Download Standard 7-1.2

Standard 7-1.1
I. Why did Europeans have to start exploring?
A. Ottoman Empire controlled Silk Road making it very expensive for Europeans
B. Europeans wanted to find more land and resources
C. Europeans wanted to make more money by getting goods cheaper
D. Europeans wanted to spread religious beliefs – Christianity
II. Who was exploring?
A. Portuguese
1. first to start exploring open ocean, along West coast Africa
2. found the 1st sea route to Asia
3. setup ports in West Africa, India and Brazil
4. Explorers – Prince Henry, Dias and Vasco da Gama
B. Spanish
1. first to cross the Atlantic Ocean and discover the “New World”
2. created colonies in Florida, Caribbean Islands and South America
3. Explorers – Columbus, Cortes, Pizzaro and Magellan
C. French
1. they wanted to find the “Northwest Passage” to Asia by traveling north of Canada, but
unsuccessful
2. Explorer – Cartier
D. British
1. explored all areas of the world trying to create permanent colonies
2. colonies in North America, Caribbean Islands, Africa, India, China and Australia
Portuguese Colonies
English (British) Colonies
French Colonies
• North America
• North West Africa
• Southeast Asia
(Vietnam)
•
•
North America
Southern & Eastern Africa
•
•
India
Australia
Dutch Colonies
• East Indies
• South Africa
Standard 7-1.2
I.. What scientific and technological advancements made exploring easier?
A. Caravel – is a 3 mast ship, very fast, reduces travel time, stronger hull
B. Lateen Sails - triangular sails attached to mast at an angle to trap more wind, increase
speeds
C. Compass – metal needle aligns itself with the Earth’s magnetic fields so it always
points to magnetic North
D. Astrolabe – a device that measures the height of a star from the horizon to determine a
ships latitude position, allowed for travel in the open ocean
E. ballast – heavy material (lead) placed in the center keel (middle) of ship to make it
more stable
F. chronometer – a device that keeps time at sea, not effected by boat’s movement
G. barometer – an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure, if drops normally
means a storm is coming
H. Cartographers – is a map makers that help sailor travel more accurately
I. Gunpowder – use for protect at sea from pirates or aggressive Natives on land, makes
hunting easier
Standard 7-1.3
Political and Economic Power in the Colonies of the Americas
I. Why did European Countries form Colonies?
A. Reasons
1. Sent wealth home to make more money– gold, jewels, cash crops, etc…
2. Increased country’s power by increasing the land they controlled
3. Spread Christianity – increasing the number of followers
4. Employment – gave people work, such as conquistadors
Colony Equation: (Money + Land = Power )
B. What did the mother countries (France, Spain, Portugal, Britain) want the colonies to supply?
1. gold
2. silver
3. fur
4. cash crops
C. What did the colony expect the mother country to do for them?
1. provide a market to sell their manufactured products
2. send them raw materials and supply them with needed goods
3. protect them
D. What were the different types of Colonies formed?
1. Trading-post Colony
a. purpose was strictly to trade and created along a trade route
b. designed for the purpose of making money
c. Examples
1. French colonies in Canada were set up along Mississippi River for
fur trade between France and Indians
2. Africa had ports to provide travelers with supplies and a place to sell goods
2. Plantation Colonies
a. large areas of land farmed strictly for profit ($$$)
b. they grew crops that could not be grown in Europe, needed slave labor
c. Examples:
1. Southern States in US grew cotton and tobacco
2. Caribbean Islands grew tobacco and sugar cane
3. Settler Colonies
a. created when settlers claimed land and form own society they made a
permanent settlement
b. settlers establish towns and government system
c. they stayed linked to mother country for support and trade
d. Examples:
1. Jamestown (British) – created society, but disappeared
2. Plymouth – Pilgrims wanted colony to practice their religion freely
3. New Amsterdam (Dutch) – created colony in NY, until British took it
away
E. Europeans and Relationship with Native Americans
1. British pushed Native Americans off their land
2. French had good relationship with the Native Americans
3. Spanish enslaved natives and took their land
4. Portuguese – both good and bad relations
II. Political Issues caused by Exploration
A. Treaty of Tordesillas – created by Pope Alexander VI established the Line of Demarcation
at 38°W longitude
1. everything to the west belonged to Spain and everything to the east belonged to Portugal
3. no one else could claim the land in these areas because the church said so
B. Competition increased to see who could get the most land and resources
1. led to battles, slave revolts and destruction of land
2. sometimes it would cost too much money to support colony and the mother country
would abandon the people
Major Developments of Colonial Expansion
Political Developments
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Social Developments
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Economic Developments
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C.
New forms of government
developed in colonial areas
Colonial rivalry grew between
European nations
Spread Christianity
Population increase in western
hemisphere
Trade routes shifted Mediterranean
Sea to Atlantic Ocean
Capitalism and mercantilism
promote growth
Increase imports and world trade
Mercantilism: an economic theory that states that nations become powerful by building up large
supplies of gold and silver
1.Government controls economy
► Decides what to produce in the colonies
► Only allows colonies to trade with mother country
2.Nations want favorable balance of trade
► Export more than you import
3.Importance of colonies
► Sources of raw materials
 Ex. cotton, sugar, tobacco
► Markets for manufactured goods
 Ex. cloth, guns, tools
D. Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership of businesses and property
1.Development of Capitalism
Many merchants believed that trade would increase if governments would let the
people control the economy
2.Free enterprise
i. Economy is free from government control
ii. Property and businesses are privately owned
iii. People run businesses to earn profit
3.Market economy
iv. Producers and consumers decide what goods and services to produce
v. Prices and wages are negotiated in the marketplace
vi. Competition encourages businesses to offer quality goods and services at fair prices
Standard 7-1.4
I. What did Africans believe trade with Europe would lead to?
A. Wealth (the slave trade was lucrative)
B. Power (selling members of other tribes weakened those tribes)
C. Problems (constant warfare)
II. Which European country settled in Africa first?
A. Portugal
III.
How did the Africa leaders welcome trade by the Europeans?
A. They set up trading posts on the coast,
B. They rented forts for profit
C. They offered protection from unfriendly locals
IV. What were the Europeans getting from the Africans?
A. Gold
B. Spices
C. Ivory
D. Slaves
V. Why was the slave trade important at this time?
A. Huge profits
B. Provided slaves needed on plantations in the New World
VI. How was the European slave trade different from other slave traders?
A. European slave traders saw slaves as property
B. European slave traders traded on a much larger scale
C. The European slave trade impacted 4 continents
VII. What was the first European country to trade slaves across the Atlantic? Spain
However, which European group dominated the slave trade? Dutch
VIII.. Why were the slaves better for the plantations than the Native Americans?
A. African slaves were more resistant to disease,
B. African slaves could work in hot climate
C. African slaves were far from home and didn’t rebel – unlike the natives
IX.
What was the trade route called between Europe, Africa and the Americas?
A. Triangular Trade
X.
What did they trade:
A. Europe to Africa – weapons, alcohol, iron and cloth
B. Africa to America - slaves
C. America to Europe – sugar, salt, rum, tobacco, cotton and indigo
XI. Describe the Middle Passage:
A. Trip between Africa and America took between 21-90 days, packed slaves on ships
(150-600), shackled neck, arms and feet to prevent mutiny, dead and sick thrown
overboard
B. Death rate 13% - estimated 15-40 million slaves were traded
XII. What were the affects of the slave trade in Africa?
A. Few African men left to perform hard work,
B. tensions increased between African tribes who believed selling the young and healthy of
other tribes would weaken them--prisoners of war were sold for profits to slave traders,
C. Africa became a “one crop” nation and did not diversify
D. Many villages resisted the slave trade by moving, creating defensive structure,
redeeming (buying back) family members, warfare and mutiny on ships
XIII.. When did the slave trade end?
A. Late 1700’s
B. It became illegal to trade slaves in the Unites States in 1808
C. The US outlawed the right to own slaves in 1865 (Civil War)
XIV. Why did the slave trade end?
A. Violated Christian beliefs
B. technology reduced the need for slaves
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Standard 7-1.5
I. Why did Europeans want to explore Asia?
A. Portugal found the water route to Asia, so they no longer needed the Silk Road
B. Portugal setup trading-posts along African coast, India and Spice Islands
C. Many Europeans wanted to spread Christianity
II. How did the exploration of Asia impact this region?
A. Portugal was not able to control the large Asian territories due to small military
- their small trading-posts could not prevent other European countries from setting up tradingposts as well
B. the Spice Islands were being taken over by Europeans, the locals could do little to stop it –
Dutch
C. India had strong monarchies that fought against foreign control
- eventually the British Empire was able to colonize India and many of the islands
D. China tried to keep out foreign influence, remain isolated, close ports to trade
- eventually the British Empire was able to force China into opening ports and trade
E. Japan wanted know foreign influence, remained isolated and did not allow Christian
missionaries into their country
III. How were trade patterns changed?
A. trade patterns switched from Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean and the Spice Islands
- Portugal found this new trade route, but the British and Dutch had more money and better
militaries so they eventually took this trade route over
B. these spices became the main, most important good for trade at this time
C. soon the British and Dutch had more than just trading-posts, they established settler colonies
D. trade patterns switched once again, once the Spanish crossed the Atlantic Ocean and began to
bring different types of goods back to Europe
IV. How did religion change in Asia due to exploration?
A. missionaries spread their religions all throughout Asia
B. Christianity
- was the main religion being forced on the Asian people
- a majority of the Spice Islands were converted, the Philippines, and small part of India
C. Islam (Muslims)
- spread through Middle East, into India and also into Northern Africa
D. Buddhism
- major religion of China and parts of India
E. Hinduism
- still considered major religion of mainland India
F. Shinto
- main religion of Japan during this time
Standard 7-1.6
I. Feudalism
A. kings owned the land, gave some land to lords and people depend on kings for survival
B. once the people started to explore kings could no longer keep their people tied to the land
C. in Feudalism people had no control over the economy
II. Mercantilism
A. a theory that a country’s power is dependent on its wealth
B. Many European countries began to compete to see who could get the most gold and silver
C. the new colonies were strictly controlled by the government of their mother country
1. gain as much gold and silver as possible
2. export more than you import (sell more than you buy)
3. imports to colonies decrease because they were being taxed
D. Favorable balance of trade (imports = exports) – how countries should run, but not under
Mercantilism
E. Columbian Exchange
1. the global transfer of food, plants, animals, goods and ideas
Example: The Spanish forced the Native Americans to practice Christianity and in return
the Native Americans learned how to make things from copper and iron
III. Development of Capitalism
A. When exploration grew so did the market to sell your goods and demand for these new items
increased
B. Exploration allowed people to develop their own independent business
1. Entrepreneurs- use their own money and take a risk by starting a business hoping for a profit
a. individual people and companies are paying for exploration and establishing colonies
2. Governments were still financing explorations because they want natural resources
C. Capitalism creates a market economy where people decide how to spend money, what to buy
and
what to sell – the people have the power, not the kings
1. as colonial expansion increases so do the markets in Europe to sell goods
2. competition increases among European countries, which results in prices being more fair
3. increase in the number of middle class people, more ways to make money
D. Entrepreneurs increase their investments in colonies
1. They made a lot of money trading goods across the world
2. Profits allowed these merchants to reinvest even more money into other markets
IV. Law of Supply and Demand
A. more people want a product, the more you can charge for that product (demand high, price high)
B. the more product you have the less you can charge (surplus high, price low)
C. Goal = to produce a specific amount of your product at a price that people are willing to pay –
it will result in a balance in supply and demand
Standard 7-2.1
I. Absolutism- is a system on which a ruler holds complete power
II. Absolute Monarch- a king or queen that holds all the power (unlimited)
A. These rulers made laws, created taxes, administered justice, and controlled the nobility
French Revolution
III. King Louis XIV of France
A. He called himself the “The Sun King” because he believed everything should revolve
around him.
