Download [Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients with Lyme

Literaturverzeichnis:
Hinweise zur wissenschaftlichen Basis der Lyme Borreliose
Quelle: Diagnostik und Therapie der Lyme-Borreliose - Leitlinien der Deutschen Borreliose Gesellschaft http://www.borreliose-gesellschaft.de/Texte/Leitlinien.pdf Auflage: Mai 2011
„Die wissenschaftliche Basis für die antibiotische Behandlung der LB ist mit Ausnahme des
lokalisierten Frühstadiums (EM) immer noch unzureichend. Die erheblichen Defizite der
wissenschaftlich-klinischen Analyse spiegeln sich in therapeutischen Leitlinien wider, deren
Empfehlungsstärke und Evidenzbasis deutlich begrenzt sind (159) und den Anforderungen
unter medizinischen und gesundheitspolitischen Aspekten nicht genügen.
Eine erfolgreiche antibiotische Behandlung ist nur bei einem effizienten Immunsystem
möglich. Im Hinblick auf die Antibiose ergeben sich zudem bei den Borrelien Probleme durch
natürliche oder erworbene Resistenzen. Dem Immunsystem kann sich der Erreger der LymeBorreliose durch sogenannte Escape-Mechanismen entziehen (7/74).
Im Frühstadium, d. h. in den ersten 4 Wochen nach Infektionsbeginn, ist bei der AntibiotikaBehandlung mit einer Versagerquote von 10% zu rechnen (121/135). Bei den chronischen
Verlaufsformen liegt sie mit bis zu 50% wesentlich höher (30/31/52/55/74/99/121). Bereits
frühere Arbeiten hatten auf das Problemfeld der chronischen Lyme-Borreliose und deren
begrenzter therapeutischer Beeinflussbarkeit hingewiesen (31/55/59/61/62/65/92/94/121/
138). In all diesen Studien war die Behandlungsdauer i. d. R. auf höchstens vier Wochen
begrenzt. Auch bei wiederholten Behandlungszyklen zeigten sich unter derartigen
Bedingungen erhebliche therapeutische Versagerquoten (78/82/90). Die Behandlungsdauer
ist für den Erfolg der antibiotischen Behandlung von entscheidender Bedeutung. Inzwischen
liegen einige Studien vor, die den positiven Effekt und die Sicherheit einer antibiotischen
Langzeittherapie belegen (25/26/27/30/36/44/46/51/52/81/144).
Die begrenzte Wirkung der antibiotischen Behandlung ist in zahlreichen Studien belegt:
Selbst nach vermeintlich hoch wirksamer antibiotischer Therapie wurden Erreger
angezüchtet (63/74/81/96/119/120/122/139/147). Beispielsweise konnten nach mehrfacher
antibiotischer Behandlung (Ceftriaxon, Doxycyclin, Cefotaxim) Borrelien aus der Haut isoliert
werden.(40/61/76/81/122/147) Auch wurde eine Diskrepanz zwischen der AntibiotikaEmpfindlichkeit der Borrelien in vitro versus in vivo nachgewiesen (74). Zudem kommen in
vivo noch andere Faktoren hinzu, die in der Eigenschaft der Borrelien liegen, sich dem
Immunsystem speziell unter dem Einfluss verschiedener Antibiotika (80) zu entziehen
(60/83/85/86/120).
Hypothetisch wird die Persistenz von Borrelien unter anderem auf deren intrazellulären
Aufenthalt und auf die Entwicklung biologisch wenig aktiver Dauerformen (Sphäroplasten,
Zystenbildung) zurückgeführt (19/85/86/94/120). Zudem wurde auch bei Borrelien die
Ausbildung von Biofilmen mit dem Effekt einer Komplementresistenz und typischem
Shedding (Abstreifen von Antikörpern von der Oberfläche des Bakteriums)
nachgewiesen.(83/85/86) Auch andere Mechanismen, z. B. die Diversifizierung, d. h.
Änderung membranständiger Proteinantigene, Verlust von Plasmiden und Vorgängen zur
Inaktivierung von Komplement, (85/86/120) begünstigen den auch bei anderen Bakterien
nachgewiesenen „escape-Mechanismus“, d. h. die Befähigung des Erregers, sich dem
Immunsystem zu entziehen. Auch die Fähigkeit des Erregers zur down-Regulation von
Proteinen (pore-forming protein) könnte die antibiotische Wirkung beeinträchtigen
(34/74/84).“
Quelle: Berghoff W. Diagnostik und Therapie der Lyme-Borreliose
http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/diagnostik_und_therapie_der_lb.pdf
„Die chronische Lyme-Borreliose beruht auf einer persistierenden Infektion mit vitalen
Erregern. Sie ist nicht etwa Folge einer durchgemachten Infektion oder ein Zustand nach
vermeintlich erzielter antibiotischer Eradikation des Erregers. Entsprechend belegen
zahlreiche Studien, dass selbst nach hoch wirksamer antibiotischer Therapie Erreger
angezüchtet wurden [11, 15, 24, 43, 50, 53, 57, 60, 62, 112, 121, 122, 125, 128, 139, 140,
141, 143, 150, 152, 156, 157, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236,
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 255, 256].
Der Begriff „Seronarbe“ bezeichnet das Fortbestehen von Antikörpern nach vermeintlicher
Abheilung der LB; dieser Begriff ist daher nur vertretbar, wenn keinerlei Symptome einer
Lyme-Borreliose vorliegen. Auch ist möglich, dass der serologische Befund in ein
beschwerdefreies Intervall fällt, so dass bei Wiederauftreten der Symptomatik (Schub) der
Begriff Seronarbe zu revidieren ist“.
Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik%C3%B6rper
„Die in-vivo Halbwertszeit von IgG Antikörpern bei Patienten mit primärem
Antikörpermangelsyndrom beträgt 35 Tage. Die Halbwertszeit von IgG kann jedoch von
Patient zu Patient variieren, vor allem bei Patienten mit primären Immunmangelsyndromen.
Immunglobuline und IgG-Komplexe werden in den Zellen des mononukleären
phagozytischen Systems abgebaut“.
Wikipedia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10834975
„Die in-vivo Halbwertszeit für Borrelien DNA beträgt 3 Monate“
Infektion mit Borrelien ohne oder mit Krankheitszeichen:
„Diese hohe Rate von Seropositiven hat
die Annahme begründet, dass der
Nachweisvon Immunglobulin-G-Antikörpern
(IgG-Antikörpern) in vielen Fällen lediglich
auf eine früher durchgemachte Infektion zu
interpretieren wäre. Diese Ansicht wird
noch heute vielfach publiziert. In einer
Langzeit-Untersuchung des genannten
Kollektivs konnten wir dann aber zeigen,
dass alle seropositiven Probanden
irgendwann auch klinisch symptomatisch
werden. Die maximale Latenzzeit bis zum
Auftreten von Krankheitssymptomen betrug
acht Jahre [21]. In der einzigen ähnlichen
Langzeitstudie, die bisher weltweit
durchgeführt wurde, fanden Petersen et al.
Bei 1849 Probanden ganz ähnliche
Ergebnisse und ebenfalls eine maximale
freie Latenzzeit von acht Jahren [36].
In der jetzt fast zwanzig Jahre laufenden
Nachbeobachtung des Kraichtaler
Kollektivs konnten keine Spontanheilungen
bei Borrelien-Infektionen beobachtet
werden.
Hinzu kommt ein mikrobiologisches
Argument: Bei allen Krankheitsstadien
konnten Borrelien kulturell angezüchtet
werden [24, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47]. Beim
Erythema migrans gelingt die Anzucht
regelhaft, aus Liquorproben relativ häufig,
bei Synoviabioptaten zumindest in
Einzelfällen und bei der Acrodermatitis
chronica atrophicans (ACA) wieder sehr
regelmäßig.
Daher kann heute als geklärt gelten,
dass die Lyme-Borreliose eine primär
chronisch verlaufende Infektionskrankheit
ist, bei der es in Analogie zur Syphilis
keine Spontanheilung gibt. Die These
eines „Durchseuchungstiters" im Sinne
einer durchgemachten, spontan
überstandenen Infektion konnte nie belegt
werden und sollte heute obsolet sein“.
Quelle:
http://www.dieterhassler.de/fileadmin/PDF/CTJ806.pdf
LYME DISEASE - USA (02): (NEW YORK), INCREASED INCIDENCE. Sat 5 May 2012
http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps/interactiveMaps.html
è CDC
Centers of Disease Control and prevention http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/
BDH, Mai 2012, www.Huismans.de.vu History: Http://lymerick.net/Bb-history.ppt
Chronische Borreliose
Die chronische Borreliose ist als Krankheit definiert und in der Literatur präzise dargestellt.
Berghoff W. Klinische Grundlagen der antibiotischen Behandlung der Lyme-Borreliose.
umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft (22), 104-111, 2/2009
Müller KE. Erkrankung der elastischen und kollagenen Fasern von Haut, Sehnen und
Bändern bei Lyme-Borreliose.
umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft (22), 112-118, 2/2009
Berghoff W. Antibiotische Behandlung der Lyme-Borreliose (LB)
umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft (22), 125-131, 2/2009
Berghoff W. Antbiotische Behandlung der Lyme-Borreliose (LB)
http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/Antibiotische_Behandlung_ der_LB.pdf
v. Baehr R. Grundlagen zur Lyme-Borreliose
umwelt-medizin.gesellschaft (22) 99-103 2/2009
1.) Neurologische Krankheitsmanifestation
Burrascano J. Zukunftsweisende Themen der Lyme Krankheit (2008) Seite 36
http://www.borreliose.me/mediapool/77/776837/data/Burrascano_Leitfaden_Lyme_08.pdf
Singleton K.B. The Lyme Disease Solution
Brown Books Dallas Texas (2008) ISBN-13: 978-1-934812-00-6
Hopf-Seidel P. Krank nach Zeckenstich. Borreliose erkennen und wirksam behandeln.
