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Page |1 APUSH Talking Points 9.1 "And the War Came" 1861: The Sumter Crisis, Comparative Strategies Objectives 1. Explain how the firing on Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s call for troops galvanized both sides for war. 2. Describe the early struggle for the border states 3. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of both sides as they went to war American Pageant: Chapter #21 It was the greatest war in American history. 3 million fought - 600,000 + died. It was the only war fought on American soil by Americans, and for that reason we have always been fascinated with The Civil War. REVIEW TIMELINE YOUR NOTES: November, 1860 Lincoln elected president December,1860 South Carolina secedes February,1861 Confederacy formed March,1861 Lincoln inaugurated April,1861 Fort Sumter attacked THE CRUCIAL BORDER STATES The importance of the border states (states bordering the North): Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Kentucky. They were slave states, but did not secede. "And the War Came" 1861 Battle Date Fort Sumter attacked April 1861 Bull Run (Manassas), 1st battle July 21, 1861 Location Charleston, South Carolina Northern Virginia Comments On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day. Southern troops in an attempt to crush the rebels and go "On to Richmond." South scores victory as Union troops flee back to Washington in disarray. www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |2 The Civil War Tally Sheet Man Power Railroad Factories Iron Production Coal Production Textiles REEL HISTORY: Gone With the Wind “Dreams of Victory” Q? How accurate is Rhett Butler’s assessment of Yankee advantages at the beginning of the war? Q? Why do the southerners seem so eager to fight? REEL HISTORY: Gods and Generals “Lee Declines” Q? Why did Robert E. Lee decline President Lincoln’s offer to lead the Union Army? Q? What impact did this decision have on the outcome of the war? www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |3 REEL HISTORY: Gettysburg “A Mathematical Equation” Q? Why does Confederate General James Longstreet try to dissuade a rebel spy for joining the assault know as Pickett’s charge? The Battle of Gettysburg lasted for three days included over 160,000 soldiers and claimed 23,000 Union casualties and 28,000 Confederate casualties A Mathematical Equation Rifling = spiral grooves in a weapon’s barrel designed to impart spin on a bullet as it travels down the barrel. The result of the spinning, tightly-fitting minie ball was that a Civil War soldier could kill or wound a man at over 500 yards, as opposed to a Revolutionary soldier, who obeyed the order “don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes”. Total Forces Total Killed and Wounded Battle of Saratoga (1777) 23,000 2,000 (about 8%) Battle of Gettysburg (1863) 165,000 Note the impact of Industrialization) 53,000 (about 21%) www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |4 Ballston Spa’s Abner Doubleday A Brief Biographical Sketch Captain Abner Doubleday was born at Ballston Spa, New York, in 1819, and attended schools at Auburn and Cooperstown. He attended West Point, and graduated in 1842 with a commission in the artillery. Doubleday served in the Mexican War and, during the 1850s, in a campaign against the Seminole Indians in Florida. He was promoted to captain in 1853, and was stationed in Charleston Harbor when the crisis at Fort Sumter occurred. As a staunch unionist who strongly opposed slavery and supported Lincoln, Doubleday regarded the Carolinians as traitors. His opinions won him no friends in Charleston. His wife shared his views, and while she was staying i n Washington in mid-March 1861, she was consulted by Lincoln after his cabinet first gave its views about relieving the fort. Lincoln wished to see her husband's letters so that he could get a fuller picture of the situation at Sumter. After the surrender of Sumter, Doubleday served in numerous campaigns throughout the Civil War, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1863. After the war, he attained the rank of colonel before retiring from active service in December 1873. He then made his home in Mendham, New Jersey, where he died in January 1893. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Doubleday has often been credited with inventing the game of baseball in 1839 at Cooperstown, New York, now the location of the baseball's Hall of Fame. This claim appears to date from the late nineteenth century, when baseball owners tried to disassociate the game from any connection to the English game of rounders. The assertion that Doubleday invented baseball is almost certainly untrue. Doubleday was not at Cooperstown in 1839; he never referred to the game, much less claimed that he invented it, and his obituary in the New York Times did not mention baseball, either. www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |5 APUSH Talking Points 9.2 1861-1865: The problem with numbers… What casualty counts really tell us AP Focus: The Civil War, America's bloodiest conflict, cost nearly 1,100,000 casualties and claimed more than 620,000 lives. The campaigning armies left destruction in their wake, particularly in the Southern states that bore the brunt of the fighting. Best estimates place the total number of war-time clashes in excess of 10,000, many of them large scale encounters that resulted in staggering losses for both sides. Engagements such as Gettysburg, Shiloh, the Wilderness and Chickamauga are ranked among the great battles of history; they bear witness to the courage and tenacity with which the Federal and Confederate soldiers fought for their beliefs. A New York state of mind more than any other state… • New York contributed ~360,000 soldiers to the Civil War • ~50,000 died • 132 won the Medal of Honor • New York factories provided various war materials including steel, railroad cars, weapons, uniforms, and even horseshoes. • New York provided more horses to the Union army than any other state, which needed to replace 500 per day • More numbers: http://www.phil.muni.cz/~vndrzl/amstudies/civilwar_stats.htm The Military Participation Ratio Conflict Revolutionary War War of 1812 Mexican War Civil War: Union : Confederate : Combined Spanish-American War World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War Gulf War Population Enrolled (millions) (thousands) 3.5 200.0 7.6 286.0 21.1 78.7 26.2 2,803.3 8.1 1,064.2 34.3 3,867.5 74.6 306.8 102.8 4,743.8 133.5 16,353.7 151.7 5,764.1 204.9 8,744.0 260.0 2,750.0 Ratio 5.7% 3.8% 0.4% 10.7% 13.1% 11.1% 0.4% 4.6% 12.2% 3.8% 4.3% 1.1% If the Civil War’s casualty figures were translated into today’s population, the proportional figure would be five million dead. The problem with numbers… David Blight Professor, Yale University http://academicearth.org/courses/the-civil-war-and-reconstruction-era-1845-1877 Professor Blight’s course explores the causes, course, and consequences of the American Civil War, from the 1840s to 1877. The primary goal of the course is to understand the multiple meanings of a transforming event in American history. Those meanings may be defined in many ways: national, sectional, racial, constitutional, individual, social, intellectual, or moral. Four broad themes are closely examined: the crisis of union and disunion in an expanding republic; slavery, race, and emancipation as national problem, personal experience, and social process; the experience of modern, total war for individuals and society; and the political and social challenges of Reconstruction. Lecture #17 “Homefronts and Battlefronts – the Social Impact of the Civil War” (17:47 to 29:40) Lecture transcript available on class website www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com American Pageant: Chapter #20 Girding for War. 1861 to 1865 YOUR NOTES: Page |6 “Brother Against Brother” • • • • The Civil War divided states, friends, and families Dozens of families lost brothers, fathers, and sons on both sides of the conflict William R. Terrill of Virginia graduated from West Point in 1853. He was killed fighting for the Union, while two of his brothers died fighting for the Confederacy. Two Prentiss brothers were wounded in the same battle, fighting for opposing sides. They were treated in the same hospital, on adjacent beds. Both died from their wounds. “Billy Yank” vs. “Johnny Reb” Several members of the Culp family fought in the Civil War. They were from a town in Pennsylvania called Gettysburg David fought for the North for two and a half years, was captured, and survived the remainder of the war as a prisoner. His cousin Wesley had moved South before the war. He joined the Confederate army. Wesley was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, fighting on a farm that belonged to his grandfather. www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |7 Stories of the Civil War, Carved on Headstones; Volunteers Unearth Names and