B. Believed he had the divine right to rule France
C. Louis XIV did not allow the legislature, called the Estates General, meet during his reign.
D. He overturned a document called the Edict of Nantes
1. it provided religious freedom to the people of France.
E. Louis’s changes made it illegal for anyone to practice any religion except Catholicism.
F. Louis wanted to increase the territory of France and fought against neighboring countries
G. For 30 years of Louis XIV’s 54-year reign, France was at war. When he died, he was
deeply in debt
H. He was responsible for building the Palace of Versailles
1. took 27 years to build
2. It represented his power
3. It became the center of government so he could keep and eye on activities.
IV. Ivan IV of Russia (Ivan the Terrible)
A. the first czar (emperor) in the 16th century at a young age
B. He expanded the territory and took all the power from Russian nobility.
C. He married Anastasia and when she died he reportedly went insane
1. had 6 other wives and caused political chaos in Russia
2. He tortured and abused anyone who disagreed with him.
D. He had 2 sons
1. one he stabbed to death in a fit of rage
2. the other was mentally handicapped and unable to rule
E. When Ivan’s remains were studied in the 1900’s, his bones had traces of mercury, which
reported to have been prescribed for symptoms related to arthritis. Mercury is said to
casue insanity.
V. Peter the Great of Russia
A. He increased absolutism in Russia.
B. Peter believed that western European countries were better prepared than his country.
C. He decided to westernize his country to make it more like Great Britain and France
1. he had men shave their beards or pay a heavy tax to keep it.
2. buildings more like west, focused on education
D. Peter created a strong, loyal army and made the 1st Navy for Russia.
1. he used this army to defeat a revolt by Russian nobility.
E. Peter replaced local leaders with his own royal governors.
F. He also made himself head of the Russian Orthodox Church.
G. he built the city of St. Petersburg, the former capital of Russia
VI. James I
A. succeed Elizabeth I (cousins) to the throne of England
B. Believed rulers chosen by God (Divine Right)
C. Believed in absolute power (the ruler has total power)
D. Disagreed with Parliament over money and tax issues
E. Gave up the power to make laws in exchange for money
VII. Charles I
A. Son of James I, succeeded James I on the English throne
B. Was forced to sign the Petition of Rights, a document protecting the rights of people,
In exchange for money
C. Eventually dismissed Parliament
The English Civil War
VII. Why were the Puritans considered enemies by James I and Charles I?
A. religious differences
B. Both James I and Charles I persecute Christians (killed for their beliefs)
VIII. What law did the Puritans in the House of Commons do before giving money to Charles I?
A. Parliament took away kings power to call/dismiss Parliament, Charles I agreed for the
money
XIV. What happened in 1642?
A.
Civil War – between Puritans(Protestant) vs. Catholics
B. Cromwell led the Puritains. His supporters were called Roundheads because of how
their hair was cut around the helmet
C. Catholics who supported Charles I were called Cavaliers
D. Cromwell won in 1646
XV. What happened?
A. King Charles I was tried as a traitor ( a person who betrays his country), convicted of
treason and then beheaded in 1649.
B. Cromwell seized control of the government, abolished the House of Lords and the Parliament
created a republic
C. The commonwealth allowed people to govern the nation
D. However, Cromwell couldn’t get things done so he dismissed the Parliament and became
a military dictator (used the military to stay in power)
Glorious Revolution
XVI.. What happened to The Commonwealth after Cromwell’s death in 1658?
A. Country fell apart
B. Charles II (son of Charles I) came to the throne
C. Though the protestant Church of England was the official religion,
D. Parliament limited the rights of both Protestants and Catholics
XVI. James II.
A, Became King after Charles II (brother of Charles II)
B. In 1687, he gave religious freedom to Catholics and Puritans
C. Parliament feared another civil war and plotted against James II with William and Mary
(James II daughter) who were Protestant
XVII. The Glorious Revolution
A. Began in 1688
B. William brought 14000 troops from the Netherlands and
C. James II ran away to France
D. bloodless revolution; future kings ruled by Parliament and not divinely chosen by G0d
XVIII. The English Bill of Rights
A, William and Mary were forced to sign the English Bill of Rights.
B, Constitutional Monarchy—king limited by laws
C. Parliament’s Rights
1.
Pass laws
2.
Impose taxes
3.
Call and dismiss Parliament
4.
Maintain standing Army
D. Citizens’ Rights
1. No cruel and unusual punishment
2. Bails or fines
3. Trial by jury
Standard 7-2.2
I. What is the Enlightenment?
A. Early 1700’s
B. It brought together new ideas of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution
C. They believed there were natural laws that could make everyone happy and solve problems in
society
Life, liberty and property (John Locke)
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness (USA)
D. The most important belief of the philosophers was the idea of reason
E. The Age of Enlightenment was very important in starting the American and French
Revolutions
II. Who were the main Enlightenment thinkers?
A. Diderot
1. wrote the “Encyclopedia” which is a collection of all the great thinkers ideas
2. written between 1751-1772
3. Attempted to illustrate all human knowledge
4. Emphasis on practical science
5. Problem with publication and limited the number of people that could read it
6. Desire to change the “general way of thinking” because greater knowledge leads to
human progress
7. Emphasized moderation, tolerance and belief that human nature can be molded
8. Inalienable rights, the social contract and that knowledge improves goodness
B. Baron de Montesquieu
1. wrote the The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
2. Separation of Powers
a. keeps power from 1 person
3. Checks and Balances
a. keep each branch in check to maintain balance
4. Division of government – separate into three branches
a. Executive - President, VP
- enforces the laws
- make budget, commander-in-chief, veto laws
b. Judicial- judges and courts
- interpret the laws
- amend the Constitution, hearings against gov’t officials
c. Legislative- Congress
- makes the laws
- impeach president, declare war
C. John Locke
1. everyone was born with a “blank slate”(tabla rasa)
a. people could learn from their experiences and they could change
2. This could be accomplished by following Natural Laws
a. Life, Liberty and Property
3. Did not agree with absolute rule
4. Thought people entered into a “social contract” to create a government which was
limited by the will of the people
5. If the government did not follow the will of the people, the people had the right to
rebel
D. Voltaire
1. Play write and a novelist
2. Religious toleration, justice for all, free speech and end slavery
3. Believed the gov’t and Catholic Church could be corrupted
4. He was arrested then exiled, but still continued to write
E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1. Follower of Locke
2. Believed in public education
3. Man by nature was solitary, good and free – needed to have natural rights
4. Believed that a group of people could give up their rights to a government to act on
their behalf
a. Police protect us and we follow laws
5. Civilization represents decay, not progress
6. He wrote The Social Contract (1762) and created the concept of “General Will”
7. Large influence in the US gov’t
Standard 7-2.3
A.
B.
C.
Two types of constitutions
1. Written (US)
2. Unwritten (UK)
Role/Purpose of Constitutions
1. Sets up the duties of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches
2. Establish the relationship between the national government state/local gov’ts
3. Define the relationship of government to the citizens and the rights of citizens.
Positive and Negative Constitutions
1. A “positive” constitution centers on the roles and responsibilities that a
government is to perform
- Example: The government must provide universal education for all citizens.
2. A “negative” constitution focuses on the limitations placed upon the government.
- (The U.S. has a “negative” constitution).
The Preamble to the United States Constitution
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice,
insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general
Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Articles of the U.S. Constitution (LAZY ELEPHANTS JUMPS SLOWLY AND SIT
REGULARLY)
( L ) Article I established the legislative branch which makes the laws
( E ) Article II established the executive branch which enforces the laws
( J ) Article III established the judicial branch which interprets the laws
( S ) Article IV describes the relationship among the states
( A ) Article V describes how the constitution can be amended
( S ) Article VI explains how the constitution is the supreme law of the land
( R ) Article VII describes the process for ratification
Bill of Rights
First - Freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition
Second - Right to own and carry weapons
Third - Freedom from quartering troops during peacetime
Fourth - Freedom from illegal search and seizure
Fifth - Protects people who are being charged with a crime
Sixth - Fair trial, right to attorney
Seventh - A person has a right to a jury trial if he/she gets sued
Eighth - Protection from unreasonable bail, fines, or punishment
Ninth - A right cannot be taken away just because it isn’t mentioned in the Bill of Rights
Tenth - Any powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution belong to the states and to the
people
Standard 7-3.1
I. The Scientific Revolution
A. The time of tremendous growth in the sciences in the late 1500s and early 1600s
II. Scientific “Revolutionaries”
A. Aristotle
1. Created system of thought based on observation
2. Created a process of Reasoning called “Logic”
B. Guttenberg
1. He invented the printing press in
2. Allowed people to share ideas about math, physics, astronomy, medicine and religion.
C. Isaac Newton
1. Law of Gravity - there is a force of attraction between objects that is related to their
mass and the force increases as objects move closer together
2. what goes up must come down
3. His mathematics improved maps, weapons and steam engine using calculus
D. Galileo Galilei
1. Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects - Law of Inertia
2. His discoveries involved using the telescope, microscope and barometer
3. Challenges categories of “form” and “matter”
4. Made a “New Model of the Universe”
E. Ptolemy
1. He believed the earth was the center of the universe (geocentric theory)
F. Copernicus
1. Aim to glorify God
2. Sun-centered universe and planets revolve around it (heliocentric theory; went against
Church doctrine that the Earth is at the center of the universe)
3. Challenged circular orbits, said Earth rotates every 24 hrs
G. Johannes Kepler
1. Planetary motion conforms to mathematical formula
2. Elliptical orbits of planets around sun
3. Planets do not move at uniform speeds in their orbits
H. Ambroise Pare
1. He Developed the technique of sewing skin using stitches to prevent infection
I. William Harvey
1. Discovered the circulation of blood flow through veins and arteries
J. Rene Descartes
1. emphasized the importance of reasoning in arriving at the truth
2. Significance of Doubt
3. The Deductive Method - “I think, therefore I am”
4. Father of “analytical geometry”
K. Francis Bacon
1. Father of the Scientific Revolution
2. The Inductive Method -emphasis on practical, useful knowledge
4. New attitude toward nature
5. Created an organized way of collecting and studying evidence called the “Scientific
Method”
III. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
A. Medieval Intellectual Life and Medieval Universities
B. The Italian Renaissance
C. Renewed emphasis on mathematics
D. Navigational problems of long sea voyages
E. Better scientific instruments
IV. Science Conflicts with Religion
A. Scientists had conflicts with the Catholic Church during the Scientific Revolution
B.. The new work of the scientist, like Galileo, upset the church – took away from the teachings of
the Bible (Science offered empirical evidence for theories where religious ideas were based on
faith and revelation. Scientist were called to recant.)
C. Scientists were excommunicated, or kicked out of the church
D. They put Galileo on trial and he was placed on house-arrest for the rest of his life
E. Even today there are still conflicts between science and religion.
V.