Knaus MensSana(2008) ISBN: 978-3-426-87392-2
Deutsche Borreliose-Gesellschaft
http://www.borreliose-gesellschaft.de/Text und Empfehlungen/Empfehlungen.pdf
ILADS international Lame and Associates Deseases Society.
http://www.ilads.org
Berhoff W. Klinische Symptomatik der Lyme-Borreliose (LB) und der Lyme-Neuroborreliose
(LNB) umwelt-medinzin-gesellschaft (22) 2/2009
2.) „Post Lyme Syndrom“, Seite 7 (zweiter Absatz) bis Seite 8 (erster Absatz)
Bujak et al.Clinical and neurocognitive features of the post Lyme syndrome.
J.Rheumatol 23, 1392-1397 (1996)
Berghoff W. Problemfelder und Meinungsdifferenzen bei Diagnostik und Therapie der Lyme
Borreliose.
http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/problemfelder_und_meinungsdifferenzen_bei
diagnostik_und_therapie_der_lb.pdf
3.) Borrelien Elisa, Borrelien Immunoblot
Serologische Untersuchungen auf Antikörper, Borrelien ELISA-Test und Borrelien
Immunoblot, liefern bei positivem Befund den Beweis für eine stattgehabte Infektion und mit
mindestens drei monatiger Verzögerung (nur langsamer Abbau der Anitkörper nach dem
Verschwinden des Krankheitserregers aus dem Wirtsorganismus) auch den Hinweis auf die
Anwesenheit des Erregers.
Positive (d.h. pathologische) serologische Befunde (Seropositivität) sind ein Indiz für eine
Lyme-Borreliose.
v. Baehr V. Die Labordiagnostik der Borrelieninfektion.
umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft (22) 119-124- 2/2009
Berghoff W. http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/Lyme_Borreliose_im_Ueberblick.pdf
1.) Langzeittherapie
Langzeittherapien von 4 bis 6 Monaten und intermittierend verlaufsadaptierte
Behandlungszeiten von 3 bis 5 Jahren sind praxisrelevant.
Burrascano J Zukunftsweisende Themen der Lyme Krnakheit (2008) Seie 11
http://www.borreliose.me/mediapool/77/776837/data/ Burrascano_Leitfaden_Lyme_08.pdf
KlemannW. Huismans B.D. Patienten mit Erreger-Direktnachweis bei chronischer LymeBorreliose; Klinik, Labordiagnostik, Antibiotika-Therapie und Krankheitsverlauf, Eine
retrospektive Studie. umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft (22) 132-138, 2/2009.
http://www.umg-verlag.de/umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft/209_kh_z.pdf
Huismans B.D., Klemann W. Langzeitbehandlung mit Antiinfektiva bei persistierender
Borreliose mit Borrelien-DNA-Nachweis durch PCR. Mit Hinweisen auf AntiinfektivaKombinationen im Anhang. Grin Verlag (2008) ISBN 978-3-604-19384-4
Stricker R, Counterpoint: leong-therm antibiotic therapy improves persistent symptoms
associated with lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 149-47.
Stricker RB, McNeil EL. Duration of antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med
2004; 140:W6
Donta ST Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme desease. Clin Infect Dis. 25 Suppl I 52-60
(1997)
Barthold et al. Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis. J Infect 29 (3) 225-261 (1994)
Berghoff W. Antbiotische Behandlung der Lyme-Borreliose (LB)
http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/Antibiotische_Behandlung_ der_LB.pdf
Berghoff W. Klinische Grundlagen der antibiotischen Behandlung bei Borreliose.
Kullberg BJ, Berende A, van der Meer JW. The challenge of Lyme disease: tired of the Lyme wars.
Neth J Med 2011;69:98-100.
Stricker RB, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L. Benefit of intravenous antibiotic therapy
in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. Int J Gen Med 2011;4:639-46.
DeLong AK, Blossom B, Maloney E, Phillips SE. Antibiotic retreatment of Lyme disease in patients with
persistent symptoms: A biostatistical review of randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials.
Contemp Clin Trials 2012;epub ahead of print. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2012.08.009
2.) Pulstherapie
Die Pulstherapie ist ein Behandlungsschema, bei dem die Antibiotika an zwei bis 4 Tagen
pro Woche (in der Regel parenteral) gegeben werden.
Die Pulstherapie bietet nach J. Burrascano folgende Vorteile: 1. Verdoppelung der Dosen
und dadurch bessere Wirksamkeit, 2. Toxische Medikamente können mit größerer Sicherheit
gegeben werden. 3. Evtl. Effektivität, wenn konventionelle Methoden versagen. 4. Ein i.v.
Zugang kann leichter zu tolerieren sein. 5. In der Regel kostengünstiger als
Therapieschemata mit Tagesrhythmus.
Burrascano J. Zukunftsweisende Themen der Lyme Krnakheit (2008) Seite 29
http://ww.borriliose.me/mediapool/77///6837/data/Burrascano_Leitfaden:Lyme_08.pdf
Huismans B.D., Klemann W. Langzeitbehandlung mit Antiinfektiva bei persistierender
Borrliose mit Borrelien-DNA-Nachweis durch PCR. Mit Hinweisen auf AntiinfektivaKombinationen im Anhang. Grin-Verlag (2008) ISBN 978-3-604-19384-4
3.) Therapiebegleitung
Hopf-Seidel P. Krank nach Zeckenstich. Borreliose erkennen und wirksam behandeln.
Knaus MensSana(2008) ISBN: 978-3-426-87392-2
Berghoff W. Antbiotische Behandlung der Lyme-Borreliose (LB)
http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/Antibiotische_Behandlung_ der_LB.pdf
Therapie:
Azithromycin Indikationen:
Herstellerangaben: „Infektionen der unteren und oberen Atemwege; Bronchitis,
leichte bis mittelschwere ambulant erworbene Pneumonie; Sinusitis,
Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis. Akute Otitis media. Leichte bis mittelschwere Infektionen
der Haut und des Weichteilgewebes; Folliculitis, Zellulitis, Erysipelas.
Unkomplizierte, durch Chlamydia trachomatis verursachte Urethritis und Zervicitis“.
Wikipedia: „Weiterhin wird Azithromycin bei akuten Mittelohrentzündungen, Hautund
Wundinfektionen, Lyme-Borreliose, bakterieller Konjunktivitis, bei Urethritis durch
Chlamydien und zur Prophylaxe sogenannter MAK-Infektion (MycobacteriumaviumintrazellulareKomplex-Infektion) bei immungeschwächten Patienten verwendet“.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591294
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/763994_print
Beachte: Long QT syndrome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome
QTc-Zeit (BAZETT): http://www.dr-gawlitza.de/qtc.htm
HAVERKAMP W., HAVERKAMP F., BREITHARDT G.(2002) Medikamentenbedingte
QT-Verlängerung und Torsade de pointes: Ein multidisziplinäres Problem. Dtsch
Ärztebl 99, 1972–1979
Azithromycin nie mit Fluconazol oder Chinolonen (z.B. Ciprofloxazin,
Levofloxazin) oder Psychopharmaka oder Antikoagulantien oder Sartanen oder
anderen Makroliden (z.B. Chlarithromycin) kombinieren!
Unbound MEDLINE results for: Azithromycin AND human Refine this search
3872 journal articles in the PubMed database
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/classic?in=kw|azithromycin&in=jn|&in=au|
BDH, 22.06.2012 http://www.Huismans.de.vu
Minocyclin, Doxycyclin, Tetrazyklin
Cellerin L, Canfrere I, Ordronneau J, et al. (1994) Acute eosinophilic pneumopathy induced
by minocycline. Rev Pneumol Clin 50(6), 325-8. Abstract
Karlsson M, Hammers S, Nilsson-Ehle I, et al. (1996) Concentrations of doxycycline and
penicillin G in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of patients treated for neuroborreliosis. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 40(5), 1104-7. Abstract
Ziska MH, Donta ST, Demarest FC (1996) Physician preferences in the diagnosis and
treatment of Lyme disease in the United States. Infection 24(2), 182-6. Abstract
Donta ST (1997) Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis S52-6.
Abstract
Steere AC (1997) Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis. Med Clin North Am 81(1),17994. Abstract
Horowitz HW, Wormser GP (1998) Doxycycline revisited: an old medicine for emerging
diseases. Arch Intern Med 158(2), 192-3. Full Citation | Publisher Full Text
Aberer E, Kehldorfer M, Binder B, et al. (1999) The outcome of Lyme borreliosis in children.
Wien Klin Wochenschr 111(22-23), 941-4. Abstract | Find Related Articles
De Maria A, Primavera A (2000) Possibility of the use of oral long-acting tetracyclines in the
treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Clin Infect Dis 31(3), 848-9. Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text
Bentas W, Karch H, Huppertz HI (2000) Lyme arthritis in children and adolescents: outcome
12 months after initiation of antibiotic therapy. J Rheumatol 27(8), 2025-30. Abstract
Dotevall L, Hagberg L (2000) Adverse effects of minocycline versus doxycycline in the
treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Clin Infect Dis 30(2), 410-1. Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text
Cunha BA (2000) Minocycline versus doxycycline in the treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis.
Clin Infect Dis 30(1), 237-8. Full Citation | Publisher Full Text
Donta ST (2001) Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme
disease. N Engl J Med 345(19), 1424; author reply 1425. Full Citation
Bernier C, Dréno B (2001) Minocycline. Ann Dermatol Venereol 128(5), 627-37. Abstract |
Publisher Full Text
Karkkonen K, Stiernstedt SH, Karlsson M (2001) Follow-up of patients treated with oral
doxycycline for Lyme neuroborreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis 33(4), 59-62. Abstract
Bell CD, Kovacs K, Horvath E, et al. (2001) Histologic, immunohistochemical, and
ultrastructural findings in a case of minocycline-associated "black thyroid". Endocr Pathol
12(4), 443-51. Abstract
Bonnetblanc JM (2002) Doxycycline. Ann Dermatol Venereol 129(6-7), 874-82. Abstract |
Publisher Full Text
Stricker RB, Lautin A (2003) The Lyme Wars: time to listen. Expert Opin Investig Drugs
12(10), 1609-14. Abstract
van Steensel MA (2004) Why minocycline can cause systemic lupus - a hypothesis and
suggestions for therapeutic interventions based on it. Med Hypotheses 63(1), 31-4. Abstract
Fritzsche M (2005) Chronic Lyme borreliosis at the root of multiple sclerosis--is a cure with
antibiotics attainable? Med Hypotheses 64(3), 438-48. Abstract
Ogrinc K, Logar M, Lotric-Furlan S, et al. (2006) Doxycycline versus ceftriaxone for the
treatment of patients with chronic Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118(21-22), 696701. Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Meer-Scherrer L, Chang Loa C, Adelson ME, et al. (2006) Lyme disease associated with
Alzheimer's disease. Curr Microbiol 52(4), 330-2. Abstract
Donta ST (2007) Lyme disease guidelines--it's time to move forward. Clin Infect Dis 44(8),
1134-5; author reply 1137-9. Full Citation | Publisher Full Text
Larkin JM (2008) Lyme disease in children and pregnant women. Med Health R I 91(7), 212.
Full Citation
Wormser GP, Halperin JJ (2008) Oral doxycycline for neuroborreliosis. Lancet Neurol 7(8),
665-6. Full Citation
Ljøstad U, Skogvoll E, Eikeland R, et al. (2008) Oral doxycycline versus intravenous
ceftriaxone for European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a multicentre, non-inferiority, double-blind,
randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 7(8), 690-5. Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Aupee O, Almeras D, Le Garlantezec P, et al. (2009) Doxycycline. Med Trop (Mars) 69(6),
556-8. Abstract | Find Related Articles
Schröder J, Kirch W (2009) Lyme borreliosis: How should erythema migrans be treated in
pregnant women?. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 134(46), 2354. Full Citation | Publisher Full Text
Gulati RK (2010) Doxycycline in children?--the unanswered question. Pediatr Dermatol
27(4), 419. Full Citation
Unbound MEDLINE results for: Minocyclin and Borreliosis, human Refine this search
1 journal articles in the PubMed database
Unbound MEDLINE results for: Minocyclin and tetracyclines, human Refine this search
27 journal articles in the PubMed database
Unbound MEDLINE results for: tetracyclines and borreliosis, human Refine this search
432 journal articles in the PubMed database
BDH, Mai 2012 www.Huismans.de.vu
Rifampicin
Herstellerangaben, Indikation Rifampicin: Behandlung der Tuberkulose in allen Formen und Stadien (…).
Infektionen durch Tuberkulosebakterien oder durch „atypische“ Mykobakterien, sofern die Erreger gegen
Rifampicin empfindlich sind (…). Zur Kombinationsbehandlung bei Lepra und Buruli ulcus (…). Vorbeugende
Behandlung von Meningokokkenträgern.
„Rifampicin wird vorwiegend bei Infektionen mit Mykobakterien, insbesondere bei Tuberkulose und Lepra,
eingesetzt. Auch bei der Therapie von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylokokken wird es angewandt. Außerdem
wird es prophylaktisch bei Kontaktpersonen von Erkrankten an Meningokokken-Meningitis empfohlen. Es wirkt
zudem gegen Enterokokken und Legionella pneumophila und ist gut liquorgängig“. Quelle:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin
Vasilos LV, Rumel' NB, Shchuka SS (1995) [Chemotherapeutic effectiveness of
erythromycin, rifampicin and tetracyclines in chlamydiosis and mycoplasmosis in
children]. [Clinical Trial, English Abstract, Journal Article] Antibiot Khimioter
40(6):40-2. Abstract | Full Citation | Find Related Articles
Brunner S, Frey-Rindova P, Altwegg M, et al. (2000) Retroperitoneal abscess and
bacteremia due to Mycoplasma hominis in a polytraumatized man. [Case Reports,
Journal Article] Infection 28(1):46-8. Abstract | Full Citation | Publisher Full Text |
Find Related Articles
Lin HP, Lu HX (2007) [Analysis of detection and antimicrobial resistance of
pathogens in prostatic secretion from 1186 infertile men with chronic prostatitis].
[English Abstract, Journal Article] Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue; 13(7):628-31. Abstract |
Full Citation | Find Related Articles
Carter JD, Espinoza LR, Inman RD, et al. (2010) Combination antibiotics as a
treatment for chronic Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: a double-blind,
placebo-controlled, prospective trial. [Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial,
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural] Arthritis Rheum 62(5):1298-307. Abstract |
Full Citation | Publisher Full Text | Find Related Article
Minematsu A, Sawai T, Matsutake T, et al. (2011) [A case of Mycobacterium
intracellulare pulmonary infection with vertebral osteomyelitis]. [Case Reports,
English Abstract, Journal Article] Kansenshogaku Zasshi 85(5):527-31. Abstract |
Full Citation | Find Related Articles
Patil MY, Antin SM, Gupta A (2011) Skeletal brucellosis. [Journal Article] J Indian
Med Assoc 109(3):171-3. Abstract | Full Citation | Find Related Articles
Dacso MM, Jacobson RR, Scollard DM, et al. (2011) Evaluation of multi-drug therapy
for leprosy in the United States using daily rifampin. [Journal Article] South Med J
104(10):689-94. Abstract | Full Citation | Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Czekaj J, Dinh A, Moldovan A, et al. (2011) Efficacy of a combined oral
clindamycin?rifampicin regimen for therapy of staphylococcal osteoarticular
infections. [Journal Article] Scand J Infect Dis 43(11-12):962-7. Abstract |
Full Citation | Publisher Full Text | Find Related Article
Nelson RL, Kelsey P, Leeman H, et al. (2011) Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium
difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. [Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Review]
Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004610. Abstract | Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Jean SS, Hsueh PR (2011) Current review of antimicrobial treatment of
nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. [Editorial,
Review] Expert Opin Pharmacother 12(14):2145-8. Abstract | Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text | Find Related Article
Yesilyurt M, Kiliç S, Celebi B, et al. (2011) Antimicrobial susceptibilities of
Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strains isolated from humans in the
Central Anatolia region of Turkey. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't] J Antimicrob Chemother 66(11):2588-92. Abstract | Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Varner TR, Bookstaver PB, Rudisill CN, et al. (2011) Role of rifampin-based
combination therapy for severe community-acquired Legionella pneumophila
pneumonia. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review] Ann
Pharmacother 45(7-8):967-76. Abstract | Full Citation | Publisher Full Text |
Find Related Articles
Leite B, Gomes F, Teixeira P, et al. (2011) In vitro activity of daptomycin, linezolid
and rifampicin on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. [Journal Article,
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] Curr Microbiol 63(3):313-7. Abstract |
Full Citation | Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Toti US, Guru BR, Hali M, et al. (2011) Targeted delivery of antibiotics to
intracellular chlamydial infections using PLGA nanoparticles. [Journal Article,
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural] Biomaterials 32(27):6606-13. Abstract |
Full Citation | Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Girdhar A, Kumar A, Girdhar BK (2011) A randomised controlled trial assessing the
effect of adding clarithromycin to rifampicin, ofloxacin and minocycline in the
treatment of single lesion paucibacillary leprosy in Agra District, India. [Journal
Article, Randomized Controlled Trial] Lepr Rev 82(1):46-54. Abstract | Full Citation |
Find Related Articles
van Ingen J, Aarnoutse RE, Donald PR, et al. (2011) Why Do We Use 600 mg of
Rifampicin in Tuberculosis Treatment? [Journal Article, Research Support, NonU.S. Gov't, Review] Clin Infect Dis 52(9):e194-9. Abstract | Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Donald PR, Maritz JS, Diacon AH (2011) The pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of rifampicin in adults and children in relation to the dosage
recommended for children. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,
Review] Tuberculosis (Edinb) 91(3):196-207. Abstract | Full Citation |
Publisher Full Text | Find Related Articles
Aus: Unbound MEDLINE results for: Rifampicin, Chlamydia or Mycoplasma etc. AND human
Refine this search
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/classic?in=kw|rifampicin,%20chlamydia&in=jn|&in=au
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/search?start=10&next=true&additional=rifampicin,%20mycoplasma%2
0AND%20human[MH]
BDH, 06.04.2012 www.Huismans.de.vu
Metronidazole
Indikation (Metronidazol, Fa. Braun): „Behandlung und Vorbeugung von
Infektionen, hervorgerufen durch Metronidazol-empfindliche Keime. Die Behandlung
ist wirksam bei Infektionen des zentralen Nervensystems, Infektionen des
Respirationstraktes, Endocarditis, Infektionen des Gastrointestinal-Traktes, bei
gynäkologischen Infektionen, Infektionen im HNO- und Zahn-Mund-Kiefer-Bereich,
Infektionen an Knochen und Gelenken, Gasbrand, Septikämie bei Thrombophlebitis.
