoot suiter was fair game. Nine sailors were arrested
during these disturbances, not one was charged with any crime.
89. Japanese internment camps: The forced removal and internment of approximately 120,000
Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during World War II.
110,000 men, women and children – were sent to hastily constructed camps called "War Relocation
Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior. Nisei are Japanese Americans.
90. American reaction to atrocities of Holocaust: The onset of the war resulted in less
rather than more attention being paid to the fate of the Jews. The beginning of the military dispatches
from the battlefronts drove Jewish persecution from the front pages of the world's major newspapers. It
is now apparent that Mr. Roosevelt's wartime response was so initially ineffective that it made the United
States a passive accomplice in the crime. “opinion” http://www.bulldognews.net/issues_holocaust.html
91. American unwillingness to accept Jewish refugees: The U.S. did not pursue an
organized rescue policy for Jewish victims of Nazi Germany until early 1944. About 16,000 Jewish
displaced persons entered the United States between December 22, 1945, and 1947 under provisions
of the Truman Directive. About 6 million Jews died as a result of the holocaust.
92. Indicator Eight: examines the entry of the United States into the nuclear
age:
93. Manhattan Project: to develop the first nuclear weapon. Partially led by Albert Einstein. The
project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test near
Alamogordo, New Mexico; "Little Boy" on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and "Fat Man" on August 9
over Nagasaki, Japan.
94. Truman’s decision: Less than two weeks after being sworn in as president, Harry S. Truman
received a long report “Within four months,” it began, “we shall in all probability have completed the
most terrible weapon ever known in human history.” Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb
included Franklin D. Roosevelt’s perspective on the war, the expectations of the American public, and
an assessment of the possibilities of achieving a quick victory by other means.
95. Opposition to nuclear weapons: Dr. Leo Szilard, was a physicist who helped persuade
President Roosevelt to launch the A-bomb project and who had a major share in it. In 1945, however, he
was a key figure among the scientists opposing use of the bomb.
96.
Benchmark 3:
The student uses a working knowledge and
understanding of individuals, groups, ideas, developments, and turning
points in the era of the Cold War (1945-1990).
97. Indicator 3-1: explains why the US emerged as a superpower as the
result of World War II:
98. Russia and the United States maturing into superpowers, can be traced to World War II. To be a
superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, and a strong national
ideology. Before the war, both nations were fit to be described as great powers, but not superpowers
at that point.
99. ***Indicator 3-2: analyzes the origins of the Cold War: A war of words.
100. The establishment of the Soviet Bloc: 1945: World War II ends with Soviet troops occupying Eastern and
Central Europe.
101. 1948–1953: Establishment of Soviet system in Eastern Europe. Warsaw Pact became the defense
alliance of Eastern Europe.
102. Mao Tse-tung’s victory in China: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) built mass support among
China’s peasants during the war against Japan in the 1930s and 1940s. It organized effective guerrilla
resistance, and brought real social change to the villages.
103. When the Second World War ended in 1945 the US armed the Chinese government against the CCP.
So Mao’s victory in 1949 was a stinging defeat for US imperialism.
104. Marshall Plan: primary plan of the US for rebuilding a stronger foundation for the allied countries of
Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.
105. Berlin Blockade: June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 was one of the first major crises of the new Cold War.
It began when the Soviets blocked railroad and street access by the three Western powers to the
Western-occupied sectors of Berlin.
106. Berlin Airlift: In total, 1,534 tons were needed daily to keep the over 2 million people alive. Additionally,
the city needed to be kept heated and powered, which would require another 3,475 tons of coal and
gasoline. Aircraft were scheduled to take off every three minutes, flying 500 feet higher than the
previous flight.
107. The Easter Parade: the only cargo would be coal, and stockpiles were built up for the effort. From
12:00PM April 15, to 12:00PM April 16, 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941
tons of coal had been delivered as a result of 1,383 flights without a single accident.
108. Iron Curtain: The "Iron Curtain" was the symbolic, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two
separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly 1945 to 1991.
Winston Churchill popularized it in his address "Sinews of Peace" at Fulton, Missouri.
109. Indicator 3-3: evaluates the foreign policies of Truman and Eisenhower during the Cold War:
110. Establishment of the United Nations: In 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the
United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to form the United Nations at the Dumbarton
Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C.
111. The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945: In San Francisco.
112. The charter was ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council — China, France,
USSR, United Kingdom, and the United States.
113. Containment: was the US policy of keeping communism where it was located.
114. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Formed in 1949 as a defense alliance for West Europe, US
& Canada.
115. Truman Doctrine: March 12, 1947. It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with
economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.
116. Korean War: The communist North Korean Army moved south in 1950, to attempt to reunite the Korean
peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948. The US aided the democratic South Korean
Government.
117. 38th parallel: was the division line between free and communist Korea.
118. General Douglas MacArthur: The American forces commander in South Korea.
119. The United Nations:
Supported S. Korea when USSR walked out in support of Communist
China.
