Download Name:

Name:
Honor Code:
Reading Outline Chapter 4.4 and 7.3
Chapter 4.4 An Empire Unifies China (pgs. 97 – 101)
1.
Philosophy and the Social Order
China’s ancient values of social order, _________________ , and respect for authority were put aside
toward the end of the _______________ _______________________.
a) Confucius Urges ___________________
i) China’s most influential scholar was _________________________. Born in _______ B.C.E.,
Confucius lived at a time when the Zhou Dynasty was being torn apart by
_________________ lords.
ii) Confucius believed that social order, harmony, and ______________ __________________
could be restored in China if society was organized around ____________basic relationships.
What were the five basic relationships?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
iii) ______ of Confucius’s five relationships were based upon ________________. Confucius
stressed that ___________________ should practice what he called _____________
______________, or respect for their parents and elders.
iv) Impressed by Confucius ____________________, the duke of ________ appointed him Minister
of _______________________.
v) His students later collected his works in a ______________ called the
______________________.
b) Confucian Ideas About Government
i) Confucius laid the groundwork for the creation of _________________________, a trained civil
service, or those who ______________ the government.
ii) According to Confucius, a gentleman had ________________ ___________________.
iii) Confucianism was never a __________________, but it was an ______________
_____________. It became the foundation for Chinese government and social order.
c) ________________ Seek Harmony
i) Another Chinese ____________________named ______________, who may have lived during
the sixth century B.C.E., only the ______________________ _________________ was
important. He said that a universal force called the Dao (tow), meaning “_____________
____________,” guides all things.
ii) Of all the creatures of nature, according to Laozi, only humans _____________ to follow the
__________. They argue about questions of right and wrong, good manners and bad.
According to Laozi, such arguments are _____________________.
iii) The philosophy of Laozi came to be known as _____________________. Its search for
_________________ and understanding of nature led Daoism’s followers to pursue
_______________ __________________
d) Legalists Urge Harsh Rule
i) In sharp contrast to followers of Confucius was a group of practical political thinkers called the
_______________.
ii) Legalist believed that a highly ______________ and ________________ ______________
was the key to restoring ___________________. They got their name from their belief that
government should use the law to end civil disorder and restore harmony.
iii) Among the founders of Legalism were ___________________ and _____ ______.
iv) The Legalist taught that a ruler should provide ____________ rewards for people who carried
out their duties well.
v) The Legalists believed in _________________ ____________as well as actions. They
suggested that a ruler burn all writings that might encourage people to think _____________
about ___________________.
e) I Ching and Yin and Yang
i) People with little interest in these philosophical debates consulted a _____________of
_____________ called I Ching to answer ethical or practical problems.
ii) The I Ching helped people lead a ______________ _____________ by dispensing good advice
and simple common sense.
iii) Ancient thinkers developed the concept of ____________ and _____________, two powers that
together represented the natural rhythms of life.
iv) Yang represents the _______________________ qualities in the universe, ____________ the
feminine.
2. The Qin Dynasty
A short-lived dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty in the ______________ century B.C.E. It emerged
from the western state of Qin. The 13 – year – old ________ _______________ ruler who came to the
throne in the third century B.C.E. employed Legalist ideas to subdue warring states and unify his
country.
a) A New Emperor Takes Control
i) After ruling for over 20 years, in 221 B.C.E., the Qin ruler assumed the name _____________
_______________, which means “First Emperor.” The new emperor began his reign by
halting the _________________ _______________________ that had sapped China’s
strength.
ii) Shi Huangdi’s armies attacked the invaders north of the Yellow River and south as far as what is
now Vietnam.
iii) His victories ________________________- China’s size.
iv) To destroy the power of rival warlords, Shi Huangdi instituted a policy called
“_____________________ the trunk and ______________________ the
_________________.” He commanded all the noble families to live at the capital city under
his _____________________ gaze.
b) A Program of Centralization
i) Shi Huangdi’s sweeping program of centralization included the building of a _______________
network of over 4,000 miles.
ii) He forced ______________________ to work on roads against their _____________.
Explain what set uniform standards Shi Huangdi had.
iii) Under Shi Huangdi’s rule, irrigation projects ______________________ farm production. Trade
pushed a new class – merchants – into _______________________.
c) Great Wall of China
i) _________________________ hated Shi Huangdi for his book____________________; poor
people hated him for their forced labor in building a ______________ ____________.
ii) Earlier, Zhou rulers had erected smaller walls to discourage attacks by
______________________ __________.
iii) Shi Huangdi determined to close the gaps and unify the wall _____________________ miles to
the west.
iv) The Great Wall of China arose on the backs of hundreds of thousands of peasants. The wall
builders worked neither for ________________ nor for _______________ of empire.
v) The Great Wall of China is so huge that it is one of the few human-made features on Earth
visible from ____________________.
d) The Fall of the Qin
i) The Qin Dynasty proved short-lived. Though fully as cruel as his father, Shi Huangdi’s son
proved less able. Peasants rebelled just ________________ years after the _____________
Qin emperor took office.
Chapter 7.3 Han Emperors in China (pgs. 181 – 187)
1. The Han restore Unity to China
a) The Founding of the Han Dynasty
i) _______________ powerful leaders emerged: _______________ _____ was an aristocratic
general who was willing to allow the warlords to keep their territories if they would
acknowledge him as their _________________lord.
ii) Liu Bang was one of Xiang Yu’s _________________________.
iii) Liu Bang turned ___________________ Xiang Yu and the two fought , Liu Bang won and
declared himself the first emperor of the Han Dynasty. The ____________
_______________ , which ruled China for more than 400 years, is divided into ______
periods. The Han Dynasty so influenced China that even today many Chinese call
themselves “_____________ of the ____________.”
iv) Liu Bang followed Shi Huangdi’s policy of establishing ______________________
government, in which a central authority controls the running of a state.