Scientific Method
A. Logical procedure for testing theories
i. Begins with a question
ii.Forms a hypothesis (reasonable guess)
iii.Tests through experimentation
iv.Analyzes data to reach conclusion
B. Major Contributors to Scientific Method
i. Rene Descartes
ii.Frances Bacon
Standard 7-3.2
I. England and 13 Colonies
A. Glorious Revolution forced William and Mary to sign the English Bill of Rights
creating a Constitutional Monarchy
B. In 1760 King George III ruled England and all its colonies
1. He wanted loyalty from people in America
2. He had wars to pay for the Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
a. war is expensive and was necessary to protect the colonists
b. so king demanded high taxes from colonies to pay for it
.
II. Causes of American Revolutionary War
A. High taxes colonies had to pay
1. Stamp Act - taxes on newspapers, playing cards, and other goods
2. Sugar Act – tax on sugar
3. Townshend Acts - taxes on imported goods ex. Paint, glass, paper
4. Tea Act - imposed a tax on tea
5. Intolerable Act – 4 laws for colonies, Quartering Act, closed ports (Coercive)
B. Boston Tea Party – Sons of Liberty dumped tea into harbor
C. Boston Massacre – 5 colonists killed, targeted British soldiers
D. “No taxation without representation” – wasn’t so much the taxes, it was that
colonists wanted to be part of Parliament and vote on these taxes
E. John Locke – if gov’t doesn’t provide for your people, then rebel
III. Key Points of the American Revolutionary War
A. started in 1775
B. Thomas Jefferson wrote “The Declaration of Independence”
1. stated why they deserved independence, what the king did wrong and that
they were going to become their own independent country
C. French aided the Americans even though France was in debt
D. ended in 1783 with the “Treaty of Paris”
1. recognized America a country, king remained in power in England
2. Articles of Confederation – 1st attempt to form gov’t, but wasn’t balanced
3. formed US Constitution – Articles created 3 branches of gov’t, Bill of Rights
- Montesquieu, Locke and Voltaire’s ideas
E. Inspired the French people to question their gov’t and the absolute monarchy
IV. In France the absolute monarchs kept a tight hold on their power. By 1789, France was on the
verge of bankruptcy, bad harvest (starvation) and the people weren’t equally represented in gov’t
A. Conservatives held power and wanted to keep the monarchy; moderates and radicals embraced
the ideas of the Enlightenment and wanted “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”
B. To raise taxes, King Louis XVI needed the agreement of the Estates General, France’s
legislature.
C. It was made up of three Estates:
1. The clergy were in the 1st
2. The nobles were in the 2nd
3. The commoners were in the 3rd
D. The First and Second Estate paid little if any taxes.
E. France’s entire tax burden fell on the Third Estate
II. National Assembly
A. On May 5, 1789, the Estates General met for the first time in 175 yrs.
B. The estates did not have a fair method of voting because the 1st and 2nd estate could
overpower the 3rd estate.
C. The Third Estate wanted to meet and count each member’s vote individually
D. All three estate had to force Louis XVI to agree to the changes; only then would he get
his money
E. The King refused to allow the three Estates to vote together, so the 3rd Estate took
matters into their own hands and renamed themselves the National Assembly.
1. The Assembly wanted to work on a new Constitution.
2. Louis XVI locked the Assembly out of the meeting hall and they moved to the
tennis courts
3. They made the Tennis Court Oath, swearing not to disband until they had
written a new constitution
4. Louis began to secretly bring in soldiers to drive out the Third Estate
III. The Storming of the Bastille
A. Paris mob took to the streets and started to rebel against the corrupt king.
B. On July 14, 1789, a mob destroyed the Bastille, a hated Paris prison which had
gunpowder
1. This day marks the beginning of the French Revolution
IV. Changes Come to the French Government
A. The National Assembly eliminates the privileges of the 1st and 2nd Estates
B. The Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man which was driven by the
ideas written in the American Bill of Rights.
1. left out women and slaves
C. In 1791, The National Assembly adopted a constitution making France a limited
gov't, it became a constitutional monarchy.
1. 3 branches of gov’t were created
2. the Church now under control of gov’t, they lost power and their land
D. The National Assembly was replaced by the Legislative Assembly .
1. France was at war with Austria and Prussia
2. Royal family imprisoned
3. people were unhappy with new gov't
V. The National Convention takes over
A. Prussia and Austria wanted to defeat France and restore Louis XVI to power
B. Radicals wanted a republic and called for a National Convention to write a
new constitution.
1. gov't changes again
2. During this time Louis XVI was tried, convicted and beheaded for treason.
D. The Jacobins, the most radical members of the Convention, seized power in 1793
1. gained support from Sans-Culottes, urban workers who wanted change
E. They began the Reign of Terror when anyone suspected of opposing the Jacobins faced
arrest and execution.
1. the Committee of Public Safety killed thousands of traitors using guillotine.
VI. The Directory gives it a try
A. people got tired of the killing and executed Robespierre leader of the Terror
B. setup a new gov’t led by 5 Directors, now France ruled by Directory
C. war continued, riots with poor and gov’t still corrupt
VII. New Leader for France
A. While all of this political chaos in France was occurring, Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte
attempts a successful coup d’etat and takes over the gov’t in 1799
B. His title is First Consul and in 1804 he declares himself Emperor of France
C. Suppression of the church was thought to embody Enlightenment ideals but alienated the peasants.
Napoleon reversed this trend.
Government
Dates
1789
1789-1791
1791-1792
1792-1795
Committee of Public Safety
1793-1794
1795-1799
1799-1804
1804-1815
Consulate Empire
Events
Tennis Court Oath
Storming of the Bastille
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Constitution of 1791
Constitutional Monarchy
War with Austria and Prussia
Royal family imprisoned
First French Republic
Louis XVI executed
Reign of Terror- 20,000-40,000
people executed
War continued
Inefficient, corrupt government
Riots among the poor
Napoleonic code
Concordat of 1801
Built French Empire
Invasion of Russia
Defeat at Waterloo
Standard 7-3.3
I. Latin America Colonial Independence Movements
1.Spain and Portugal controlled colonies in Latin America for over 300 years
2. Napoleon’s conquest for an empire engaged several European countries in conflict with
one another. Spain had several changes in power within their monarchy.
3.Latin Americans saw the opportunity to win independence because Spain and Portugal
were weakened by the wars with France and the internal struggles for power that
were taking place in the 1800s.
4. Similar to the French Revolution, social class struggles and discontent played a role. The four
classes were:
Class
Description
Peninsulares Born in Spain and moved to colony
Smallest percentage of population
Role in Society
Leaders, highest jobs in government and military
Creoles
Born in colony but parents were born Well educated landowners, could not get high-level
in Spain
jobs in gov. or military
Mestizos
Mixed Spanish and Native American Servants, laborers, very few rights or opportunities
ancestry
Lowest Class Native Americans, enslaved Africans, Slaves, worked in mines or on plantations, very few rights or
Mulattos
opportunities
II. Movement inspired by Enlightenment and American and French Revolutions; ideas of liberty and
equality inspired independence
A. Haiti
1. French plantation colony made up of the western 1/3 of Island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean
2. 90% of population African slaves who were treated brutally and lived in poor conditions
3. Produced sugar and coffee
4. In 1791, 100,000 slaves revolted, led by Toussant L’Overture
5. L’Overture died in prison in France, but his rebellion successful
6. Haiti declared independent in 1804: only successful slave revolt in history
B, Mexico
1. Colony controlled by Spain
2. Independence movement led by the Mesitizos
3. Padre Miguel y Costilla Hidalgo (Father Miguel Hidalgo), inspired by Enlightenment,
called for revolution in 1810. He was killed in battle in 1811
4. Inspired by Hidalgo, Mexico won independence in 1821
5. In 1823, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rice declared their
Independence from Mexico
C, Simon Bolivar
1. Creole general who led the independence movements throughout South America beginning
in his home country of Venezuela in 1811 and spreading into Colombia and Ecuador
2. Worked with Jose de San Martin, who had recently freed Chile, to free Peru
3. His dream to unify all of South America into one country, Gran Colombia, was short lived
D. Effects of the Latin American Revolution
1. People in Latin America were either very poor or very rich
2. Many countries were not able to set up stable governments
E. United States during the Latin American Revolutions
1. Monroe Doctrine introduces—no more European expansion in the Western Hemisphere
2. To show unhappiness with Spain’s control of Cuba (which is 90 miles off the coast of
Florida), the US sent USS Maine to Cuba—which mysteriously exploded
3. Spanish-American War begins
4. US defeated Spain and gained the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico and US becomes world
power
5. Cuba gained independence
Standard 7-3.4
I. Agricultural Revolution
1. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, people lived in farming villages, grew their own food and
made their own goods
2. Cloth was made in the villages in a system known as the cottage industry (people worked in
their own homes)
3. The enclosure movement, crop rotation, and advanced technology increased output. Large
numbers of people no longer needed to work the land.
4. Small farmers became tenant farmers or moved to the cities
II. Industrial Revolution—18th and 19th Centuries—Economic and Social Revolution
1. Began in Great Britain in 1750
2. By the late 1800s, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing in Germany, the United
States, Japan, and Russia.
3. England was the world’s first industrial country and the world’s first capitalist country.
4. New technology allowed for the rise of the factory system (a method of production that
brought machines and workers together in one place)
.
i. At first, factories were located by rivers and were powered by the watermill
iii. Coal produced steam
Life-Changing Inventions from the Industrial Revolution
Inventor
Invention
Why Important?
James Watt
Steam Engine
Replaced waterpower with steam power, allowing
factories to be built anywhere
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
(Interchangeable parts)
Cleaned cotton 50 times more quickly than a person
Interchangeable parts allowed for mass productions
Henry Bessemer
Bessemer Process
(Turned iron to steel)
Lowered steel prices and led to the “Steel Age” (steel
was flexible and strong so they could build
bridges, skyscrapers, and bigger machines)
Henry Ford
Assembly Line/Division
of Labor
Workers are assigned to a specialized task as the
product move on a conveyor belt (allowed
more products to be produced at a lower price)
III. Why did England Become the First Industrialized Nation
1. Capital: great accumulation of cash.
a. The Commercial Revolution, 1700s: The British accumulated piles of cash
from trade.
2. Labor Force Size:
b. The Population Explosion: From 1750 to 1850, the British population tripled.
i. With more food, people had more children.
ii. With better sanitation, the death rate fell. People lived longer.
iii. There was an abundant labor supply to mine the coal and run the factories.
3.. Rural to Urban Migration Location: Labor force already lived in cities
a. The Enclosure Movement, 1750-1810
i. To feed the woolen mills, England needed wool.
ii. Landowners gave up raising food and started raising sheep.
iii. It takes only one guy (a shepherd) to raise sheep. All the other farm laborers are
redundant.
iv. Parliament passed 1000 laws, allowing landowners to evict the tenants from
their land!
v. Dispossessed of their land, folks had nowhere to go, except go to the city and
look for a job.
4.. Natural Resources
a. Coal and Iron available in Great Britain
b. Raw cotton came from British colonies overseas - the U.S. and India.
5. A Transportation System
a. Britain had a cheap transportation system to move raw materials and finished
products.
i. Long coastlines suitable for harbors
ii. Navigable rivers
iii. Canal systems
iv. A dense network of roads
v. The development of railroads
6. Technology
a. The Scientific Revolution, 1600s
i. Ever since the Scientific Revolution, the British were running experiments
using the scientific method.
ii. In 1769, James Watt perfected the steam engine!
7. Demand: There was already a gigantic demand for British goods.
a. Low farm prices allowed the British people to buy their own manufactured
goods.
b. There was a market for their products: Europe, the U.S., Asia, Africa.
c. The British had colonies around the world. Colonies provided raw materials India sent raw cotton to England.
d. Colonies provided a market - England sold its manufactured goods to its
colonies.
IV. Industrialization Spreads
1. Natural Resources
a.. Some countries (the U.S., Germany, Russia) had more natural resources to
feed their Industrial Revolution.
i. They had gobs of iron and steel.
ii. They had more land to grow grain and other food for industrial cities.
b. The Germans were pioneers in the chemical industry.
c. Japan was unique: On its own, far from Europe, it developed its Industrial
Revolution.
And with a small population and not many natural resources!
2. Government aid
a. In the U.S., Germany, and Japan, :governments helped finance heavy industry.
i. In the U.S., for example, the government financed the building of railroads:
The railroad companies were given free land along the tracks. They were paid
for every mile of track that they built.
b.In Japan, the Meiji dynasty encouraged industrialization.
V.
Industrialism in the United States
i.
Focused mainly in the Northeastern region
ii.
iii.
Focused on textile
Samuel Slater memorized plans for machines and built the first waterpowered textile mill in America in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
iv.
The “Rhode Island Plan” hired entire families and created company towns
v.
The “Lowell Method” hired young, single women to work in factories
VI. Industrialization in Continental Europe
i.
The spread of industrialization was slowed by the Napoleonic Wars
ii.
Belgium industrialized in 1799
iii.
Germany industrialized in 1835
1. German factories and railroads led to military power
a. . France remained reliant upon an agricultural economoy
VII. Urbanization: movement of people to cities
i.
Spinning and weaving previously done at home moved to factories in
cities
ii.
Hired individuals assigned specific tasks which led to division of labor
iii.
Living conditions in cities unregulated
i. poor housing conditions
ii. inadequate police protection
iii. unsanitary conditions
iv.
Middle and upper class moved to nicer homes in the suburbs
v.
Workers worked long hours (14 hours a day, six days a week)
vi.
Working conditions dangerous
VIII. Laissez-faire capitalism
a. All factories privately owned with no government interference
b. Capitalism, based on laws of competition, supply and demand, and self interest
created a disparity in wealth
c. Supporters of capitalism opposed the creation of minimum wage laws and
better working conditions
d. The working class was increasingly oppressed by the middle and upper classes
IV. Socialism
a. is an economic system where the country’s farms, factories and businesses
are totally owned and controlled by the people
b. Offered workers more protection and equality
V . Communism
a. is an economic system where a country’s farms, factories, and businesses are
totally owned and controlled by the government.
b. The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx was the “Father of
Communism.” in 1848
c. believed society was divided into warring classes. In Marx’s eyes, all history
was a history of class conflict.
d. Capitalism gave rise to the proletariat (working class), which would overthrow
the capitalists or the bourgeoisie
VI. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
a. Labor unions formed in the 1800s to correct the disparity between social
classes.
b.
Unions negotiated for better working conditions, higher pay, and
shorter hours
c. Strikes were held if demands not met
Standard 7-3.5
I. Modernization of Textile Technology
A. Cotton Gin increased cotton production in 1793
B. Flying shuttle dubbled the amount of weaving a worker could do in one
day
C. Spinning Jenny allowed one spinner to spin 8 threads at once
D. Spinning mule combined the spinning jenny and water frame in 1779
E. Water-powered loom increased the speed of weaving in 1787
F. Factories built to house machines that increased speed
G. Factories built near rivers for power
II. Transportation Improved
A. Steam engine developed by James Watt powered steamboats and
locomotives
B. Canals and railways built to support trade
C. New jobs created to operate railroad and mine coal to power engines
D. Trade over longer distances grew
III. Interchangeable Parts
A. Identical parts mass produced to repair many items (rather than creating
unique items by hand)
B. Mass productions allowed goods to be produced for a cheaper price,
making them more accessible to the population
C. Division of labor led to increased worker productivity and increased
output of manufactured goods
Standard 7-3.6
I. Nationalism
A. Nationalism: strong feelings of pride and unity among the people of a
nation
i. Nation: a group of people with a common history, language,
religion, set of values, or some other unifying characteristic
a.k.a. tribe, community, or ethnic group
II.
Causes of Nationalism
A. Feelings of pride and unity developed among people with similar backgrounds
who lived near one another
III.
Effects of Nationalism
A. People put the needs of their own nation above those of all other nations
B. The creation of empires - People want their nation to be powerful
i, More territory
ii. Stronger economy
iii. Stronger military
D. Desire for self rule
E. Weaker, conquered nations want to break away from empires and form
independent countries
IV.
Napoleon Spreads nationalism throughout Europe
A. French Nationalism
i. Brought glory and power for France
ii.Spread ideas from the French Revolution
iii.Model for other Europeans
B. European Reaction
i. Many Europeans were forced to fight for the survival of their
nations
Conquered nations:
a. Were humiliated by Napoleon’s armies
b. Wanted self-rule
c.
Defeat of Napoleon: Congress of Vienna
A. Napoleon’s empire was divided into countries of equal strength to create a
“balance of power”
i. The “Great Powers” made all of the decisions, ignoring the wishes
of the weaker nations
ii. Absolute monarchies were reestablished
V.
B. Effects
i. Nearly 100 years of peace (1815-1914)
ii. Growth of nationalism
iii. Ethnic Tensions between ruling nations and weaker nations
VI.
Italy and Germany: Before the mid 1800s, the countries of Italy and Germany did not
yet exist
A. Each nation was divided into several small, weak states
B. Napoleon’s army easily conquered the Italian and German states
VII.
Growing nationalism
A. Nationalism made them want strong, unified nations
i. Italian states united to create Italy
ii. German states united to create Germany
VIII.
Divided States
A. Northern Italian States
i. Broke away from Austrian Empire
ii. United by Camillo di Cavour
B. Southern Italian States
i. United by Giuseppe Garibaldi
ii. Used guerrilla warfare to fight against local rulers
IX.
Unified Italy
A. In 1861, the northern and southern states were united to form the country of
Italy
X.
Divided States
A. Northern Italian States
i. Broke away from Austrian Empire
ii. United by Camillo di Cavour
B. Southern Italian States
i. United by Giuseppe Garibaldi
ii. Used guerrilla warfare to fight against local rulers
XI.
Unified Italy
A. In 1861, the northern and southern states were united to form the country of
Italy
XII.
Unified Germany
A. Many German-speaking people wanted a unified Germany but local rulers
refused to give up power
B. Prussia
i.
The most powerful German state
ii.
Led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck
a. Wanted to create a unified German Empire
b. Used Prussia’s powerful military to unite the northern states
c. Fought wars against neighbors to gain territory and convince
southern states to join
d.
Unified Germany
A. Kaiser Wilhelm I became emperor of all of Germany
B. Became strongest nation in Europe
XIII.
Standard 7-4.1
I.
Origins of Imperialism
A. Imperialism is defined as the control of a weak and underdeveloped nation by a
powerful nation
B. Main reasons for Imperialism
M – Markets to Sell more Manufactured Goods
A – Acquire more Natural Resources (coal)
I – Introduce Christianity
N – Nationalism increased
C. Where to Colonize?
1. Africa, Asia and the islands of Oceania
2. Latin American countries mainly gained independence by 1830 – only a few
colonies
D. Types of imperialistic control
1. Indirect Rule
a. Great Britain allowed natives to run their own country, but the British
handled important matters
2. Direct Rule
a. France and Germany handled all colonial business
Characteristics of the powerful nation
Good economy
Strong government
Strong military
Characteristic of the weak nation
Plentiful natural resources
Poor economy and unorganized
government
No real military
E. Imperial Empires
1. Main Players
a. Britain was the world’s largest empire in the history of the world
b. France
c. Germany
2. Competition for resources grew
3. Led to opening new markets and wars between nations
II..
Africa and Colonization
A. European contact increased after Portuguese set up trading posts in early 1600’s
B. 1800’s Europeans began to explore the interior of Africa
C. What resources did they find?
1. wood, rubber, ivory, diamonds, coal and gold
D. 14 European nations divided the African continent, only 2 countries remained
independent
1. Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” became an anthem for imperialism,
stating that it was the duty of the European powers to take their superior
culture to the lesser nations, despite the resistance they may encounter.
E. most of Africa remained colonized until the end of WWII
II.
Belgium
A. created Belgium Congo
B. Stanly was a missionary sent to explore area, was lost and reporter Livingston went in
search of him, writing about Africa, sparking interest in the region
C. King Leopold II wanted to end slavery, but ended up using the most inhumane
tactics to exploit the land for ivory, diamonds and mainly rubber
D. Once the king claimed this land, other European countries began to race to claim land
1. this became known as “The Scramble for Africa”
III. Berlin Conference
A. by early 1880’s European nations were fighting over territory in Africa
B. Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck called a conference in Berlin to partition the land in
Africa
1. US and 14 European countries invited, no one from Africa was asked to attend
2. No nation was to stake claims in Africa without notifying other powers of its
intentions.
3. No territory could be formally claimed prior to being effectively occupied.
C. rules were ignored when convenient and wars were narrowly avoided
IV. France
A. They used direct rule and appointed governors from their own country to rule colony
B. They wanted to assimilate Africans – give them French education and learn culture
1. formed a native elite and westernize their colonies
V. Great Britain
A. They used indirect rule using existing rulers and local officials.
B. Egypt
1. leader Isma’il Pasha wanted to build the Suez Canal to control trade from
Europe to Asia – but didn’t have enough money
2. 1859, France began to build a canal through the Isthmus of Suez, but was low on
money
3. 1875, Egypt had to sell its rights to the canal because of money problems
4. Great Britain’s Prime Minister Disraeli bought the rights and took control of
canal
a. forced Pasha out of power and Britain took over canal
5. Egyptians tried to rebel, but Britain was too powerful and Egypt became British
colony
C. Zulu War
1. 1816, Zulu Chief, Shaka Zulu used highly disciplined warriors to create a
strong military organization in South Africa.
2. The Zulus fought many times against the control of Dutch settlers known as
the Boers(Afrikaners)
3. Finally a limited peace was struck (tie)
4. In the late 1880’s the British became involved in the conflicts and the Zulus
were defeated
D. Boer Wars
1. 1st & 2nd Boer War – between British and Dutch settlers to take control of
South Africa
2. Britain won and took over all land and resources in the Cape Colony
3. They forced Boers into areas of Transvaal and the Orange Free State, which
they lost in 2nd Boer War once Britain found out gold was in this area
4. British believe they are racially superior to local Africans, forcing them into a
situation similar to slavery
VI. Independent Africa Countries
A. Liberia
1. able to use trade and money to keep Europeans from making permanent
settlements
B. Ethiopia
1. Emperor Menelik II kept his country independent from colonization
2. How did he do this?
a. they modernized quickly
b. educated his people
c. made a strong army with new advanced weapons that he bought from
gun smugglers
Standard 7-4.2
Map of Africa Prior to Berlin Conference
Map of Africa after the Berlin Conference
Map of Imperialism in Asia
Map of the British Empire
Standard 7-4.3
I.
American Isolationism
A. many Americans felt Imperialism was wrong because it took freedom away from
countries
B. some Americans thought we needed colonize
1. raw materials for industry, a need for military bases across the globe, markets
to sell our manufactured goods, become a world power
C. Monroe Doctrine (1823) – document that prohibited any countries to try and
colonize any land in the Americas or it would result in war
1. However, we took land from Mexico during Mexican War
II. Spanish-American War (1898)
A. between Spain and the U.S., lasted 9 months
B. Cuba was trying to gain its independence from Spain led by revolutionary, Jose
Marti
C. 2 reasons war happened:
1. Spanish ambassador wrote a negative letter about the President McKinley
2. USS Maine sank in a Cuban harbor, 260 Americans died, blamed Spain even
though no proof
3. This declaration of war delighted the American newspapers, which were
scrambling for the most sensational and competitive headlines, a style known
as yellow journalism.
D. American won, peace treaty signed 1899
1. Cuba gained independence from Spain, but became US protectorate until 1934
2. Puerto Rico and Guam given to US by Spain (1952)
3. The Spanish Empire was nearly dissolved
III. American Imperialism
A. US buys Philippines for $20 million , used mainly as a military base
B. annexed Hawaii which became last US state
C. Pres. Roosevelt aided Panama in rebellion against Colombia, won and were allowed
to build the Panama Canal
1. he added the “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine – that the US
would police the western hemisphere to prevent European wrongdoing
D. US was now an international power, they worked hard to treat the natives fairly and
allowed self-government in its protectorates (colonies)
Standard 7-4.4 Note: See 7-4.1 for information on the Zulu War
I.
European involvement in India
A. Vasco de Gama first reached India in 1498, Portuguese dominated trade
B. In 1600, the British East India Company dominated trade
1. built forts and ports in many cities
C. BEIC went to war with France and Mogul Empire of India
1. led by Robert Clive and by 1850 Britain victorious
2. BEIC controlled 60% of India
D. British gained control through local princes and rulers making agreements to benefit
themselves and not the Indian people – led to unhappy locals with indirect rule
E. It became known as the “Raj” or rule according to the Indian people
II. India as a British Colony (T-Chart)
Positives
created schools
improved roads
built railroads
kept peace with local leaders
hired Indians as soldiers (Sepoys)
gave Indians gov’t positions
Negatives
British had too much power
British did what they wanted to
forced Indians into labor
British traders got important gov’t positions
ignored local religious beliefs
mainly boys who were educated
III. Rebellion
A. Sepoy Rebellions 1857
1. Sepoy Mutiny, Great Rebellion or First War for Independence
2. started because new weapons used animal fat to grease the gun cartridges, this
repulsed Sepoys because many were Hindu or Muslim (holy cow, nasty
pigs)
3. took British a year to stop rebellion because the Sepoy outnumbered them
4. resulted in removal of Indian gov’t leaders – now direct rule
5. in 1858 known as “British India”
IV. India as British Colony
A. Considered the “jewel in Britain’s Crown” - British enjoyed the wealth and
resources
1. cotton, tea, silk, herbs, spices, dyes
B. In 1885, natives established Indian National Congress with a group of Indian leaders
1. British allowed them to establish this group because they thought it would
improve relations between 2 groups
2. led to an increase in nationalism in India
3. Big mistake led to violence and call for independence in early 1900’s
violence
C. Gandhi helps encourage end of British rule through non-violent methods
D. remained a colony until after WWII, it became an independent country in 1947
V. China and the Europeans
A. Europeans had traded with China on a limited basis for centuries
1. Silk Road and Marco Polo
B. China believed west had little to offer and they were afraid of foreign influence
C. Europeans were determines to trade with China
1. Portuguese sent Christian missionaries and upset Chinese forced out 1700’s
2. British began maritime trade in China in 1699, but severe restrictions applied:
a. tea and silk only
b. only port – Canton
c. China only except silver as payment
D. Qing Dynasty did not trust the British
II. The First Opium Wars
A. In place of spending silver, the British traded Opium, an addictive drug grown in
India
1. More opium was introduced, many Chinese were addicted
2. Tragic results followed – Chinese couldn’t pay for all the Opium they wanted
a. Chinese gov’t not happy, destroyed lives, drained China’s silver supply
b. Chinese gov’t ordered trade be halted, but Britain refused
B. Opium War started in 1839
1. Chinese no match for the British’s superior ships and weapons
2. China was crushed within 3 yrs, forced to sign treaty
C. Treaty of Nanjing 1842
1. opened even more of the country to British trade
2. China had to pay back Britain the cost of the war
3. required China to give Hong Kong to Britain until 1997 (extraterritoriality)
4. China had to accept more and more concessions leading a series of forced
treaties known as the Unequal Treaties
D. Other countries like France and US wanted their own concessions because they
thought China was weak and give in to demands
III. The Second Opium War
A. began in 1856 with capturing of opium smugglers
B. China was in the middle of a civil war known as the Taiping Rebellion
1. millions dead because they wanted social reform and no foreign influence in
China
2. Qing Dynasty won civil war, but left China open to foreign influence
C. Treaty of Tianjin ended war
1. open more ports
2. created freedom of religion in China
3. made opium trade legal and allowed for Britain to carry Chinese indentured
servants to America
IV. Boxer Rebellion
A. a series of rebellions to get the Qing Dynasty officials to remove westerners from
China
B. the rebels formed the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known as the
Boxers
C. they led the Boxer Rebellion in 1900
1. attacking all foreigners of any influence or anyone who cooperated with
foreigners
2. burned down foreign schools, churches, residences - hundreds were killed
3. France, Germany, US, Britain, Japan, and Russia sent troops to stop rebellion
D. Rebellion failed and resulted in
1. more land going to foreigners
2. increase in westernization in China
3. decrease in dynasty’s power, because Empress Cixi gave into Brits
E. However, it inspired nationalistic feelings in Chinese people, which will lead to
another Revolution in the mid 1900’s
Standard 7-4.5
I. Early Japan
A. remained isolated due to geography, but learned from outside world how to
modernize and industrialize
B. isolationism ended in 1850’s when Japan was forced to open ports
C. Tokugawa Shogunates had been in power ruling Japan since 12th century and wanted
to remain isolated from western influence
II.
Japan and America
A. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry and a fleet of 4 warships landed Tokyo
1. gave Shogun a letter from Pres. Fillmore demanding open diplomatic trade
relations
2. needed to respond by the time Perry returned
B. Japan signed The Treaty of Kanagawa because they feared Americas weapons
C. led to treaties with other countries as well, many Japanese not happy with gov’t
decision
III.
Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)
A. remove the Shogun and restore the Emperor back to the thrown, wrote a
constitution
B. officially modernize, westernize, ended feudalism and make Japan an industrialized
nation
C. gov’t created a subsidy program to start new industry in country, build railroads,
telegraph lines, banking, postal system, modernized military and create a public
education system
D. this change in gov’t led to Japan becoming a world power and wanting to become an
imperial empire, like the British
IV. Japanese Imperialism
A. Japan lacked natural resources and need colonies for the resources and to sell goods,
so they began to take over other land to get these resources
B. Sino-Japanese War (1895)
1. China vs Japan
2. Japan crushed China’s navy and defeated China’s huge army forcing them out
of Korea
3. Japan annexed Korea and Taiwan, also claimed area of Manchuria
C. Russo-Japanese War (1904)
1. Russia vs Japan
2. they were fighting over who got control of Manchuria and Korea
3. Japan crushed Russia’s army and navy
4. Treaty of Portsmouth, negotiated by US Pres. T. Roosevelt, gave Japan
Manchuria and Korea
D. Japan demonstrated that it was a world power with modern industry and a power
military.
Standard 7-5.1
I.
Underlying Causes of WWI - “MANIA”
A. M ilitarism - policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war
A lliances- agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
N ationalism - pride in or devotion to one’s country
I mperialism - when one country takes over another country economically and
politically
A ssasination - murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
II.
Militarism
A. countries increased defense spending, Germany by 73%
B. new weapons introduced, new fighting strategy, trench warfare
III. Alliances
A. Pre-WWI Alliances
1. Triple Alliance- Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
2. Triple Entente - France, Great Britain and Russia
B. Once war was declared by Austria-Hungary the Alliance System caused a chain
reaction and one country after the next began to declare war leading to a world war
C. Alliances During WWI
1. Allied Powers- France, Great Britain, Italy and Russia (1916)
2. Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
IV. Nationalism
A. Pan-Germanism- movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries
B. Pan-Slavism - movement to unify all of the Slavic people
C. The Balkans were considered the “Powder Keg of Europe” because AustriaHungary, Ottomans and Russians all claimed the land and were about ready to fight
over it
V. Imperialism
A. European countries disputing areas in Africa and Asia
B. Germanic countries trying to take over Slavic countries, increases tensions
C. Germans believe they are racially superior to Slavic people
VI. Assassination
A. tension between Austrian-Hungary Empire and the Bosnians/Serbians
B. Archduke Ferdinand was killed by Gavrilo Princip ,
a Serbian Nationalist, while in a parade in Bosnia
1. he belonged to the rebel group known as the Black Hand
2. Austria blamed Serbia for his death
VI. Russia
A. In 1905 the Russian people revolted against Czar Nicholas II because they wanted
change, this became known as “Bloody Sunday”.
1. no changes were really made
B. Russia backed their allies the Serbians at the start of WWI
1. Russia not prepared for war
2. transportation system weak and couldn’t win battles
3. conditions at home grew even worse – starvation, strikes, unemployment
C. Russian Revolution
1. In March 1917, Russian people revolted and soldiers opened fire – February
Revolution
2. Czar Nicholas tried to disband Duma (Legislative) – but almost everyone
refused to listen to him, his followers called Mensheviks
3. Vladimir Lenin, head of the Bolsheviks, started a civil war between the 2
groups, this became known as the October Revolution (Bolshevik Rev)
4. they forced Czar Nicholas to abdicate the thrown
a. it was believed he had the entire royal family executed and buried in
the woods
5. estimated 15 million Russian died in civil war
6. they had no choice but to pullout of WWI and sign an armistice with Germany
called the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
D. Premier Lenin
1. wanted to abolish private property and make everything equal = Communism
a. believed in Karl Marx “Socialism” where the people share in business
2. created the New Economic Plan (NEP) where peasants can now own land and
produce their own crops, gov’t still has overall control
3. renamed empire to USSR (United Soviet Socialists Republics) or
Soviet Union
VII. US at the start of WWI
A. the US was neutral in 1914, and wanted to remain isolated
B. the US allowed business men to loan money to Allied Power countries, eventually the
US began to sell weapons and supplies to the Allied Powers
VII. What brought the US into WWI
A. the sinking of the cruise ship the Lusitania by German u-boats due to their policy of
“unrestricted sub warfare” in 1915, 120 Americans die
1. Germans would sink any ship they came in contact with, not just ships
belonging to Allied Powers
2. In 1916, Pres. Wilson campaign slogan was “I kept you out of the war”
B. Feb. 1917 US cargo ship Housatonic sank due to German U-boat attack, now u-boats
are effecting US economy, but Pres. Wilson still doesn’t want to go to war
C. Zimmerman Telegram
1. intercepted telegram from Germany to Mexico
2. Germans wanted Mexico to enter war, attack US and they would get money
and land they lost during Mexican War, Pres. Wilson was furious
D. Russian Revolution causes issues with the Allied Powers, then signed an armistice
with Germany and US was worried the Allies would not win the war
1. the US was glad the Russian got rid of their czar and felt like they could
officially show support for Allied Powers
E. April 1917, the US officially declared war on Germany
1. the US focused its forces on the trenches in the Western Front
2. Pres. Wilson claimed that it was America’s job to make democracy safe for the
world
Standard 7-5.2
I. The War Ends
A. Battle of Argonne Forest in France
i. American troops shattered German defenses.
ii. Kaiser Wilhelm II surrendered as did their allies.
iii. On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice or cease fire.
iv. The only challenge now was to set the terms for peace…
II.
Paris Peace Conference
A. In January 1919, world leaders from 27 Allied nations met in Paris.
B. Leadership fell on the Big Four:
i. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States
ii. Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain
iii. Premier Georges Clemenceau of France
iv. Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
III. Wilson’s Plan
A. President Wilson outlined his plans for “lasting peace” in a document called
the Fourteen Points.
i. End secret alliances
ii. Reach peace agreements openly
iii. Limit military build up
iv. Ensure the right of self-rule to all peoples or nations
v. Free territories invaded, or occupied, during the war
vi. Create a “general assembly of nations” to settle conflicts peacefully called
the League of Nations.
IV. European’s Plan
A. Germany had to accept responsibility for the war.
B. They demanded that Germany pay for the destruction of the war called
reparations.
C. They wanted to De-militarize Germany.
i. No more army, navy (especially U-boats), and air force.
V.
War Guilt Clause
A. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the
responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to
which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been
subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression
of Germany and her allies."
VI. Treaty of Versailles
A. Treaty was signed by the Big Four and Germany.
i. Created the League of Nations
ii. Forced Germany to accept responsibility for the war.
iii. Demanded Germany pay $33 billion in reparations.
iv. Forced Germany to return Alsace and Lorraine to France.
v. Demilitarized Germany.
B. Germany considered this treaty too harsh and very unfair.
VII. Why the League of Nations didn’t Work?
A. The United States never joined the league.
B. Many Americans disapproved of membership.
C. Decision making within the League was difficult because it lacked clear
leadership.
D. The League did not have powers to enforce its rulings.
VIII. What were the lasting effects of the Treaty of Versailles?
A. Ultimately, the treaty failed and is one of the major causes of WWII!!
B. It was too HARSH…
C. The treaty forced Germany to pay money to the winners and give up its
land/military.
Standard 7-5.3
CAUSES
I,
EFFECTS
International economies fail –
countries depend on
buying and selling with
one another
worldwide depression –
collapse of US economy
(the Great Depression)
worsened an already bad
global depression
Treaty of Versailles – ($33
Billion)
Germany lost valuable land and
could not repay
reparations so their
economy collapsed
Destruction because of WWI
European countries had to
spend millions to rebuild
Germany printed more money
Inflation – value of money
decreases
Buying stocks on margin
(credit)
Stock Market Crashed (Black
Tuesday)
Franklin Roosevelt started a program called the New Deal
A, It was designed to:
i. Provide food and housing
ii. Create jobs
iii. Stimulate industry
iv. Prevent future depression
B. Some steps taken by the government were to:
i, Regulate the stock market and banks
ii. Create jobs through public building projects
iii. Created social security and unemployment insurance
C. It never solved the problem of unemployment
i. It took another world war to stimulate the economy
II.
III.
Great Britain
A. The Conservative Party took control of Britain
B. They took a series of steps to improve the economy:
i. The passed high tariffs
ii. Raised taxes
iii. Controlled spending
C. The most important step they took was to balance the budget
D. As the economy steadied, the party backed loans to new businesses
Germany
A. The government faced severe problems:
i. A near bankrupt middle class
ii. High unemployment
iii. Printed more $ but it created inflation
B. Germans looked for a strong leader who might help the depression…
i. German people were willing to trade economic prosperity for
democracy!
ii. They found a dictator in Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party
C. Adolf Hitler appealed to economic fears and hatred of the Treaty of Versailles
D. Once in control Hitler created a Totalitarian state – a system in which leaders
control the way citizens think and live.
Standard 7-5.4
I.
Totalitarianism
A. Totalitarianism – a leader has total control of the way citizens think and live.
B. Leadership by a single person who heads a single party or group
(no choice, one man show)
C. Not democratic (no voting), citizens have no personal rights and freedoms
D. Uses propaganda to control the hearts and minds of citizens
E. Censorship, controls the newspapers and radio bans any negative talk about
the government
F. Strictly controls education
G. Uses terror and secret police to enforce obedience to the government
H. There are four Totalitarian governments:
1. Italy: Benito Mussolini
2. Germany: Adolf Hitler
3. The Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin
4. Japan: Hideki Tojo
Standard 7-5.5
I.
War Begins
A. Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles
1. rearm country, stop paying war reparations and invade land
a. Austria, Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia
B. Germany signs the Munich Pact with Britain and France – no more land conquering
1. Germany violated the Munich Pact by invading Poland
2. France & Britain declare war Sept. 3, 1939
II. US Position on the War
A. Neutrality Acts of 1935/1937 – FDR wanted no involvement in European issues, so
American businesses could not get involved either
B. In 1939, US gov’t passed the Cash and Carry Policy – where business and the gov’t
could sell weapons and supplies to the Allied Powers for CASH only
C. In the summer1941, the Lend-Lease Act allowed business and gov’t to lend
weapons and supplies on credit to Allied Powers only
1. US gov’t realized the Allies need our support
III. German Advancement
A. Germans partitioned Poland with Russia as part of Non-Aggression Pact
B. Then Hitler invaded and took over Denmark, Netherlands and Belgium
C. Battle of France
1. took only 6 weeks to take over a majority of France – renamed Vichy
2. small part of Free France left and under control of General de Gaulle
IV. Battle of Britain - June 1940
A. Luftwaffe launched massive air raid on Britain
B. Churchill refused to give up and RAF was able to keep Germans out
C. the British were able to hold off the German invasion for the following:
1. geography helped protect Britain
2. radar allowed Brits to track German planes
3. Brits developed a machine that could decode Germans secret messages
4. Brits under Churchill refused to give up
V. Northern Africa
A. Germans wanted to control the Suez Canal so they could control the oil supply, but
they were unable to conquer it
B. In 1941, the Axis Powers were able to conquer Yugoslavia and Greece
C. In 1942, US Gen. Eisenhower forced the German Gen. Rommel to surrender in Northern
Africa
D. By 1943, the Allies took over Sicily and then moved to liberate Rome by 1944
1. Italians blamed Mussolini for the loss and in 1945 hanged him
VI. Germany attacks USSR
A. In 1941, Germans launch Operation Barbarossa to invade the Soviet Union
violating their Nonaggression Pact
1. invaded city of Leningrad, massive failure lost over 500,000 German troops
B. Soviet Union switches to Allied Powers
C. In 1943, Germans invaded Stalingrad, massive defeat and the Russians kept pushing
the Germans farther west
D. Fighting in Soviet Union
1. Russians use tactic known as “scorched earth” destroy everything so enemy
can’t use it against you
2. Germans ran out of supplies in Russian winter
3. conflict cost both sides close to 30 million lives, but Russian kept Germans out
VII. D-Day Invasion
A. June 6, 1944 Gen. Eisenhower plan to liberate France by landing on beaches of
Normandy using as many troops and bombs as possible to drive the Germans out of
France
1. most casualties for the Germans, but US and Brits high death count as well
B. resulted in Allied victory and a slow push of the Germans out of France
VIII. Battle of Bulge (Dec. 1944)
A. last ditch offensive effort by the German to try to retake France
B. massive German defeat caused them to retreat back into Germany
C. extremely costly for US military – lost nearly 81,000 soldiers
IX. Battle of Berlin (Jan 1945)
A. attack launched by Russians from the east and later joined by the rest of the Allied
Powers on the west
B. German soldiers fled to the west to surrender to the Allies and not the Russians
C. Hitler and many of his higher ups committed suicide before they could be captured
D. May 8, 1945, the war in Europe officially over and this day becomes known as VE
DAY (Victory in Europe Day)
X.
Japan invades China
A. Manchuria Incident 1931 – Japan tries to take over chunks of China
B. 1937-45 2nd Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan
1. by 1945 over 10 million Chinese killed and 60 million were displaced
2. Japan’s campaign was “kill all, burn all, destroy all” – Total War
a. city of Nanking example of Japanese cruelty
II. Japanese Warfare
A. Zero – faster, more maneuverable plane
B. Navy – largest aircraft carriers and battleships at this time – Shinano
C. Soldiers – highly skilled jungle warfare, suicide missions – Kamikazes
III. Japan and the Pacific
A. Summer 1941 Japan invades French Indochina
1. US even though we are neutral still places and oil embargo on Japan
B. Dec. 3, 1941 Japan bombs Hong Kong bringing Britain into the Pacific Theater of the
war
C. Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor bringing US into the war
1. Japan said they were responding to US oil embargo
2. US underestimated Japanese, not ever again – Congress declares war on Dec.
8th
IV. War in the Pacific Begins
A. Japan by mid-1942 has taken Guam. Wake Island, Hong Kong, Philippines, Dutch
East Indies and Burma
B. Battle of Coral Sea – US gets the upper hand on Japan and keeps them from
invading Australia
C. Battle of Midway (1942) – US won battle and begins the strategy of “island
hopping” go island to island until they reach Tokyo
1. Japan lost too many battleships, can’t rebuild fast enough
D. Battle of Guadalcanal – becomes the turning point of the war in the Pacific, US has
the Japanese on the run
E. Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (March 1945) – US strategic victory, followed by
the destruction of the Shinano
V. Atomic Bomb
A. Manhattan Project led to the creation of atomic bomb
1. lab moved to Los Alamos to build and test
B. Truman ordered the use of the atomic bombs in an attempt to end war against Japan
fast and ultimately save lives
C. 2 Atomic Bombs dropped
1. Hiroshima was 1st target dropped ‘little boy” on Aug. 6, 1945
2. Nagasaki was 2nd target dropped “fat man” on Aug. 9, 1945
E. Japan surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. However, a formal peace was not signed until
Sept. 2, 1945
1. This day was known as VJ Day (Victory in Japan Day)
Standard 7-5.6
I.
The Holocaust
A. Hitler’s plan to kill all of the Jews
B. 6 million European Jews were killed during WWII
i. Genocide – the killing of an entire group of people
C. The Holocaust was not a cause of WWII, but an event that happened during
WWII.
i. Anti-Semitism: The hatred of Jews
D. Hitler blame Jews for many of Germany’s problems, including their failing
economy.
E. Nuremberg Laws – (1935) laws passed in Nazi Germany that used fake
science as a basis to discriminate against Jewish people.
i. Jews could not be doctor’s, lawyers, or journalists
ii. Prohibited to be educated by the state past 14 years old
iii. Public parks, libraries and beaches were closed to Jews
iv. War memorials were to have Jewish names erased
v. Marriage between Jews and Germans were forbidden
vi. From September 1941 all Jews living within the Nazi empire were
required to wear a Yellow badge
II.
Kristallnacht
A. “Night of Broken Glass”
B. Night of November 9, 1938
C. This is a program, or organized riot aimed at Jews.
D. Jewish property is destroyed by German authorities.
i. 200+ Synagogues and Jewish homes and business are destroyed
ii. 91 Jews are killed
iii. More than 25,000 Jews are arrested and sent to concentration camp
III.
Ghettos
A. Enclosed “neighborhoods” for the Jewish population
B. Ghettos were to temporarily segregate Jews until a permanent solution to the
“Jewish Question” could be found.
C. Starvation and disease were the biggest problems. Hundreds of thousands of
people died in these ghettos.
D. Thousands were lined up and shot in these ghettos.
IV.
Death Squads
A. Mobile killing units
B. They hunted and killed Jews and other Nazi “undesirables”.
C. These victims were shot and buried in mass graves.
V.
The “Final Solution”
A. The systematic genocide of European Jews.
B. This is the most deadly phase of the Holocaust
C. Concentration camps – prison camps
D. Death (extermination) camps – camps meant for the murdering of Jews
VI.
Well-known Camps
A. Auschwitz – located in Poland – 3 million murdered there
B. Treblinka – located in Poland – 870,000 muredered there Exterminations
C. Gas chambers (called “showers”)
i, Zylon B (cyanide based insecticide)
ii. Carbon monoxide
D. Victims’ remains where usually burned in crematoriums (huge ovens)
VII.
Nuremberg Trials
A. Trials for WWII war criminals
B. 1945 – 1946
C. Took place in Nuremberg, Germany
D. These trials took place after WWII
E. Many leaders of the Axis Powers were sentenced to death for their war crimes
Standard 7-6.1
I.
Treaties to End WWII
A. since Germany and Japan both had unconditional surrender there were no treaties
negotiated
B. only conferences held by Allied Powers to discuss outcomes and changes
II Yalta Conference
A. FDR (US), Churchill (GB) and Stalin (USSR) attended for the purpose of
discussing Europe’s postwar reorganization
B. What happened to Germany?
1. forced demilitarization and give up all conquered land
2. Germany had to pay war reparation and forced to help rebuild after war
3. Poland gains independence again and ended up becoming a communist
country
4. Germany was divided into Communist East and Democratic West because
of the conflicts between Stalin and FDR/Churchill
i. East is the Beast and the West is the Best
5. Berlin was divided into 4 sections – Occupation by allies for several years
6. hunt down Nazi war criminals for the International Military Tribunal – war
crimes violations
C. What happened to Japan?
1. forced to demilitarize and give up all conquered land
2. occupied by the US until 1952
3. had to create a new gov’t – Constitutional Monarchy
4. International Military Tribunal of the Far East focused more on Tojo than the
emperor
III. United Nations (UN)
A. formed in mid-1945
B. has written laws, requirements of member states
C. almost every country belongs
D. it has a military to enforce rules – led by Security Council (several countries)
E. all members have to help fund the UN
IV. Important Results of WWII:
A. Soviet Union got to keep most of the land they conquered (satellite nations of the
USSR)
B. Britain and France were weakened - lost colonies in Africa and Asia
C. US no longer could stay isolated, now world power
D. UN established to promote peace
E. Germany, Italy and Japan stripped of land seized
F. Germany occupied by Britain, US and Soviet Union – split in half
G. Soviet Union dominated Eastern Europe - Communism spread increase in the “Red
Scare”
H. Japan occupied until 1952, Emperor had to step down
I. over $2.2 trillion spent on war and close to 60 million dead
J. Dawn of the Nuclear Age and Cold War
II.
The Soviet Union’s Influence
A. The Russian Army helped free many Eastern European countries from Germany
control
B. The Soviet’s used this to influence these countries to become communist and create
“satellite countries”
1. Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria and
Albania
III. Differences during Post-WWII
A. Cold War vs. Hot War
1. Hot War – real combat, fighting involved
2. Cold War – no real fighting, but tensions are so high that at anytime they
could turn “hot”
3. 2 superpowers begin to show dominance – the US and Soviet Union
B. Capitalist Economy vs. Communist Economy
1. Capitalism – you keep your own profits, private business and people control
economy
2. Communism – everyone shares in profits, no private business and the gov’t
controls Economy
C. Democratic Gov’t vs. Communist Gov’t
1. Democracy - people vote, people have rights and people control the gov’t
2. Communism - people don’t vote, people have few if any rights and the Gov’t
has all control for the good of the people
IV. The Truman Doctrine
A. The Soviets were slowly expanding their territory in eastern and central Europe
because these bordering countries had weak militaries and economies so the Soviets
were able to expand more easily
B. The idea of CONTAINMENT or stopping the spread of communism.
C. He gave countries money and weapons to prevent them from being taken over by the
Soviet and becoming Communist countries.
1. US spent over $400 million alone on Greece
V. The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan)
A. created by General Marshall, U.S. Secretary of State
B. A plan to help the economies of Europe, especially West Germany, to recover from
the costly destruction of WWII.
C. He believed the weak countries left after WW II would allow the Soviets to expand
because they did not have money to rebuild which left them vulnerable
D. The Marshall Plan provided $13 billion to rebuild parts of Europe that were damaged
during the war - it was designed specifically to benefit Western Europe
VI. Alliances form again
A. United Nations (1945) created to protect and uphold peace, fairness and human rights
1. had a military, $ to operate, written laws and world participation
B. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1. new military alliances formed in 1949 when total of 13 nations signed a
treaty promising to help each other if any one of them was attacked
a. there biggest fear was Soviet Union
C. Warsaw Pact
1. Soviets’ response to NATO, communist countries formed a military
alliance in case they are attacked
VII. European Economic Community (EEC)
A. Formed in 1957 by countries in Western Europe to form an economic union to
protect the economic interest of each country and make sure that they did not
conflict with each other – but didn’t have many original members
B. The goal was to create a European Union (1992)
1. The EU was supposed to be a single economic market without import
taxes or rules for trade and travel among themselves
2. created a one currency for all the countries called the “Euro”
Standard 7-6.2
I.
Communism in Europe
A. Soviet military occupied countries of Eastern and Central Europe during
WWII
i. Stalin refused to hold free elections and instead set up communist
governments
ii. This created a “buffer zone” that protected the Soviet Union from
invasion
B. Iron Curtain: cold war dividing line between communist Eastern Europe
and non-communist Western Europe
C. Western Europe
i. Anti-communist
ii. Democratic governments
iii. Influenced by the United States
D, Eastern Europe
i, Communist
ii. Totalitarian governments
iii. Dominated by the Soviet Union
E, Soviet military occupied countries of Eastern and Central Europe during WWII
i. Stalin refused to hold free elections and instead set up communist
governments
ii. This created a “buffer zone” that protected the Soviet Union from
invasion
F. Iron Curtain: cold war dividing line between communist Eastern Europe
and non-communist Western Europe
G. Western Europe
i. Anti-communist
ii. Democratic governments
iii.Influenced by the United States
H, Eastern Europe
i. Communist
ii. Totalitarian governments
iii. Dominated by the Soviet Union
II. Division of Germany
A. After WWII, Germany was divided by Great Britain, France, the United
States, and the Soviet Union (USSR)
i. Each nation was supposed to run its “zone” until free elections could be
held
B. Berlin – the capital of Germany
i, Located in Soviet zone (East Germany)
ii. Also divided into zones run by G.B, France, U.S., USSR
C. U.S. and Soviets disagreed about
reuniting Germany
i, President Truman (U.S.) wanted to reunite Germany and allow free
elections
ii. British, French, and American zones united to form West Germany
iii, Included West Berlin (even though it was located in East Germany)
iv. Stalin feared united Germany could attack the USSR
D. The Soviets refused to allow their zone to become part
i. Soviet zone became East Germany
ii. Included East Berlin
III.
of a united Germany
Berlin
A. The Blockade
i. Soviets blockaded West Berlin in effort to end plans to unify Germany
B. The Berlin Airlift
i, Airplanes were used by Allies to deliver food and supplies to West Berlin
ii. Soviets eventually lifted blockade
C. The Berlin Wall
i, Built around West Berlin by the communists
ii. Kept people from Communist East Germany from leaving
iii. Anyone who tried to climb over was shot
iv. Became a symbol for the division between Communist and antiCommunist nations of the World
IV.
Communism Spreads to China
A. China during WWII
i, Ruled by Nationalist Party (KMT)
ii. Led by Chiang Kai-shek
iii. Anti-communist ally of the United States
B. Communist Revolution
i, Communist rebels fight Nationalists for power
ii, Nationalists flee to Taiwan
iii, Communists take control of China (1949)
iv, People’s Republic of China is established
v. Mao Zedong becomes dictator
C. Great Leap Forward (1958): Chairman Mao’s five-year economic plan to
modernize China
i, Rapid shift from farming to industry
ii, Privately-owned farms were seized and combined to form large
government-run farms
iii, Many peasants were taken from farms and forced to work in factories
iv, Very harsh treatment of those who resisted
V.
Results
A, Production of low-quality manufactured goods
B. Food shortages: 15-20 million people died of starvation
C. Many Chinese began rebelling against Mao’s harsh form of communism
VIII.
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): Chairman Mao’s effort to increase control of China
and create a more “pure” communist state
A. Red Guards: gangs of young people ordered by Chairman Mao to destroy
“old” ideas and attack anyone who opposed communist views
B. Mao’s enemies were purged from Communist Party
C. Led to years of chaos
VII.
Korea
A. After WWII, Korea was divided
i, North Korea was communist
ii, South Korea was anti-communist
B. Korean War (1950-1953)
i, North Koreans invaded South Korea
ii, Supplied by USSR and China
iii, Wanted to unite the two Koreas under a communist government
iv, The United Nations (UN) sent troops (mostly Americans) to protect
South Korea and to stop the spread of communism
v. The Chinese sent troops into North Korea to fight the UN
vi. Armistice (ceasefire) signed (1953)
vii. The border between North and South Korea was set at the
38th Parallel (38 ۫۫ N latitude)
C. Communism was contained
i. South Korea remained non-communist
VII.
VII.
Vietnam
A. Vietnam was divided (1955)
i, North Vietnam was communist
B. Led by Ho Chi Minh
i., Supported by China and the Soviet Union
ii. South Vietnam was anti-communist
iii. Supported by the U.S. and France
C. Vietnam War (1957-1975)
i, Viet Cong communist guerrillas tried to take over South Vietnam
ii. Backed by North Vietnam, China, and USSR
iii. U.S. involvement in Vietnam (1960s - 1973)
iv, U.S. sent aid to South Vietnam
a. Money, weapons, and military advisors
v. U.S. began sending troops to Vietnam (1964)
a. 1.5 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans died
b. Americans were bitterly divided over war
c. Anti-war protests push U.S. to end war
vi. U.S. withdrew troops from Vietnam (1969-1973)
vii. Communists took over South Vietnam (1975)
viii. Vietnam reunited as communist nation
ix. U.S. failed to contain communism
Cuba
A. Cuba was communist
i, Led by Fidel Castro
ii. Supported by the Soviet Union
B, The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
i, Soviet Union brought nuclear missiles to Cuba
ii, American spy planes took photos of the missile sites
iii, Huge threat to U.S. security!
iv. Cuba is only 90 miles away from the U.S.
v. Missiles could easily reach major U.S. cities
vi. The U.S. and the Soviets came very close to nuclear war
vii. U.S. President John F. Kennedy demanded that the Soviets remove
the missiles from Cuba
viii. Cuba was blockaded by the U.S. navy until the Soviets agreed to
remove the missiles
ix. Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, agreed to remove the missiles
as long as the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba
x. Nuclear war was avoided!
VIII.
Africa
A. After WWII, African nations began fighting for independence
i, The United States and the Soviet Union competed for influence in the
African countries
ii, Gave money and military aid
iii, Tried to spread their ideas
iv, Some African nations chose not to take sides
IV.
Nuclear and Military Technology
A. Nuclear power
B. Nuclear weapons
i, The United States and the Soviet Union had nuclear weapons
ii, Both nations feared a nuclear war
iii. nuclear annihilation: total destruction by nuclear weapons
C. Arms Race
i, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged the USSR to an arms race by
building up the American military
ii, USSR couldn’t keep up!
D. The Space Race: competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to control
outer space
E. Soviets
i, put first man-made satellite (Sputnik) into orbit
ii. put first man in space
F. Americans
i, put first men on the moon
ii, US took lead in space technology/exploration
iii, Eventually, both countries began to cooperate in space exploration
Standard 7-6.3
I.
After WWI
A, Ottoman Empire was split up by the Allies
B. New countries were controlled by the League of Nations (mainly Great Britain
and France)
C. Natives had very little control
D. The large amounts of oil attracted many Westerners to the region
E. Balfour Declaration (1917): A commitment by the British government to
support the establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jews
II.
After WWII
A, Most countries in the Middle East gained independence
B. Rising nationalism
i, Zionism: the strong desire to create a homeland in Palestine for Jewish
people
ii. Pan-Arabism: the belief that Arabs should work together to achieve
common goals
C, The UN created a homeland for Jewish people in Palestine. The Holocaust was
the event that made this more urgent.
III. History of Palestine
A, Jews claim Palestine as the homeland of their ancestors (The Promised Land)
B. By the 1900s, most of the people living in Palestine were Arabs
C. The Creation of Israel (1948)
D. Israel was created by the U.N. as a homeland for Jewish people
E, Western nations (Europe and U.S.) supported the creation of Israel, angering
many Muslims
IV. The Arab Reaction
A. Arabs (mostly Muslims) were angered by the existence of a Jewish country
on “Muslim lands”
V. Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (1948-Present)
A, This is a continual battle
B. Occupied territories
C. Israel’s military tightened security over the “Palestinians” (non-Jewish
residents of Israel)
D. The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) was created to fight for the
rights of the Palestinians
i, Palestinians began using terrorism in an attempt to destroy Israel
ii. Israelis and Palestinians are still involved in conflict
VI. Plan for Peace
A, Create a country for Palestinian Arabs
B, Israeli military must withdraw from Arab territories
C. Palestinians must recognize Israel’s right to exist and stop terrorist attacks
against Israelis
VII.
Arab countries tried to destroy Israel:
A, 1948 Arab-Israeli War
B, Six Day War (1967)
C. Yom Kippur War (1973)
VIII.
Results:
A, Arab countries were defeated and humiliated
B, Israel gained more territory
C. Israeli military occupied Arab territories of Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan
Heights
D. Israelis built settlements in occupied territories
i, Many Palestinian Arabs became refugees (people who flee their
homeland because of war or persecution)
E. The Suez Crisis (1956)
i, Gamal Abdel Nasser used Egyptian military to take control of the Suez
Canal from the British and French
ii, Great Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt
iii, The United States forced them to withdraw
iv. Egypt kept control of the Suez Canal
v. Nasser became a hero in the Arab world
Standard 7-6.4
I. Imperialism in India (1700s – 1947)
A, India was a colony of Great Britain
i. WWII weakened Great Britain and it struggled to maintain control of
India
II.
Independence Movement
A, Indian National Congress (INC)
i.
led struggle for independence
B. Mohandas Gandhi
i.
Leader of INC
ii.
Led non-violence movement (use of peaceful protests to reach a goal)
to win independence for India
1. Boycotted British goods
2. Organized workers’ strikes
3. Organized civil disobedience (refusal to obey unjust laws)
a. Example: making salt
III,
Independence (1947
A, Great Britain granted India’s independence in 1947
VII.
Partition (division) of India
A. Religious divisions
i, India’s Muslim minority did not want to be ruled over by Hindu
majority
B. India was divided
i, Pakistan – Muslim country
ii, India – Hindu country
C. Pakistan and India are still enemies today
VIII. Southeast Asia
i. Began gaining independence after WWII
i, U.S. granted Philippines independence in 1946
ii. The Dutch (from Netherlands) granted Indonesia (East Indies)
independence in 1949
B. Japan
i. U.S. occupation after WWII
a, Helped rebuild Japan
b, Required Japan to accept democratic constitution
c. Japan and U.S. became close allies
ii. Japan became an economic power
a, Capitalist economy
b, Leading producer of new technology and electronics
C. Imperialism in Africa
i, By 1914 most of Africa was conquered by Europeans
D. Independence
i, After WWII many African colonies were granted independence by their
European rulers
ii, Some African nations had to use guerrilla warfare (smaller army hides
out and uses “hit and run” tactics to fight a larger army) to win
independence
iii, Pan-Africanism (unity among all Africans)
iv, African Union
v, Promotes democracy in African countries
vi. Promotes trade and economic growth in Africa
Standard 7-7.1
I. Failures of Communism
i, Most Communist countries were struggling by the 1980’s
A, Economic failures
i, Extreme poverty
ii, Food shortages
B. Political (government) failures
i, Corruption
ii, Harsh treatment of people
uv, Very few freedoms
II. Reform in the Soviet Union (1985-1991)
A. Mikhail Gorbachev: leader who reformed the Soviet Union
i, Perestroika: restructuring of Soviet economy and government
ii, Allowed some private ownership and profit
iii, Created a Soviet Parliament
iv, Glasnost: openness of government and freedom of speech
v, Allowed people to openly criticize or disagree with the government
vi, Self-determination: people of Eastern Europe could choose their own
governments
vii, The Soviet military would no longer be used to keep Communist
governments of other nations in power
B. Changes in Europe
i, Anti-Communist Revolutions begin in Eastern Europe (1989)
ii, The Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)
iii, Germany is reunified under a democratic government (1990)
iv, The Breakup of the Soviet Union (1991)
v, The Soviet Union split into 15 countries (Russia is the largest)
Standard 7-7.2
A. Television
i, Provides quick access to news
ii, Spreads “pop culture”
iii, Presents entertainment
B. Satellites
i, Provide access to worldwide communication
ii, Provide “real time” access to world events
iii, Provide access to television programs from other nations
C. Computers
i, Process information quickly
ii, Store information easily
D, The Internet
i, Provides easy access to large amounts of information
ii, Makes long distance communication easier through e-mail
iii, Information is shared easily
iv. People and governments can react to situations quickly
v. Daily tasks are completed easily
Standard 7-7.3, 7.6, 7.7
I.
Problems
A. Loss of industrial jobs in developed countries
B. Countries become too dependent on one another
i. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): a group of
nations that controls most of the world’s oil supplies
C. Oil Crisis of the 1970’s (a.k.a. Energy Crisis)
i. OPEC cut off oil supplies to the United States for its support of Isreal
ii.Hurt economies of U.S. and other Western nations
II.
Increase in global communication
A. Satellites
B. Internt
C. E-mail
III.
Labor demands
A. Cheap labor in developing countries forces many businesses to move overseas
i. Many U.S. businesses move to India and China
IV.
Migration
A. People move to different countries for freedom and job opportunities
B. Ideas are spread when people move to new places
V.
Creation of trade agreements and organizations
A. European Union (EU): economic agreement between European countries
created to promote trade and strengthen the economies of members
i. Replaced the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1992
ii. Developed a common form of money called the Euro
B. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): agreement between
U.S., Canada, and Mexico to remove trade restrictions (tariffs, quotas, etc.)
i. Some Americans criticize free trade for increasing imports more than
exports
C. World Trade Organization (WTO): international organization that arranges
trade agreements and settles trade disputes
VI.
Population growth
A. Mostly occurs in developing countries
i. China and India have the largest populations
B. Global Impact
i. Use of more natural resources to run cars and factories, grow food, and
heat and cool homes
ii. Deforestation: land is cleared of trees to make room for new
settlements and provide wood products for fuel and building projects
iii. Desertification: turning fertile land into desert by overgrazing or over
planting
C. Urbanization: when large numbers of people move from the countryside to
the cities
i. Global Impact
a. City populations have grown tremendously
b. Many more people live in urban (city) areas than in rural (countryside) areas
c. Lots of people cram into small areas
d. Concentrates pollution of air and water
D. Industrialization: the change from farming-based economies to
manufacturing economies
i. Global Impact
a. Factories and cars release gases and other forms of pollution into
air and water
b. Many factories are built for the mass production of goods
c. People use cars/buses/trains to get to work
d. Using up natural resources
-Coal, oil, natural gas, etc.
E. Pollution
i. Global warming
a. Burning coal, oil, and gas releases carbon dioxide (CO½)
b. CO½ creates a “blanket” of gas that traps heat and causes the
climate to grow warmer
ii. Damage to the Ozone Layer
a. Ozone Layer: a gas “shield” that protects the Earth from
harmful Ultraviolet (UV) light which damages the eyes and
skin
b. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s): chemicals in aerosol
hairsprays and other household items that were found to be
destroying the Ozone Layer
c. Pollution from factories and automobiles has also been
identified as a source of Ozone damage
ii. Environmental groups have tried to persuade people to protect the
Earth.
iii. Governments have passed laws regulating levels of pollution from
factories and cars.
Standard 7-7.4
I. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A. Established in 1948 by the UN
B. Eleanor Roosevelt was the leader of the UN committee that drafted the UDHR
document (She was not the main author)
i. Set human rights standards for all nations
ii. The Holocaust was the major event that led to the creation of this
document
II. Preamble
n ….human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and
want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people…
n Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all
peoples and all nations…
Article 1.
n All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
n Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no
distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status
of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
III. Colonialism
i. is the control of one country by another by controlling the colony’s
economic and political systems.
ii. Following World War II, colonialism by European nations became
increasingly unpopular.
iii. Many countries that were colonized by the European countries
demanded their freedom.
IV. Decolonization of Africa
A. Divided by the Berlin Conference without regard to ethnic or linguistic
boundaries, Africa experienced civil war following decolonization
B.Genocide became prevalent in nations such as Rwanda and the Sudan
C. Many countries, such as Ghana, Kenya and the Congo didn’t become
democratic until the 2000s
D. Apartheid, the legal separation of whites and blacks, was instituted in South
Africa in 1948
E. In 1959, homelands for black South Africans were created, forcing a large
percentage of the population to live on a small percentage of inferior land
F. Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, was imprisoned
G. President DeKlerk released Mandela and the South African parliament
repealed apartheir laws with the first universal elections being held in 1994.
IV. Decolonization of India
A. Muslims and Hindus struggled for power as Britain prepared to move out
B. The Indian National Conference represented Hindus
C. The Muslim League represented Muslims
D. In 1947, India was granted independence and divided into Pakistan (Muslim)
and India (Hindu)
E. Violence followed as 10 million people moved to their appropriate countries
F. Gandhi, a non-violent leader of Indian independence was assassinated
G. In 1971, Bangladesh was created out of East Pakistan after civil war
Standard 7-7.5
I.
Women
A. Women throughout the world have gained social, economic, and political
rights from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day.
B. Women played a significant role during World War I by working in factories
and making war materials, while men were fighting in the war.
C. Because of their importance on the home front, the women’s suffrage
movement became stronger and finally achieved a measure of success.
D. After WWI, many countries around the world, including the United States and
Great Britain, gave women the right to vote.
E. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were, in part,
made to help women.
F. These laws made it illegal to discriminate against women.
G. Women in Arab and Muslim lands in many developing nations around the
world have been denied education or have been victims of abuse, causing
the United Nations to focus on women’s rights.
Standard 7-7.6 and 7-7.7
Please see information provided in 7-7.3