History At Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/04/nyregion/stories-civil-war-carved-headstones-volunteers-unearth-names-history-green-wood.html The weathered, nearly identical marble gravestones of the Prentiss brothers stand side by side not far from the chapel of the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Both evidenced a readiness to die so their causes might live. The history behind these headstones is a sobering tale of enmity, forgiveness and patriotism. The saga of the brothers' final resting place came to light thanks to the work of volunteers seeking the lost Civil War veterans of Green-Wood. Of the nearly 600,000 people buried at Green-Wood since 1840, it is believed that at least 4,000 were Civil War soldiers and sailors. Although veterans' groups and Boy Scout troops place flags on the graves of known veterans, until now there has been no systematic effort to identify or care for all the monuments of the Civil War dead. Now, as volunteers are working to find these veterans, they are also learning their remarkable stories. Especially poignant is the discovery of the Prentiss gravestones and their link to the brothers' extraordinary past. Clifton Prentiss, who is buried on the left, joined the Union Army in 1862 and ultimately rose to the rank of brevet colonel. His younger brother William enlisted that same year. But he donned the butternut garb of the Confederate Army, and so Clifton vowed they would never speak again. Both fought for their antithetical ideals throughout the war, and when Gen. Ulysses S. Grant ordered the advance on the Petersburg, Va., earthworks on April 2, 1865, it was Clifton Prentiss who led the assault on the breach. This broke the Confederate line, which happened to include his brother William. As Clifton brandished his sword to urge his men forward, he was shot; a bullet lodged in his lung. As for William, he was struck by a shell fragment above the right knee, and his leg had to be amputated. At a field hospital, William learned that his older brother was nearby. Initially Clifton refused to see the man he called a traitor. But in time, and in pain, they eventually reconciled. The brothers Prentiss were brought to the Armory Square Hospital in Washington, and their nurse, Walt Whitman -- that Walt Whitman -- was stunned by this coincidence of war. Whitman wrote that the brothers were ''brought together here after a separation of four years.'' William succumbed on June 24; Clifton on Aug. 18. ''Each died for his cause,'' Whitman wrote. Soon they were side by side at Green-Wood. www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |8 APUSH Talking Points 9.3 Civil War Highlights 1860 to 1865 EVENT Lincoln elected president DATE November 1860 South Carolina secedes Confederacy formed Lincoln inaugurated Ft. Sumter attacked December 1860 February 1861 March 1861 April 1861 Bull Run (Manassas), 1st battle July 21, 1861 Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson February 1862 Monitor vs. Merrimac Shiloh (Pittsburgh Landing) Peninsular Campaign (Yorktown, Seven Days' Battle, Fair Oaks) Bull Run (Manassas) 2nd battle Antietam March 1862 LOCATION US South Carolina Montgomery, Alabama Washington, D.C. Charleston, South Carolina Northern Virginia Tennessee rivers Off Hampton Roads, Virginia April 1862 Tennessee March-July 1862 Southern Virginia August 1862 Northern Virginia September 1862 Maryland Emancipation Proclamation September 23, 1862 Washington, D.C. Fredericksburg December 1862 May 1863 Central Virginia Chancellorsville Northern Virginia TURNING POINT SIGNIFICANCE Though winning in the electoral college, Lincoln's lack of a popular majority (1.9 million out of 4.7 million votes cast) is an indication of the problems he would face with a divided nation On news of Lincoln's election, South Carolina (site of nullification fight in 1830s) secedes Seven states form Confederacy, write their own constitution, and plan for an independent nation Lincoln enters Washington D.C. in disguise because of unrest. Southerners begin seizing federal posts. Lincoln decides to supply Ft. Sumter, but wants the South to fire the first shot. Gen. McDowell leads 30,000 men against Gen. Johnston's 22,000 Southern troops in an attempt to crush the rebels and go "On to Richmond." South scores victory as Union troops flee back to Washington in disarray. McDowell replaced by Gen. McClellan Gen. Grant captures two forts on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Confederates