How did Liu Bang win popular support?
b) The Empress Lü
i) When Liu Bang died in 195 B.C.E., his son became emperor – in ______________only. The
real ruler was his _________________, Empress Lü.
ii) Although Lü was not Liu Bang’s only wife, she had powerful ____________ at court who
helped her seize ___________________.
How did Empress Lü’s power end what did the people do to her family?
iii) Such plots occurred often throughout the Han Dynasty. Rationally, the emperor chose the
_______________ among his wives as the empress and appointed one of her sons as
___________________.
c) The Martial Emperor
i) Wudi, who reigned from 141 B.C.E. to 87 B.C.E., held the throne ________________ than any
other Han emperor. He is called the __________ ____________ because he adopted the
policy of expanding the Chinese empire through war.
Who were Wudi’s first set of enemies? Describe them.
ii) The early Han emperors tried to buy off the ________________________ by sending them
thousands of pounds of __________, rice, alcohol, and _____________.
2. A Highly Structured Government
Just as Han emperors tried to control the people they conquered, they exerted vast
______________________ over the Chinese themselves. Because the Chinese considered their emperor
to be __________________, they accepted his exercise of power.
a) Structures of Han Government
i) The Chinese emperor relied on a ___________________ ________________________ to help
him rule.
ii) To raise money, the government relied ____________________ on taxes. Like the farmers in
____________, Chinese peasants owed parts of their yearly crops to the government.
iii) Besides taxes, the ____________________ owed the government a month’s worth of labor or
military service every year. With this source of labor, the Han emperors built __________,
canals, and ________________ ______________.
b) Confucianism, the Road to ______________
i) Wudi’s government employed more than ___________________ people. The bureaucracy
included 18 different ranks of _________________ ______________ ___________ –
government jobs that civilians obtained by taking examinations.
Why did Wudi begin to actively favor his Confucian scholars on the court?
3. Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
a) _______________________ Revolutionizes Chinese Life
i) Advances in ______________________ influenced all aspects of Chinese life. ____________
was invented in C.E. 105. Before that, books were usually written on _____________.
Paper was cheaper so books became more readily available, which helped spread
________________ in China.
ii) Other technological advances included a ___________ ______________ that made it possible
for horses to pull heavy loads.
iii) The Chinese perfected a plow that was more efficient because it had ________
______________, improved iron tools, and invented the ________________________.
b) Agriculture Versus Commerce
Why did the Chinese people consider agriculture the most important and honored occupation?
i) The government established monopolies on the mining ______________, the forging of iron, the
_______________ of coins, and the brewing of ____________________.
ii) A ___________________ occurs when a group has exclusive _____________________ over the
production and distribution of certain goods.
iii) As contact with people from other lands ____________________, the Chinese realized how
valuable their ___________________ was and an item of trade. Because of this, the
____________________ of silk production became a closely guarded state
______________________.
c) Unifying Chinese Culture
i) As the Han Empire expanded its trade networks, the Chinese began to learn about the
___________, animals, and ________________ that were common in foreign lands.
ii) TO unify the empire, the Chinese government encouraged _______________________, or the
process of making these conquered peoples part of Chinese culture. To accomplish this, the
government sent farmers to settle newly _______________________ areas.
iii) Several writers also helped unify Chinese culture by recording China’s
______________________.
Who is called the “Grand Historian”? Describe him.
d) Wives, Nuns, and Scholars
i) Although Ban Zhao gained fame as a _____________________, most women during the Han
Dynasty led quiet lives at ____________________.
ii) Confucian teaching dictated that women were to devote themselves to their families. They were
supposed to ________________ their ____________________ in childhood and their
husbands and husband’s parents after they _________________.
4. Rebellion and Restorations
One of the main problems was an _____________________ __________________ caused by customs
that allowed the rich to gain more wealth at the expense of the poor.
a) The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor
i) According to customs, a family’s land was divided ________________ among all of the father’s
___________ heirs.
ii) With such small plots of land, farmers had a hard time raising enough food to _____________ or
even to feed the family. Because of this, ______________ _______________ often went
into debt and had to ________________________ money from large landowners, who
charged very high _________________ ________________. If the farmer couldn’t pay
back the debt, the landowner took possession of the farmer’s land.
b) Wang Mang Overthrows the Han
i) From about 32 B.C.E. until 9 C.E., one inexperienced emperor replaced another.
_______________ reigned in the palace, and with peasants revolts, unrest spread across the
land as well.
ii) In 9 C.E., Wang Mang took the imperial title for himself and overthrew the Han, thus
____________ the _____________________ half of the Han Dynasty known as the Former
Han.
How did Wang Mang try to bring the country under control?
c) The Later Han Years
i) With ___________________ restored to ________________, the first decades of the
____________ Han Dynasty were quite ____________________.
ii) The government sent soldiers and merchants ________________ to regain control of posts along
the _____________ ________________.
iii) But this _____________________ couldn’t make up for social, political, and economic
_______________within the empire itself.
iv) By 220, the Later Han Dynasty had ________________________ into _______________rival
kingdoms.