120. The United Nations success: troops drove the North Koreans back past the 38th parallel. The American
goal of saving South Korea’s government had been achieved, and with the prospect of uniting all of
Korea, the UN forces advanced into North Korea.
121. Truman’s orders: MacArthur was to be very cautious when approaching the Chinese border. MacArthur
wanted to take over China and remove their communist government. This led to the removal of General
MacArthur by President Truman.
122. Korea: was a police action, because the US Senate never declared war. The 38th parallel was restored
as the boundary line between North and South Korea.
123. U-2 incident: Occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960.
The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane. The U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely
intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially.
124. HS-3-4: evaluates the foreign policies of Kennedy and Johnson during the Cold War:
125. In the Presidential Election of 1960. John F. Kennedy a Democrat defeated Richard Nixon, a
Republican. Kennedy won 49.7% to 49.6% or 112,000 votes. First election with televised debates. In
November, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.
126. The Bay of Pigs Invasion: was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the
Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro, in 1961. The CIA had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a
possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F.
Kennedy.
127. Cuban Missile Crisis: The closest the world ever came to nuclear war. Castro approved of Khrushchev's
plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the Soviet Union worked quickly and
secretly to build its missile installations in Cuba. Kennedy concluded to impose a naval quarantine
around Cuba. Tensions finally eased when Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the
missiles.
128. Berlin Wall: The wall divided East Berlin and West Berlin for 28 years, from 1961 until it was dismantled
in 1989. . Construction of 97 miles began early on August 13, 1961, of which 27 mi. actually divided
West and East Berlin. During this period, around 5,000 people escaped and approximately 125 people
were killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin. Check Point Charley was the one location people
could legally cross the border.
129. Vietnam War: occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The cornerstone of U.S. policy was the Domino
Theory. This argued that if South Vietnam fell to communist forces, then all of South East Asia would
follow.
130. Kennedy: increased the number of U.S. military advisers from 800 to 16,300 to cope with rising guerrilla
activity.
131. Congress: approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, and gave President Johnson power to conduct
military operations in South East Asia without declaring war.
132. By the end of 1965: US troops had reached 184,000 in number, and the first major ground battle
involving the US military had occurred. As anticipated, by the end of 1966, troop numbers were
approaching one half million in number.
133. Election of 1968: LBJ announced that he would not run for re-election. Richard Nixon defeated Hubert
Humphrey.
134. The invasion of Cambodia and Laos: sparked nationwide U.S. protests. May 4, 1970, four students
were killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University during a protest in Ohio.
135. Vietnam: was a police action, because the US Senate never declared war.
136. Americans killed in the war: 58,148 Approximately 1 million Vietnamese soldiers were killed.
137. Peace Corps: Since 1961, the Peace Corps has shared with the world America's most precious
resource—its people. Peace Corps Volunteers have served in 139 countries.
138. HS-3-5: analyzes domestic life in the US during the Cold War era:
139. McCarthyism: Describes the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that
lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, accused there
were known Communists working for the State Department. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to
"condemn" Senator Joseph McCarthy.
140. Federal aid to education: President Truman included a request for a record sum of $688,000,000 for
Federal educational expenditures in 1953. This is more than three times the amount that was
appropriated for schools and colleges in 1952.
141. Interstate highway system: authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. It had been lobbied for
by major U.S. automobile manufacturers and championed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kansas
marked its portion of I-70 as the "first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the
new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956."
142. Space as the New Frontier: In 1961, Kennedy challenged the U.S. to put a man on the Moon by 1970.
143. Johnson’s Great Society: a set of domestic programs proposed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two
main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New
major spending programs included Medicare, Medicaid.
144. HS-3-6: analyzes the cause and effect of the counterculture in the US:
145. 1950s: "Ban the Bomb" protests centered around opposition to nuclear weapons.
146. 1960’s: This new culture of opposition spread like wild fire with alternate lifestyles demonstrated in the
Woodstock Music Festival.
147. Sputnik: History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I.
The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98
minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path.
148. Military Industrial Complex: Term developed by Eisenhower to include the military branches, Pentagon
and Congressional funding. It includes the entire network of contracts and flows of money and
resources among the defense contractors, The Pentagon, Congress and Executive branch. By 2003,
the military-industrial complex had not faded away with the end of the cold war. "the Big Three weapons
makers--Lockheed Martin Corporation, Boeing Corporation, and Raytheon Corporation--now receive
over $60 billion per year in Pentagon contracts.
149. In 1999, according to Foreign Policy in Focus, the military-industrial complex did not fade away with the
end of the cold war. "the Big Three weapons makers--Lockheed Martin Corporation, Boeing
Corporation, and Raytheon Corporation--now receive among themselves over $30 billion per year in
Pentagon contracts.
150. Robert Kennedy: In 1954 family connections helped him get a job working for Joseph McCarthy's
Senate Committee on Unamerican Activities. President Kennedy’s US Attorney General. Senator of NY.
Presidential candidate in 1968. Shot and killed by Sirhan Sirhan, who opposed Kennedy’s pro Israeli
stand.