Hinweis: Bei Mischinfektionen mit aeroben und anaeroben Erregern zur
Bekämpfung aerober Infektionen geeignete Antibiotika zusätzlich zu Metronidazol
verabreichen.“
Wikipedia, Metronidazol
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole
Denner Brown LG, Drucker DB. (1969) COMBINATION OF PENICILLIN AND
METRONIDAZOLE The Lancet, Volume 294, Issue 7623, Page 746
Hartley-Asp B. (1979) MUTAGENICITY OF METRONIDAZOLE The Lancet, Volume 313,
Issue 8110, Page 275
E.J. Baines, J.A. McFadzean (1981) The Action of Metronidazole on Anaerobic Bacilli
and Similar Organisms Advances in Pharmacology, Volume 18, Pages 223-272
Pylkkänen, Jaana Lähdetie (1984) Sperm abnormality assay of metronidazole and
tinidazole Mutation Research Letters, Volume 140, Issues 2–3, Pages 137-140
Liisa Lubomír Dobiáš, Milena Černá, Pavel Rössner, Radim Šrám (1994) Genotoxicity and
carcinogenicity of metronidazole Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology,
Volume 317, Issue 3, Pages 177-194
Judith S. Simms-Cendan (1996) Metronidazole Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS,
Volume 3, Issue 5, Pages 153-156
Mary Jo Kasten (1999) Clindamycin, Metronidazole, and Chloramphenicol Mayo Clinic
Proceedings, Volume 74, Issue 8, Pages 825-833
Woodruff BK , Wijdicks EFM, Marshall WF (2002) Reversible Metronidazole-Induced
Lesions of the Cerebellar Dentate Nuclei N Engl J Med 346:68-69
Takase K, Santa Y, Ohta S, Yoshimura T. (2005) MRI and SPECT findings in a case of
metronidazole-induced reversible acute cerebellar ataxia. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 45(5):386–
389
Kevin T. Fitzgerald (2006) Chapter 60 - Metronidazole Small Animal Toxicology (Second
Edition), Pages 853-859
Metronidazole (2006) Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of
Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions (Fifteenth Edition),Pages 2323-2328
Patel K., Green-Hopkins I., Lu S. Tunkel AR. (2008) Cerebellar ataxia following prolonged
use of metronidazole: case report and literature review. International Journal of
Infectious Diseases 12 (6), e111–e114 PDF (283 K)
Gian Mario Tiboni, Francesca Marotta, Anna Pia Castigliego (2008) Teratogenic effects in
mouse fetuses subjected to the concurrent in utero exposure to miconazole and
metronidazole Reproductive Toxicology, Volume 26, Issues 3–4, Pages 254-261
Graves TD, Condon M, Loucaidou M, Perry RJ. (2009) Reversible metronidazole-induced
cerebellar toxicity in a multiple transplant recipient. J. Neurol. Sci. 285(1-2):238–240]
Ferroir J-P, Corpechot C, Freudenreich A, Khalil A. (2009) [Metronidazole-related
polyneuritis, convulsive seizures, and cerebellar syndrome. Contribution of MRI]. Rev.
Neurol. (Paris) 165(10):828–830
Moosa ANV, Perkins D. (2010) Neurological picture. MRI of metronidazole induced
cerebellar ataxia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 81(7):754–755
Park K-I, Chung J-M, Kim J-Y. (2011) Metronidazole neurotoxicity: sequential neuroaxis
involvement. Neurol India 59(1):104–107
Kierzkowska M, Majewska A, Kqdzielska J, et al. (2011) Participation of gram-negative
anaerobes in infections in hospitalized patients. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 63(3):235-40.Abstract
Drekonja DM, Butler M, MacDonald R, et al.(2011) Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium
difficile treatments: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 155(12):839-47. Abstract
Kim SM, Shin HW, Han HJ, et al. (2011) Serially changing metronidazole-induced
encephalopathy. Can J Neurol Sci 38(6):921-4. Full Citation
Chacko J, Pramod K, Sinha S, et al. (2011) Clinical, neuroimaging and pathological features
of 5-nitroimidazole-induced encephalo-neuropathy in two patients: Insights into possible
pathogenesis. Neurol India 59(5):743-7. Abstract
Gardner E, Meghani N, Mancuso P, et al. (2011) Recognizing metronidazole resistant C.
difficile. Nurse Pract 36(11):8-11. Full Citation
Bohbot JM (2011) Chlamydia trachomatis: The enemy of the Fallopian tube. Gynecol Obstet
Fertil 39(11):636-9. Abstract
Léoni S, Mesplié N, Aitali F, et al. (2011) Metronidazole: alternative treatment for ocular and
cutaneous rosacea in the pediatric population. J Fr Ophtalmol 34(10):703-10. Abstract
Metronidazole. (2011) Rep Carcinog 269-70. Full Citation
Unbound MEDLINE results for: Metronidazole AND human[MH]| Refine this search
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/classic?in=kw|Metronidazole%20AND%20human[MH]&in=jn|&in=au|
11184 journal articles in the PubMed database
BDH, April 2012
www.Huismans.de.vu
Artemisinin (internistisch - umweltmedizinische Auswahl)
Neill US (2011) From branch to bedside: Youyou Tu is awarded the 2011 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical
Medical Research Award for discovering artemisinin as a treatment for malaria. J Clin Invest 121(10),
3768-73. Full Citation
Xie L, Zhai X, Liu C, et al. (2011) Anti-tumor activity of new artemisinin-chalcone hybrids. Arch
Pharm (Weinheim) 344(10), 639-47. Abstract
Faurant C (2011) From bark to weed: the history of artemisinin. Parasite 18(3), 215-8. Abstract
Cui W (2011) WHO urges the phasing out of artemisinin based monotherapy for malaria to reduce
resistance. BMJ, d2793. Full Citation
Chou S, Marousek G, Auerochs S, et al. (2011) The unique antiviral activity of artesunate is broadly
effective against human cytomegaloviruses including therapy-resistant mutants. Antiviral Res
92(2), 364-8. Abstract
Dickerson F, Stallings C, Vaughan C, et al. (2011) Artemisinin reduces the level of antibodies to
gliadin in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 129(2-3), 196-200. Abstract
Mercer AE, Copple IM, Maggs JL, et al. (2011) The role of heme and the mitochondrion in the
chemical and molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell death induced by the artemisinin
antimalarials. J Biol Chem 286(2):987-96. Abstract
Wang Y, Huang ZQ, Wang CQ, et al. (2011) Artemisinin inhibits extracellular matrix metalloproteinase
inducer (EMMPRIN) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via a protein kinase
Cδ/p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in phorbol myristate acetate-induced THP-1
macrophages. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 38(1), 11-8. Abstract
Goo YK, Terkawi MA, Jia H, et al. (2010) Artesunate, a potential drug for treatment of Babesia
infection. Parasitol Int 59(3), 481-6. Abstract | Full Citation | Publisher Full Text |
Chadwick J, Jones M, Mercer AE, et al. (2010) Design, synthesis and antimalarial/anticancer
evaluation of spermidine linked artemisinin conjugates designed to exploit polyamine transporters in
Plasmodium falciparum and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 18(7), 2586-97. Abstract
Liu Y, Lok CN, Ko BC, et al. (2010) Subcellular localization of a fluorescent artemisinin derivative to
endoplasmic reticulum. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]
Org Lett 12(7), 1420-3. Abstract
Firestone GL, Sundar SN (2009) Anticancer activities of artemisinin and its bioactive derivatives.
Expert Rev Mol Med e32. Abstract
Zhang S, Gerhard GS (2009) Heme mediates cytotoxicity from artemisinin and serves as a general
anti-proliferation target. PLoS One 4(10), e7472. Abstract
Medhi B, Patyar S, Rao RS, et al. (2009) Pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile of artemisinin
compounds: an update. Pharmacology 84(6), 323-32. Abstract
Randrianarivelojosia M, Randriasamimanana JR, Martin C (2009) Artemisinin-based combination
therapies (ACTs) and herbal drugs crosstalk: facts and perspectives. Parasite 16(3), 243-4.
Full Citation
Stockwin LH, Han B, Yu SX, et al. (2009) Artemisinin dimer anticancer activity correlates with
hemecatalyzed
reactive oxygen species generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress induction. Int J
Cancer 125(6), 1266-75. Abstract
Willoughby JA, Sundar SN, Cheung M, et al. (2009) Artemisinin blocks prostate cancer growth and
cell cycle progression by disrupting Sp1 interactions with the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4)
promoter and inhibiting CDK4 gene expression. J Biol Chem 284(4), 2203-13. Abstract
Buommino E, Baroni A, Canozo N, et al. (2009) Artemisinin reduces human melanoma cell
migration by down-regulating alpha V beta 3 integrin and reducing metalloproteinase 2 production.
Invest New Drugs 27(5), 412-8. Abstract
Sundar SN, Marconett CN, Doan VB, et al. (2008) Artemisinin selectively decreases functional
levels of estrogen receptor-alpha and ablates estrogen-induced proliferation in human breast
cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 29(12), 2252-8. Abstract
Efferth T, Romero MR, Wolf DG, et al. (2008) The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate.
Clin Infect Dis 47(6), 804-11. Abstract
Jefford CW (2007) New developments in synthetic peroxidic drugs as artemisinin mimics. Drug
Discov Today 12(11-12), 487-95. Abstract
Efferth T (2007) Willmar Schwabe Award 2006: antiplasmodial and antitumor activity of
artemisinin--from bench to bedside. Planta Med 73(4), 299-309. Abstract
Dellicour S, Hall S, Chandramohan D, et al. (2007) The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a
pressing question. Malar J 15. Abstract
Adjei GO, Goka BQ, Kurtzhals JA (2006) Neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives. Clin Infect Dis
43(12), 1618. Full Citation
Paeshuyse J, Coelmont L, Vliegen I, et al. (2006) Hemin potentiates the anti-hepatitis C virus
activity of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 348(1), 139-44. Abstract
Efferth T (2006) Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in
cancer cells. Curr Drug Targets 7(4), 407-21. Abstract
Nandakumar DN et al. (2006) Curcumin-Artemisin in combination therapy for malaria. Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy. 50, 1859-1860
Bray PG, Ward SA, O'Neill PM (2005) Quinolines and artemisinin: chemistry, biology and history.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 3-38. Abstract
Holzgrabe U (2005) Artemisinin and successors. Pharm Unserer Zeit 34(2), 95. Full Citation
Singh NP, Lai HC (2004) Artemisinin induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Anticancer Res
24(4), 2277-80. Abstract
Sponer U, Prajakwong S, Wiedermann G et al. (2002) Pharmacodynamic interaction of doxycycline
and artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46(1), 262-4. Abstract
De Vries, P.J. and Dien, T.K.(1996). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Artemisinin
and its derivatives in the treatment of malaria. Drugs.52:818-836.
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703 journal articles in the PubMed database
Unbound MEDLINE results for: babesia and artemisinin AND human Refine this search
1 journal articles in the PubMed database
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Begleittherapien:
Pfeffer, Chilli und Gelbwurz (Curcuma ssp.):
Gal I. Capsicidin, eine neue Verbindung mit antibiotischer Wirksamkeit. Zeitschrift für
Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Forschung. 1964, 124, 333-336
Nair MG, Burke MA. Antimicrobial piper metabolite and related compounds. Journal of
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Cichewicz RH et al. The antimicrobial properties of chile peppers (Capsicum species) and
their use in Mayan medicine. Journal of Etnopharmacology 1996, 52, 61-70
CaterinaMJ et al. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel. Nature 1997, 389,
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De Lucca AJ et al. CAY-1, a fungicidal saponin from Capsicum sp. Fruit. Medical Mycology.
2001, 40, 131-137
Gardulf A, Wolfart I, Gulftason R. A prospective crossover field trial shows protection of
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Arthur S. The effectiveness of Samento, Cumada, Burbur and Dr. Lee Cowdens protocol in
the treatment of chronic lyme disease. Townsend Letter 2007, 101-106
Duke JA. Herbs with anti-Lyme potential. Townsend Letter 2007, 114-117
Watanathom J. et al. Piperine, the potential functional food for mood and cognitive disorders.
Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008, 46, 3106-3110
Bhutani MK et al. Antidepressant like effects of curcumin and ist combination with piperine in
unpredictable chronic stress-induced behavioral, biochemical and neurochemical changes.
Oharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 2009, 92, 39-43
Chonpathompikunlert P et al. Piperin, the main alkaloid of Thai black pepper, protects
against neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in animal model of cognitive deficit like
condition of Alzheimer`s disease. Food and Chemical Toxycology 2010, 48, 798-802
Karlstetter M, Lippe E, Walczak Y .Curcumin is a potent modulator of microglial gene
expression and migration. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2011, 8:125 doi:10.1186/17422094-8-125 http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/8/1/125
Curcuma ist eine Pflanzengattung aus der Familie der Ingwergewächse (Zingiberaceae).
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin
Saleem M. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE DIFFERENT RHIZOMES OF
CURCUMA LONGA & CURCUMA AROMATICA ON UROPATHOGENS OF DIABETIC
PATIENTS Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2012 Vol 3, Issue 4, 273-279
http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol3Issue4/2622.pdf
Knoblauch:
Lu X, Rasco BA, Jabal JMF, et al. 2011. Investigating antibacterial effectxs of garlic (Allium
sativum) concentrate and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on Campylobacter jejuni
by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron
microscopy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:5257-5269.
Chinin:
Virchow R. Über die Wirkung des Chinins auf den respiratorischen Stoffwechsel des
Menschen In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, Heidelberg 1927
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Tamarinde
Bhadoriya SS, Ganeshpurkar A, Narwaria J, Rai G, Jain AP. Tamarindus indica : Extent of
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Full Citation
Lin EY, Tsigrelis C, Baddour LM, et al. (2010) Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and
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Chomel BB, Kasten RW (2010) Bartonellosis, an increasingly recognized zoonosis. J Appl
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Microbiol 5(11), 1719-31. Abstract
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BDH, 27.04.2012
www.Huismans.de.vu
Chlamydia pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumonia, CPN
CPNhelp.org (2005): Emerging information about Chlamydia pneumoniae in disease & its
treatment. http://cpnhelp.org/
“What diseases has it been implicated in?
Multiple sclerosis
Asthma
Cardiac disease Interstitial cystitis
i
Additionally: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, uveitis, optic neuritis, radiculitis, nerve
deafness, transverse myelitis, sarcoid, myocarditis, pericarditis, culture-negative
endocarditis, atheromatous arterial disease, aneurysm, giant-cell (temporal) arteritis,
polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granuloma, primary sclerosing cholangitis, reactive arthritis,
Reiter's syndrome, Behcet's disease, cutaneous vasculitides including pyoderma
gangrenosa. Wheldon adds: "Conditions which may suggest the possibility of flare-ups of
chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection deserving serological investigation include the
following — a multiplicity being more strongly suggestive: recurrent sinusitis, recurrent chest
infectionsi, chronic fatigue (especially if following a respiratory infection), focal neurological
deficits, myalgia, muscle fasciculation's, recurrent episodes of bronchospasm, unexplained
pleuritic pain, angina, recurrent arthralgia, unexplained recurrent abdominal pain,
unexplained menorrhagia, recurrent fistula-in-ano, recurrent cutaneous vasculitides,
achalasia, intestinal dysmotility.
Treatment
1. Two protein synthase inhibitors continuously (such as 200mg doxycycline daily plus
250mg azithromycin 3x per week)
2. Alternately, daily Rifampin and/or Isoniazid
3. 2400mg NAC daily or amoxicillin
4. 5-day pulses of 1000-1500mg Flagyl or Tinidazole every 2-4 weeks.
5. A regimen of supplementsi to enhance body function, detoxification, counter oxidation
and inflammation, and enhance cell replacement.
Treatment can take months to years to completely eradicate Cpn from the body”.
Stratton C. Chlamydiphila pneumonia. Respiratory tract syndrome.
http://www.cpnhelp.org/twar/twar-syndrome.htm
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Borrelien-Populationsdynamik
Eberth-Koch´sche Stress-Varianten, L-Formen, Round forms, Blebs, Granules, Cyst forms, Cell wall
deficient forms, Cell wall defective forms, Borrelien-Metamorphosen.
1. Borrelien Pleomorphismus
2. Aufenthalt von Borrelien in den Zellen des Wirtsorganismus
3. Änderung der Borrelien-Oberflächen-Immunogenität, Shedding
4. Sequestrierung von Wirts-Antikörpern
5. Depression der CD57-Fraktion der natürlichen Killerzellen
6. Bildung von und Beteiligung an Biofilm-Organismen
7. Gentransfer
Pleomorphismus
Lyme Disease Survival in Adverse Conditions The Strategy of Morphological Variation in Borrelia
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Refine this search 2 journal articles in the PubMed database
Depression der CD57 Fraktion der natürlichen Killerzellen
Stricker RB, Winger EE Decreased CD57 Lymphocyte subset in patients with chronic Lyme disease
Immunology Letters 76 2001 43-48
Weiter siehe unter: http://www.wwwarchiv.de/wwwarchiv/anfang/texte/lit/cd57%20nat.killerzellen.pdf
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Gentransfer
Weiter unter: http://www.wwwarchiv.de/wwwarchiv/anfang/texte/lit/horizontaler%20gentransfer.pdf
BDH, 2012.06.22, http://www.Huismans.de.vu
SHOR S. LYME DISEASE EVIDENCE BASED STATE OF ART OVERVIEW
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Advanced PubMed MEDLINE Search Biofilms in human subjects (mehr als 4922 Veröffentlichungen):
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/classic?in=kw|biofilms&in=jn|&in=au|
Biofilms, Youtube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzTaZJ5hURw&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK-6B2J-si0&feature=relmfu <- Biofilme allgemein
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQ68OW-dNIg&feature=relmfu <- Staphylokokken
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eQhNyX7DRQ&feature=relmfu <- Phagentherapie
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68zYTzTlTlk&feature=relmfu <- General Biofilms + Borrelia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmvgOfIN_8c&NR=1&feature=fvwp <- Sapi
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4uNDWdChM8 <- Borrelia Biofilm in vitro Mc. Donald
BDH, 2012-03-30
http://www.Huismans.de.vu
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http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/classic?in=kw|LTT-Tests&in=jn|&in=au|
http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/classic?in=kw|Elispot%20LTT&in=jn|&in=au|
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20(5), 1437-8. Full Citation
Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, et al. (1995) Seronegative chronic relapsing
neuroborreliosis. Eur Neurol 35(2), 113-7. Abstract
Luger, S.W., et al., Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in treatment of patients
with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,
1995. 39(3): p. 661-7. 14% had J-H
Mikkilä H (1997) Jarish-Herxheimer reaction during the treatment of Lyme disease caused
episcleritis. Duodecim 113(9), 845-7. Full Citation
Kaplanski G, Granel B, Vaz T, et al. (1998) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction complicating the
treatment of chronic Q fever endocarditis: elevated TNFalpha and IL-6 serum levels. J Infect
37(1), 83-4. Abstract
Maloy AL, Black RD, Segurola RJ (1998) Lyme disease complicated by the JarischHerxheimer reaction. J Emerg Med 16(3), 437-8. Abstract
Kojan S, Van Ness PC, Diaz-Arrastia R (2000) Nonconvulsive status epilepticus resulting
from Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in a patient with neurosyphilis. Clin Electroencephalogr
31(3), 138-40. Abstract
Peschard S, Brinkane A, Bergheul S, et al. (2001) Whipple disease associated with
pulmonary arterial hypertension. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction after antibiotic therapy. Presse
Med 30(31 Pt 1), 1549-51. Abstract
Silberstein P, Lawrence R, Pryor D, et al. (2002) A case of neurosyphilis with a florid
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. J Clin Neurosci 9(6), 689-90. Abstract
Webster G, Schiffman JD, Dosanjh AS, et al. (2002) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction associated
with ciprofloxacin administration for tick-borne relapsing fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21(6), 5713. Abstract
Eppes SC, Childs JA. Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children
with early Lyme disease. Pediatrics. Jun 2002;109(6):1173-1177. 1 J-H in low dose
cefuroxime and 1 in amox
Fathilah J, Choo MM (2003) The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in ocular syphilis. Med J
Malaysia 58(3), 437-9. Abstract
Leblebicioglu H, Sunbul M, Esen S, et al. (2003) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in
leptospirosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22(10), 639; author reply 640. Full Citation
Tattevin P, Jauréguiberry S, Michelet C (2003) Meningitis as a possible feature of the
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in leptospirosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22(7), 449.
Full Citation
Pound MW, May DB (2005) Proposed mechanisms and preventative options of JarischHerxheimer reactions. J Clin Pharm Ther 30(3), 291-5. Abstract
Prandota J (2009) The importance of toxoplasma gondii infection in diseases presenting with
headaches. Headaches and aseptic meningitis may be manifestations of the JarischHerxheimer reaction. Int J Neurosci 119(12), 2144-82. Abstract
Cheung CM, Chee SP (2009) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: paradoxical worsening of
tuberculosis chorioretinitis following initiation of antituberculous therapy. Eye (Lond) 23(6),
1472-3. Full Citation
Rac MW, Greer LG, Wendel GD (2010) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction triggered by group B
streptococcus intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol 552-6. Abstract
Liu QJ, Liu GQ, Wang SY (2011) A Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction misdiagnosed as
pneumonia after an operation for laryngeal papillary lymphoma. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou
Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 46(4), 341-2. Full Citation
Kobayashi J, Nakagawa Y, Tobisawa S, et al. (2011) Deterioration of MRI findings related to
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in a patient with neurosyphilis. J Neurol 258(4), 699-701.
Full Citation
Hashimoto T, Akata S, Park J, et al. (2012) High-resolution computed tomography findings in
a case of severe leptospira infection (Weil disease) complicated with Jarisch-Herxheimer
reaction. J Thorac Imaging 27(1), W24-6. Abstract
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185 journal articles in the PubMed database
BDH, Mai 2012
www.Huismans.de.vu
HLADR
Rheumatoide Arthritis, seronegative: DR1, DR4, verursacht durch Borrelia burgdorferi: DR4,
Cardiomyopathie hypertrophische: DR4. Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR
Kalish RA et al. (1993): Assiciation of Treatment-Resistant Chronic Lyme Arthritis with HLADR4 and Antibody Reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infektion and
Immunity 61 (7)
Steere AC at al. (1990): Association of chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR2
Alleles. N.Engl. J. Med. 323 (4).
Wang P & Hilton E (2001): Contribution of HLA Alleles in the Regulation of Antibody
Production in Lyme Disease. Frontiers in Bioscience 6: 10-16.
Rangel LB, Agarwal R, Sherman-Baust CA, et al. (2004) Anomalous expression of the HLADR alpha and beta chains in ovarian and other cancers. Cancer Biol Ther 3(10), 1021-7.
Abstract
Sailler L (2004) What have we learned about giant cell arteritis during the last decade? Rev
Med Interne 25(11), 816-25. Abstract
Steere AC et al. (2006): Antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis is associated with HLA-DR
molecules that bind a Borrelia burgdorferi peptide. JEM 203(4).
Barrett JC (2012) From HLA association to function. Nat Genet 44(3), 235-6. Abstract
Unbound MEDLINE results for: HLADR AND human Refine this search 211 journal
articles
Unbound MEDLINE results for: HLA-DR AND human Refine this search 28846 journal
articles
Probiotika
Castagliuolo I, Riegler MF, Valenick L et al. (1999) Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the
effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in human colonic mucosa. Infect Immun 67(1),302–307.
Cremonini F, Caro SD, Nista E et al. (2002) Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on
antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. In: Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16(8), 1461–1467.
Balfour Sartor R (2004) Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel
diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics Original Research ArticleGastroenterology, Volume
126, Issue 6, May 2004, Pages 1620-1633
Buddenborg C. (2005) Orale Immunisierung mit rekombinanten Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917:
Charakterisierung der humoralen Immunantwort gegen Oberflächenexprimierte heterologe Antigene
aus Borrelia burgdorferi und Listeria monocytogenes. Inaugural-Dissertation
Bischoff SC. M. P. M. (2005) : Probiotika, Präbiotika und Synbiotika: Stellenwert in Klinik und Praxis.
In: Dtsch Arztebl. S. 102(11): A–752/B–630/C–588.
McFarland LV (2006) Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea
and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. In: Am J Gastroenterol 101(4), 812–822.
Savino F, Cordisco L, Tarasco Vet al. (2010) Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infantile colic: a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. In: Pediatrics 126 Nr. 3, e526–e533.
Hao Q, Lu Z, Dong BR, et.al. (2011) Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 9. Art. No.: CD006895. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub2 http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006895.html
Bailey JR, Probert CSJ, Cogan TA. (2011) Identification and Characterisation of an Iron-Responsive
Candidate Probiotic. PLoS ONE, 6 (10), e26507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026507
McNulty et al., (2011) “The Impact of a Consortium of Fermented Milk Strains on the Gut Microbiome
of Gnotobiotic Mice and Monozygotic Twins,” Science Translational Medicine, DOI:
10.1126/scitranslmed.3002701, http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/3/106/106ra106
Takata K, Kinoshita M, Okuno T et al. (2011) The Lactic Acid Bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici
Suppresses Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inducing IL-10-Producing Regulatory T Cells. PLoS
One. 6(11), e27644. Epub 2011 Nov 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22110705
Cunningham-Rundles S, Ahrné S, Johann-Liang R, et al. (2011) Effect of probiotic bacteria on
microbial host defense, growth, and immune function in human immunodeficiency virus type-1
infection. Nutrients 3(12), 1042-70. Abstract
Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, et al. (2012) Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of
antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA 307(18),1959-69.Abstract
Reid G (2012) Probiotic and prebiotic applications for vaginal health. J AOAC Int 95(1), 31-4. Abstract
Brooks S, Kalmokoff M (2012) Prebiotics and probiotics: methodology, efficacy, and potential health
considerations. J AOAC Int 95(1), 1. Full Citation
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5307 journal articles in the PubMed database
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Borrelioseund Polyneuropathie
An alternate combination of benfotiamine (100 mg) and pyridoxine (100 mg) .
^ Stracke H, Lindemann A, Federlin K (1996). "A benfotiamine-vitamin B combination in treatment
of diabetic polyneuropathy". Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 104 (4): 311–6. doi:10.1055/s-00291211460. PMID 8886748.
^ Thornalley PJ (2005). "The potential role of thiamine (vitamin B(1)) in diabetic complications".
Curr Diabetes Rev 1 (3): 287–98. doi:10.2174/157339905774574383. PMID 18220605.
from http://www.endotext.org/diabetes/diabetes31/diabetesframe31.htm
Alpha-Lipoic acid or thioctic acid has been used for its antioxidant properties and for its thiolreplenishing redox-modulating properties. A number of studies show its favorable influence on
microcirculation and reversal of symptoms of neuropathy 129 130 131 132. A meta-analysis including
1,258 patients from four randomized clinical trials concluded that 600 mg of i.v. α-Lipoic acid daily
significantly reduced symptoms of neuropathy and improved neuropathic deficits
(129) Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are
improved with alpha-lipoic acid: the SYDNEY trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26:770-776.
(130) Ruhnau KJ, Meissner HP, Finn R, Reljanovic M, Lobisch M, Schutte K et al. Effects of 3-week
oral treatment with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) in symptomatic diabetic
polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 16[12], 1040-1043. 1999.
(131) Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral
neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial
(ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995;38:1425-1433.
(132) Reljanovic M, Reichel G, Rett K, Lobisch M, Schuette K, Moller W et al. Treatment of diabetic
polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized
double-blind placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radic
Res 31[3], 171-179. 1999.
(133) Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic
polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004;21:114-121.
Erregernachweis Borrelien etc.
Direkte Verfahren
Bakterien-Kultur
Bakterien-Histologie
Videomikroskopie
PCR-Verfahren
EM-Signale
Indirekte Verfahren
Lymphozytentransformationstest (Elispot LTT)
Lymphozytenproliferationstest (LTT)
Proteom-Nachweise
Westernblot und ELISA (sog. zwei Stufen-Test)
Evtl. Ergänzende Marker
Hirn-SPECT
CD57 natürliche Killerzellen
CXCL13
Zyklische Diguanylsäure
Spermin-Titer, Neopterin
Komplement C3a,C4a
VCS-Test
Bakterien-Krankheitserreger, Nachweis
„Henle - Kochsche Postulate in der Urfassung für den Erregernachweis bei Infektionskrankheiten (alte Schreibweise ):
1. „Es müssen constant in den lokal erkrankten Partien Organismen in typischer Anordnung nachgewiesen werden.
2. Die Organismen, welchen nach ihrem Verhalten zu den erkrankten Theilen eine Bedeutung für das Zustandekommen dieser
Veränderung beizulegen wäre, müssen isolirt und rein gezüchtet werden.
3. Mit den Reinculturen muss die Krankheit experimentell wieder erzeugt werden können“.
[Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 2, 424,1884]
Henle – Kochsche Postulate in der Neufassung:
1. Der mutmaßliche Krankheitserreger muss immer mit der Krankheit assoziiert sein und in gesunden
Tieren nicht nachgewiesen werden.
2. Der mutmaßliche Erreger muss in Reinkultur gezüchtet werden.
3. Eine Reinkultur des mutmaßlichen Erregers muss im gesunden Tier die Krankheit auslösen.
4. Der Organismus muss re - isoliert werden und identisch mit dem ursprünglichen Erreger sein.“
Quelle: Huismans BD (2008)
http://www.grin.com/de/e-book/86576/plaedoyer-fuer-den-erregernachweis-bei-der-chronischen-lyme-borreliose
s.a. Stricker RB (2012), speziell die Seiten 16 bis 19
http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/HHRG-112-FA16-WState-StrickerR-20120717.pdf
(2012) Global Challenges in Diagnosing and Managing Lyme Disease—Closing Knowledge Gaps,
Text-Versionen http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearings/view/?1455
Bakterien-Kultur
Koch R (1893) Über den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Cholera Diagnose. J Hyg Inf
14, 319-333.
Barbour, AG (1984) Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes. Yale J.Biol.Med.57, 521-25.
Mursic VP, Wanner G, Reinhardt S et al. (1996). Formation and cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi
spheroplast-L-form variants. Infection 24 (3), 218–226.
Phillips SE, Mattman LH, Hulinska D, and Moayad H (1998). "A proposal for the reliable culture of
Borrelia burgdorferi from patients with chronic Lyme disease, even from those previously aggressively
treated". Infection 26 (6), 364–367.
Oksi J, Marjamaki M, Nikoskelainen J, and Viljanen MK (1999) Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture
and PCR in clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann Med 31 (3), 225–232.
Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Moore VA, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, and Little SE (2004).
"First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness"
(PDF). J Clin Microbiol 42 (3)
Sapi E, Kaur N, Anyanwu S, Luecke DF, Datar A, Patel S, Rossi M, Stricker RB. (2011) Evaluation
2
of in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of different morphological forms of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Drug
Resist. 4, 97-113.
Liveris D., Schwartz I., Bittker S., Cooper D., Iyer R., Cox ME, Wormser GP. (2011) Improving the
Yield of Blood Cultures in Early Lyme Disease. J. Clin. Microbiol.doi:10.1128/JCM.00350-11
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/JCM.00350-11v1
Bakterien-Histologie
Eisendle K, Tanja Grabner T, Bernhard Zelger B (2007) Focus Floating Microscopy “Gold Standard”
for Cutaneous Borreliosis? Am J Clin Pathol 2007;127:213-222
Eisendle K, Müller H, Zelger B. (2008) Biofilms of Borrelia burgdorferi in chronic cutaneous borreliosis.
Am J Clin Pathol 129, 989-90.
Müller KE (2009) Erkrankung der elastischen und kollagenen Fasern von Haut, Sehnen und Bändern
bei Lyme-Borreliose. umwelt medizin gesellschaft 22(2), 112-118
Eisendle, K. (2010): Neue Aspekte kutaner Borreliosen Immunhistochemie und Focus Floating
Microscopy bei kutaner Borreliose, Vortragszusammenfassung von PD Dr. Dr. Klaus Eisendle /
Universität für Dermatologie und Venerologie - Innsbruck, Programm zur Jahresversammlung -Bad
Herrenalb 28.-30.S. 11-12, Deutschen Borreliose-Gesellschaft e.V. Bad Herrenalb
Videomikroskopie
Escudero R, Halluska ML, Backenson PB, Coleman JL, Benach JL (1997). "Characterization of the
physiological requirements for the bactericidal effects of a monoclonal antibody to OspB of Borrelia
burgdorferi by confocal microscopy". Infect. Immun. 65 (5), 1908–15.
Laane, M. M. 2006. Ein einfaches Mikroskopiesystem für Zeitrafferaufnahmen lebender Zellen.
Mikrokosmos 95: 310-316.
Laane, M. M. 2007. The use of web-cams in microscopy. infocus. Proc. Royal Microscop. Soc. 5: 4254.
Laane, M. M. & Lie. T. 2007. Moderne mikroskopi med enkle metoder, Unipub Forlag. ISBN 978-827477-281-6. 335 pp.
Video-Mikroskopie und Bilder von Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochäten und andere ähnliche Strukturen
Linksammlung.
http://translate.google.de/translate?hl=de&langpair=en|de&u=http://lymerick.net/videomicroscopy.htm
Laane M, Mysterud I, Nongva O et al. (2009) Borrelia and Lyme-Borreliosis. Morphological studies of a
dangerous spirochete. biolog, nr. 2 http://www.bio.ekanal.no/bio/vedlegg/borrelia.pdf
PCR-Verfahren
Muellegger RR, Zoechling N, Soyer HP et al. (1995). No detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA
in erythema migrans lesions after minocycline treatment. Arch Dermatol 131 (6), 678–82.
Bayer ME and Zhang L, Bayer MH (1996). Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in the urine of treated patients
with chronic Lyme disease symptoms. A PCR study of 97 cases. Infection 24 (5): 347–353.
Dickson JH, Oeggl K, Handley LL. (2003) The iceman reconsidered..Sci Am. 288(5), 70-79.
Santino I, Berlutti F, Pantanella F, Sessa R, del Piano M. (2008) Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato DNA by PCR in serum of patients with clinical symptoms of Lyme borreliosis. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 283, 30-5.
3
EM-Signale
Montagnier L, Aïssa J, Ferris S, Montagnier JL, Lavallée C. (2009) Electromagnetic signals are
produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdiscip Sci 1, 81-90.
http://www.homeopathyeurope.org/media/news/MontagnierElectromadneticSignals.pdf
Montagnier L, Aïssa J, Lavallée C, Mbamy M, Varon J, Chenal H. (2009) Electromagnetic detection
of HIV DNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by antiretroviral therapy. Interdiscip Sci 1, 245-53.
[Moor EB, Molinero V. (2011) Structural transformation in supercooled water controls the
crystallization rate of ice, Nature 479, 506-508
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10586.html
(H2O ohne Anwesenheit jeglicher Kristallisationskeime – gefriert erst bei minus 48,3 °C)]
Widom A, Swain J, Srivastava YN, Sivasubramanian S (2012) Electromagnetic Signals from Bacterial
DNA. (last revised 9 Feb 2012 (this version, v2) http://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.3113v2.pdf
Lymphozytentransformationstest (Elispot LTT)
è http://www.wwwarchiv.de/wwwarchiv/anfang/texte/lit/ltt-tests.pdf
Lymphozytenproliferationstest (LTT)
Valentine-Thon E et al, (2007) A novel lymphocyte transformation test (LTTMELISA®) for Lyme
borreliosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57:27-34
von Baehr V et al, (2007) Untersuchungen zur diagnostischen Wertigkeit des
Lymphozytentransformationstestes bei Patienten mit Borreliose. J Lab Med 31(3),149-158
Berghoff W. (2012) Lymphozytentransformationstest (LTT) bei der Lyme-Borreliose. Literaturübersicht
http://www.praxis-berghoff.de/dokumente/LTT_bei_der_Lyme-Borreliose.pdf
Proteom-Nachweise (Microarrays) http://www.genome.gov/10000533#al-2
Liang FT, Kenneth Nelson F, Fikrig E (2002) DNA Microarray Assessment of Putative Borrelia
burgdorferi Lipoprotein Genes doi: 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3300-3303.2002 Infect. Immun. 70(6) 3300-3303
Sauer K. (2003) The genomics and proteomics of biofilm formation. Genome Biol 4, 219.