forced out of Kentucky and yield much of Tennessee First ironclad battle in history ends in a draw as the Merrimac withdraws after daylong exchange of fire. Union blockade of South is maintained Grant overcomes Southern forces with heavy losses for each side: 13,000 Union casualties, 11,000 for South After continual prodding by Lincoln, McClellan decides to attack Richmond via the South. He moves his large army down the Potomac, marches on Richmond, and then assumes a defensive position rather than pushing for victory. Gen. Lee takes command of Southern troops McClellan replaced by Gen. Pope. Lee and Gen. Stonewall Jackson defeat Union troops again at Manassas and Pope is replaced by McClellan Heavily outnumbered, Lee's troops face McClellan in bloody fighting. Over 23,000 casualties (more than all previous American wars combined). Lee retreats to Virginia With victory at Antietam, Lincoln announces that on 1/1/63, all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. Does not affect border states. Forces European nations to recognize that choosing sides in the Civil War is to take a stand on slavery Gen. Burnside attacks Lee's fortified position and suffers 10,000 casualties (to Lee's 5000). Gen. Hooker defeated by Lee, but Jackson is mistakenly shot by his own men and killed. OF THE WAR… www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com Page |9 Vicksburg July 1863 Mississippi Gettysburg July 1863 Pennsylvania Chattanooga November 1863 Tennessee Grant promoted to Lt. General and given command of all Union troops Wilderness & Spotsylvania March 1864 Washington, D.C. Petersburg June 1864-April 1865 South of Richmond, Virginia Atlanta to Savannah SeptemberDecember 1864 Georgia Lincoln elected to a Second Term November 1864 US Lee surrenders Lincoln assassinated May 1864 April 9, 1865 April 14, 1865 Central Virginia Appomattox Court House, Virginia Ford's Theatre After a long siege, Vicksburg surrenders to Grant. All of Mississippi River is now in Union control Over 165,000 soldiers participate in the largest battle in the Western Hemisphere. After three days of fighting, Lee retreats, leaving 4,000 dead Confederates. Total casualties: 23,000 Union, 28,000 Confederates Reinforced with troops from the East, Grant is able to push Southern troops back and prepare for assault on Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy Grant prepares for assault on Richmond. When Lincoln's Cabinet complains that Grant is a drunk and seeks to interfere with his command, Lincoln gives him unconditional support and asks not to notified of his plans. Lee stops Union troops at the Wilderness, but Grant resumes march to Richmond. Though suffering huge losses (55,000 men to South's 31,000), Grant states "I propose to fight on this line if it takes all summer" Grant focuses on important railroad junction and communication outside Richmond. Long siege of Petersburg begins with troops living in trenches which stretched for 50 miles Gen. Sherman destroys Atlanta and then sends troops on 300 mile destructive march to the sea. Railroads torn up, buildings destroyed, crops burned in an attempt to break the will of the South. Sherman’s “total war” is part of an all-inclusive conflict designed to destroy southern will!!! Lincoln got 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes Republicans made sure the Union soldiers had a chance to vote, which put Lincoln over the top “With malice toward none…” Lincoln appealed to the country to not seek revenge Lee, refusing to see his troops suffer any further, surrenders to Grant. Southern troops given generous terms of surrender Lincoln was shot while attending a performance of Our American Cousin Lincoln died the following day—April 15, 1865—at 7:22 A.M SOURCE http://www.polytechnic.org/faculty/gfeldmeth/USHistory.html www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com P a g e | 10 APUSH Talking Points 9.4 Civil War Foreign Policy and Constitutional Issues Big Picture Theme: Discuss the foreign policy positions adopted by Britain and the other European Nations towards the Union and Confederacy during the Civil War American Pageant: Chapter #21 The Furnace of War, 1861-1865 KING COTTON and EUROPEANS ALLIANCES? Both Britain and France saw advantages in a divided union but pursued cautious policies toward both sides. The South believed “King Cotton” would induce European nations to give direct aid and recognition. The north wanted to prevent this recognition YOUR NOTES: Background Britain was sympathetic to the South…. 