151. Martin Luther King, jr: led the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956). (Rosa Parks) His efforts led to the
1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. King was assassinated
on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray.
152. Military draft: The large number of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service also meant a
steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments. Especially for college students.
Enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a favored means of draft avoidance. Draft lottery from
1969 to 1972. The United States discontinued the draft in 1973.
153. Watergate Scandal: Began with five men being arrested for breaking into the Democratic National
Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel 1972. The attempted cover-up of the break-in would
ultimately lead to Nixon's dramatic resignation on August 9, 1974. Washington Post reporters Bob
Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and
attempts to cover it up, led deep into the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and even the White
House. Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices that revealed that he had obstructed justice
and attempted to cover up the break-in. The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the
President must hand over the tapes. With certainty of an impeachment in the House of Representatives
and of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned ten days later, becoming the only U.S. President to
have resigned from office.
154. ***HS-3-7: examines the struggle for racial and gender equality and for the extension of civil rights:
155. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka: In 1954, the Warren Court's (Chief Justice of the US Supreme
Court) unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The
plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation perpetuated inferior accommodations,
services, and treatment for black Americans.
156. Little Rock Nine: A group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High
School in 1957. Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to prevent them from
entering the racially segregated school. President Eisenhower ordered the US Army to Little Rock and
the nine students successfully entered the school on the next day, September 25, 1957.
157. Montgomery Bus Boycott: December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was charged for violating racial segregation
laws after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined
$10, but she appealed. At a church meeting led by Rev. King, a citywide boycott of public transit was
proposed. On Monday, December 5, it was evident that very few blacks rode the buses that day.
November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling that allowed black bus
passengers to sit virtually anywhere.
158. Voting Rights Act of 1965: This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon
Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil
War. No Grandfather Clause, literacy tests, or poll taxes.
159. This “act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution” was signed into law 95 years after the
amendment was ratified. African Americans in the South faced tremendous obstacles to voting,
including poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation and other restrictions to deny them the right to vote.
160. Betty Friedan: American feminist, activist and writer, started what is commonly known as the "Second
Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book The Feminine Mystique. Betty Friedan, in 1966 cofounded the U.S. National Organization for Women with 27 other people.
161. NOW: is the largest American feminist organization. NOW was founded in 1966 and has a membership
of 500,000 contributing members.
162. ERA: The Equal Rights Amendment was written in 1923 by Alice Paul. The ERA has been ratified by 35
of the necessary 38 states. “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of sex”.
163. Title IX: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be
denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity
receiving Federal financial assistance."
164. HS-3-8: discusses events that contributed to the end of the Cold War:
165. Détente: Generally used in reference to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union
and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the
1980s.
166. Nixon’s visit to China: In July 1971, Ping-Pong Diplomacy
167. U.S. President Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger had secretly visited Beijing and laid
the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. The 1972 Nixon visit to China was the first step in normalizing
relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. Panda Bears: gift to the US
people.
168. SALT talks: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile
launchers at existing levels. On May 26, 1972 in Moscow, Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev signed
the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. The SALT II Treaty of 1979, banned new missile programs so both sides
were forced to limit their new strategic missile types development
169. Expansion of the military-arms race: Immediately after World War II, the United States was behind the
Soviet Union in the area of intermediate range missiles, but they managed to catch up with the help of
German scientists. By 1980, enough nuclear weapons to blow up the world multiple times.
170. Relationship between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev: On March 11, 1985, Gorbachev was
elected General Secretary of the Communist Party. 1984, Ronald Reagan was elected President of the
US. “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”, quote by President Reagan on June 12, 1987. Gorbachev
said in 2004 at President Regan’s funeral, "I think we all lost the Cold War, particularly the Soviet Union”.
“We each lost $10 trillion," he said, referring to the money Russians and Americans spent on an arms
race that lasted more than four decades.
171. HS-3-9: evaluates the causes and effects of the reform movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s:
172. Rachel Carson: Became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been
developed through the military funding of science. Carson has been called the mother of the modern
environmental movement. Wrote Silent Spring.
173. EPA: The Environmental Protection Agency began operation on December 2, 1970, when it was
established by President Richard Nixon. It was established to reduce and control air and water
pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and disposal of toxic
substances.
174. Ralph Nader: The crusading attorney for consumer protection, first made headlines in 1965 with his
book Unsafe at Any Speed. Since 1966, Nader has been responsible for: at least eight major federal
consumer protection laws such as the motor vehicle safety laws, Safe Drinking Water Act, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, Environment Protection Agency, and Consumer Product Safety
Administration.
175. Cesar Chavez: A Mexican American labor activist and leader of the United Farm Workers. He is
considered a hero for farm laborers and migrant workers. He opposed both legal and illegal
immigration to help keep wages higher and improve work safety rules.
176. HS-4: The student uses a working knowledge and understanding of individuals, groups, ideas,
developments, and turning points in contemporary US history (since 1990).
177. HS-4-1: examines the relationship of the US to the rest of the world in the post Cold War era: