Download On December 18, 1893, President Grover Cleveland said to Congress

Hawaii
Also use textbook pgs. 548-51
On December 18, 1893, President Grover Cleveland said to Congress, “Thus it appears that
Hawaii was taken possession of by the United States forces without the consent or wish of
the government of the islands, or of anybody else so far as shown, except the United States
minister.” President Cleveland was referring to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, led
by Queen Liliuokalani.
Local residents, largely of American or European origin had revolted, led by business leaders,
such as plantation owners, who complained of corruption and incompetence. U.S. troops
landed to prevent violence, effectively blocking the Hawaiian government from preventing the
takeover of the government building in Honolulu. The new republic wanted American
annexation but had to wait until 1898, after the end of the Cleveland administration, to bring
this about. Plantation owners gained much, but the impact on the Hawaiian language,
culture and society was far-reaching. In 1959, the residents of Hawaii voted to become the
50th state.
What were the United States’ motivations for expansion into the Pacific
Ocean?
o Increased trade with China and Japan led to increased need for a
Pacific trading port.
o Hawaii had a favorable climate for growing sugar cane, a product not
easily grown on mainland United States.
a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian
immigration sentiment on the west coast.
 Chinese immigrants were coming to the U.S. on the west coast (Angel Island).
 Worked on railroads and took lower wages for jobs. This created an antiAsian sentiment among native-born Americans who feared that jobs would
go to Chinese immigrants.
 In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned all future
immigration from China except students, teachers, tourists, merchants, &
gov’t officials.
o Was not repealed until 1943.
Immigration Restrictions
Use the textbook pages 464-65
Many native-born Americans thought of their country as a melting pot, a mixture of people of
different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and
customs. Many new immigrants, however, did not wish to give up their cultural identities. As
immigration increased, strong anti-immigrant feelings emerged. One response to the growth
in immigration was nativism, or overt favoritism toward native-born Americans. This idea
gave rise to anti-immigrant groups & led to a demand for immigration restrictions.
A large number of Chinese immigrants began entering the United States during the 1800s
through Angel Island on the west coast. Many worked on railroads and were willing to take
lower wages for jobs. This created an anti-Asian sentiment among native-born Americans
who feared that jobs would go to Chinese immigrants.
In 1882, Congress slammed the door on Chinese immigration for ten years by passing the
Chinese Exclusion Act. This banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers,
merchants, tourists, and government officials. In 1892, Congress extended the law for
another ten years. In 1902, Chinese immigration was restricted indefinitely; the law was not
repealed until 1943.
b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the
Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism.
Spanish-American War (1898)
 In 1895 Jose’ Marti (Cuba) started another revolution against Spain. Spain responded
by sending in Valeriano Weyler, who put nearly 300,000 Cubans in concentration
camps.
 U.S. helps Cuba – Causes of War
o Yellow Journalism - exaggerating or stretching the truth
o DeLome Letter – Private letter from Spanish minister to the U.S. which insulted
Pres. McKinley.
o Sinking of the USS Maine – U.S. battleship explodes while sitting in the harbor
of Havana, Cuba. U.S. blames Spain.
 April 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1898) – Ended war with following terms:
o Cuba is independent
o U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
o U.S. pays Spain $20 million
 As a result of the Spanish-American War:
o U.S. now owns an empire
o Ends U.S. isolationism
o U.S. emerges as a world power
 Philippine-American War
o After Spanish-American War, Filipinos were angry that the U.S. simply replaced
the Spanish as a controlling power
o Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt against U.S. forces in 1899.
o War lasted 3 years, killing nearly 25,000 people.
o U.S. gave Philippines partial home rule
o 1946 given complete independence
 American Expansionism
o Many were concerned about America’s expansionism and continued
involvement in Latin America.
The Spanish-American War
Use textbook pg 553-55
An uprising against Spanish ruled Cuba occurred in 1895. Though President
Cleveland declared United States neutrality, many in Congress wanted to
intervene. Interest in Cuba was bolstered by the yellow journalism of newspaper
publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Both men
sensationalized events in Cuba as a way to boost sales and incite public opinion.
Pulitzer
Hearst
In 1898, the USS Maine, stationed in Spanish-controlled waters off the coast of Cuba,
inexplicably blew up. Some 266 American sailors died. Though an investigation found that
Spain had not attacked the ship, Hearst and Pulitzer jumped at the chance to capitalize. Prowar legislators saw a free Cuba as an opportunity for economic development. Proponents of
a large American navy and overseas expansion saw war with Spain as an opportunity to
extend influence and gain territories.
The Spanish-American War erupted two months after the sinking of the USS Maine. During
what Secretary of State John Hay described as “a splendid little war,” future President
Theodore Roosevelt led his calvary unit, the Rough Riders, at the Battle of San Juan. In 1901,
the United States granted Cuba independence, providing Cubans agreed to the Platt
Amendment to Cuba’s news constitution. This said that Cuba would not make treaties with
other nations that were against America’s interests and gave America control of the naval
base at Guantanamo Bay. It was canceled in 1934.
The first shots of the Spanish-American War occurred in the far-off Spanish-ruled Philippines.
There the U.S. defeated the Spanish navy and took over the city of Manila. Filipino rebels
seized the island of Luzon. The Americans captured the city of Manila with rebel help. The
rebels declared the Philippines independent of Spain. A failed revolt against American rule
followed. The Philippines eventually achieved complete independence in 1946.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the
Panama Canal
 Panama Canal - A canal built by the U.S. cutting across Central America to
reduce travel time and provide a short cut between the oceans for commercial
and military ships.
o U.S. chose Panama for the canal, which belonged to Colombia. They refused
our offer…wanted more $$.
o US helps Panama rebel against Colombia
o Panama accepts our offer ($10m and $250,000 a year)
o Canal built between 1904-1914
Panama Canal
Use textbook pg 566-67
From 1881 to 1887, France attempted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama to
connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Eager to take over the project, in 1903 the United
States signed a treaty that granted it a permanent lease over a 10-mile-wide swathe across
the isthmus for $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000. Work on the Panama Canal
began the next year. Over 40,000 people worked on the canal, which opened on August 15,
1914. The canal reduced the voyage of a ship traveling from New York to San Francisco by
almost 8,000 miles. The building of the Panama Canal was part of an American foreign
policy whose intent was to extend American influence throughout the Western Hemisphere.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the
Panama Canal
 Roosevelt Corollary
o European powers were getting involved in Latin America
o TR wanted US to be the most powerful influence in Latin Am.
o Based on the African proverb “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
o The Roosevelt Corollary stated: The U.S. would use force to protect its economic
interests in Latin America
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Use textbook pg 568
In 1904, President Roosevelt issued his Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The policy
established the United States as the policing power of the Western Hemisphere. President
Roosevelt and his political and military advisors believed that United States should intervene
in order to stabilize the political and economic affairs of small countries in Central America
and the Caribbean. Roosevelt wanted these countries to be able to collect tariffs and taxes
so they could pay their international debts, and especially wanted to keep Europeans from
interfering.
“In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken
in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to
circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open
door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest
of humanity at large…”
Theodore Roosevelt, Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1904