1. Britain felt a kinship with the “aristocratic south 2. The Morrill Tariff (1862) hurt British trade (review below) Tariff history at the end of this document) 3. Britain hoped for an end to the American democratic experiment 4. Cotton 80% of British cotton came from the US Outcome Though import to Britain and France, King Cotton was not enough to gain foreign recognition WHY? 1. South has just be imported a bumper crop in 1860 2. The Union blockade did not prevent England from getting their cotton – they also looked to India and Egypt for alternative sources of cotton 3 The union threatened to suspend shipments of much need wheat to Britain. A Brief Review of the Tariff Controversy The Economics of a Tariff – (Hamiltonian Economics) revenue tariffs were enacted to help fund national debt, protective tariffs fueled sectional differences War of 1812 The need for national defense - industrialization/armaments British seek to strangle infant U.S. industry with below-cost dumping first protective tariff passed by national minded DemocraticRepublicans (1816) constant increases (every four years) raises protection (1816-1832) Tariff of Outgoing Q. Adams administration (Federalists/National Republicans) highest tariff to date stifles Abominations most foreign trade southern Democrats (South Carolina/Calhoun) blame tariff for farm recession (1828) nullification crisis threatens Union Clay's The nullification crisis (civil war) avoided by compromise reductions tariff reduced (every four years) Compromise until reduction reaches 1816 level by 1848 Tariffs (1832-1848) Southern secession from Congress allows for northern wish-list legislation highest tariff to date Morrill Tariff offers war-time protection for Yankee industry 30,000 acres of land for each Congressional (1862) representative granted to each state. Proceeds of land sales to be used to finance public colleges FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS ISSUE COMMENTs The Trent Affair, The passenger ship Trent was stopped by Union ships 1861 with CSA envoys to London who were sent North as prisoners of war. Lincoln chose to release the envoys. Laird Rams, Potential crisis was avoided when the US minister to 1863 Britain persuaded GB to block the sale of the Laird Rams to CSA. Maximillian Affair, French troops overthrew Mexican government and install a puppet – 1863 Austrian Archduke Maximillan as Emperor of Mexico. Lincoln’s Reaction to situation protest but no action. www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com P a g e | 11 Lincoln’s War Power As Commander in Chief in time of war, I suppose I have a right to take any measures which may best subdue the enemy - Abraham Lincoln President Lincoln believed two things #1 The survival of the Union!!! #2 The survival of the representative government He believed he was suppressing a rebellion – this gave him the right to take away the Civil Rights of people who protested against the War THEME TO FOLLOW Constitution says… Article I Sec. 8 Para 12 Congress is given the power to raise money and support armies – Article I Sec. 8 Para 12 No money can be taken from the treasury unless approved by lawAmendment 1 No law shall be passed abridging freedom of speech or press Amendment 6 Accused persons have the right to a speedy trial Lincoln does… Increases size of the army without Congressional approval. Withdrew 2 million dollars without authorization Censored some anti-Union newspapers Set up military courts to try Confederate sympathizers www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com In times of crisis, government can expand it’s powers to meet the needs of the present emergency. P a g e | 12 Wartime Constitutional Issues – Cases of Note Ex Parte Merryman, 1861 Ex Parte Vallandingham, 1864 Ex Parte Milligan, 1866 Charles Merryman a Southern sympathizer in Maryland tried to raise troops for the South. Arrested after Lincoln suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. Copperhead Clement Vallandingham criticized the war as a war “the enslave whites” in an 1863 speech. Arrested for treasonable speech. Military court finds him guilty and banishes him to the south As a citizen from Indiana, Milligan was found guilty in a military court for helping the south. Sentenced to die Appealed verdict on the grounds that civilian courts were still working Supreme Court rules in favor of Milligan and that the President violated his Constitutional rights www.apushcanvas.pbworks.com