Barbour AG, Jasinskas A, Kayala MA, Davies DH, Steere AC, Baldi P, Felgner PL. (2008) A
genome-wide proteome array reveals a limited set of immunogens in natural infections of humans
and white-footed mice with Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 76, 3374-89.
Xu Y, Bruno JF, Luft BJ. (2008) Profiling the humoral immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi
infection with protein microarrays. Microb Pathog 45, 403-7.
Schutzer S et al. (2011) Distinct cerebrospinal fluid proteomes differentiate post-treatment Lyme
disease fromchronic fatigue Syndrome. Plos One. 6, e17297
Nelson K (2011) Metagenomics of the Human Body. 1st Edition., 350 p. 40 illus., 20 in color., Hardcover
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7088-6
Angel TE, Jacobs JM, Smith RP et al. (2012) Cerebrospinal fluid proteome of patients with acute Lyme
disease. Journal of Proteome Research Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 29, 2012
4
Westernblot und ELISA („Zwei Stufen-Test“)
Zwei Stufen-Test Ergebnisse haben eine durchschnittliche Sensitivität von 46% und eine
durchschnittliche Spezifität von 99% (2008). Neuere Ergebnisse, speziell für Europa, sind uns
nicht bekannt.
Was „Autoimmunität“?
Stricker R. (2012) “One of the benefits of doing C3a and C4a testing in a Lyme patient with
positive ANA is that if the C3a is normal prior to antibiotic treatment, the patient is unlikely to
have an autoimmune disease no matter how high the ANA titer is. Like the ANA, C4a is an
inflammatory marker that can be high in any condition that involves inflammation.”
s.a. Stricker RB (2012), die Seite 20
http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/HHRG-112-FA16-WState-StrickerR-20120717.pdf
Craft J, Fischer DK, Shimamoto GT, Steere AC. (1986) Antigens of Borrella burgdorferi Recognized
during Lyme Disease appearance of a new Immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the
immunoglobulin G response late in the illness. J. Clin.Invest.1978: 934-939.
Luger SW, Krauss PJ. (1990) Serologic tests for Lyme disease: interlaboratory variability. Arch
Intern Med 150, 761-763.
Dressler F, Whalen JA, Reinhardt BN, Steere AC (1993) Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of
Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 167, 392-400. Abstract/FREE Full Text
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, McKenna DFet al. (1993) Serodiagnosis in early Lyme disease.
J Clin Microbiol 31, 3090-3095.
Engstrom SM, Shoop E, Johnson RC. (1995) Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis
of early Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 33(2), 419-27.
Engstrom SM, Shoop E, Johnson RC. (1995) Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of
early Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 33, 419–27. [Spezifität 96%, Sensitivität 55%]
Oksi J, Uksila J, Marjamäki M, Nikoskelainen J,Viljanen MK. (1995) Antibodies against Whole
Sonicated Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes, 41-Kilodalton Flagellin, and P39 Protein in Patients with
PCR- or Culture-Proven Late Lyme Borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol. September: 33(9): 2260-2264.
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, McKenna DFet al. (1996) Evolution of the serologic response
to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with cultureconfirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol 34,
1-9.
Wormser GP, Horowitz HW, Dumler SJ, Schwartz I, Aguero-Rosenfeld M (1996) False-positive Lyme
disease serology in human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Lancet 347,981-2.
CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science
Ledue TB, Collins MF, Craig WY. (1996) New laboratory guidelines for serologic diagnosis of Lyme
disease: evaluation of the two-test protocol. J Clin Microbiol 34, 2343–50. [Spezifität 100%,
Sensitivität 44%]
Tilton RC, Sand MN, Manak M. (1997) The Western immunoblot for Lyme disease: determination
of sensitivity, specificity, and interpretive criteria with use of commercially available performance
panels. Clin Infect Dis 25(Suppl 1), S31-4. [Spezifität 100%, Sensitivität 45%]
Bakken LL, Callister SM, Wand PJ, Schell RF.(1997) Interlaboratory comparison of test results
for detection of Lyme disease by 516 participants in the Wisconsin State Laboratory of
Hygiene/College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Program. J Clin Microbiol
35(3), 537-43.
Tugwell P, Dennis DT, Weinstein A, et al. (1997) Laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme
disease. Ann Intern Med 127, 1109-23. Abstract/FREE Full Text
5
Trevejo RT, Krause PJ, Sikand VK, et al (1999) Evaluation of two-test serodiagnostic method for early
Lyme disease in clinical practice. J Infect Dis 179, 931-8. Abstract/FREE Full Text [Spezifität 100%,
Sensitivität 29%]
Liang FT, Steere AC, Marques AR, Johnson BJ, Miller JN, Philipp MT (1999) Sensitive and specific
serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an
immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE. J Clin Microbiol 37, 3990-6.
Abstract/FREE Full Text
Kalish RA, McHugh G, Granquist J, Shea B, Ruthazer R, Steere AC (2001) Persistence of IgM or IgG
antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10 to 20 years after active Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 33,
780-5. Abstract/FREE Full Text
Hunfeld KP, Stanek G, Straube E, Hagedorn HJ, Schörner C, Mühlschlegel F, Brade V. (2002) Quality
of Lyme disease serology. Lessons from the German Proficiency Testing Program 1999-2001.
Apreliminary report. Wien Klin Wochenschr.114(13-14), 591-600.
Bacon RM, Biggerstaff BJ, Schriefer ME, et al (2003) Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic
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VCS-Test
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Serologie Lyme-Borreliose Stadium III
In verschiedenen Meinungspublikationen wird behauptet, dass bei der LymeBorreliose im Stadium III (Spätstadium) grundsätzlich Antikörper nachweisbar seien,
d.h. bei einer Lyme-Borreliose III bestünde stets Seropositivität.
Andererseits belegen zahlreiche Publikationen und Fallstudien, dass bei der LymeBorreliose im Stadium III bis zu 50% der Patienten keine Antikörper aufweisen, es
besteht also bei der Hälfte der Patienten Seronegativität (1-18).
Repräsentativ für die Behauptung, dass bei der Lyme-Borreliose im Spätstadium
stets Seropositivität vorläge, ist die Arbeit von Wilske et al aus 2007 (19). In dieser
Publikation heißt es: „In der Spätphase der Lyme-Borreliose (Akrodermatitis, Arthritis)
sind AK bei allen Patienten nachweisbar (Hansen und Asbrink, 1989, Wilske et al,
1993).
Diese beiden Publikationen werden zunächst epikritisch dargestellt.
Hansen K, Asbrink E 1989 (20)
Die Publikation aus 1989 vergleicht die Sensivität von zwei ELISA-Tests:
-
sonic extract ELISA
-
flagellum ELISA
Der flagellum ELISA ist sensitiver als der sonic extract ELISA.
Bei Erythema migrans (EM) liegt die Sensivität des flagellum ELISA bei 36%, für IgM
bei 45%. Bei Dauer des EM von einem Monat oder länger beträgt die IgG Sensivität
50%.
Bei Patienten mit ACA waren in allen Fällen IgG AK nachweisbar.
IgM AK stellt einen unspezifischen Befund bei Patienten mit ACA dar.
Flagellum ELISA ist von Bedeutung bei der wachsenden Routineserologie bei LB.
Kommentierung
Im Hinblick auf den Aspekt Serologie bei Lyme-Borreliose Stadium III ist also zu
beachten, dass eine positive Serologie nur bei Patienten mit ACA regelmäßig
nachweisbar war, während ohne diese Hautmanifestation Seronegativität häufig
beschrieben wird. Es kann also nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass Patienten mit
ACA immunologisch anders reagieren, als Patienten mit Lyme-Borreliose Stadium III
ohne ACA. In den oben genannten Publikationen über Seronegativität bei LymeBorreliose Stadium III wurde häufig der Krankheitserreger nachgewiesen. Da sowohl
ACA als auch Erregernachweis als Beweis für die Lyme-Borreliose im Stadium III
gelten, können folglich nur zwei Schlussfolgerungen resultieren:
-
Bei ACA Seropositivität
-
Bei Lyme-Borreliose Stadium III ohne ACA häufig Seronegativität
Die Gleichsetzung von ACA und Lyme-Borreliose Stadium III ohne ACA lässt sich
literarisch nicht belegen.
In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch das Verhältnis eines länger dauernden Erythema
migrans / Serologie von Bedeutung. Auch das Erythema migrans gilt als
krankheitsbeweisend. In der Arbeit von Hansen und Asbrink (1989) war das EM von
einem Monat oder länger jedoch nur in 50% der Fälle mit einem pathologischen
Befund für IgG AK verbunden.
Wilske B et al, 1993 (21)
Die Publikation vergleicht Immunoblot / IFA bzw. ELISA.
Immunoblot: Antigene: p100, Flagellin, internes Flagellin, OspA, OspC.
Vergleich mit folgenden Suchtests:
IFA-ABS
Flagellin ELISA
ELISA (OGP-ELISA)
Die Publikation schließt 24 Patienten mit Lyme-Arthritis (Arthritis im Spätstadium) und
19 Patienten mit ACA ein. Bei all diesen Patienten waren IgG-ELISA und p100
(Immunoblot) positiv (vgl. Tab. 1).
Tab. 1
Serologie bei ACA bzw. Lyme-Arthritis
ACA:
IgG ELISA 100%
p100 100%
OspA 11%
OspC 21%
41/i 46%
Arthritis:
ELISA IgG 100%
p100 100%
p41 100%
OspA 4%
OspC 13%
P31/i 46%
Blutspener:
IgG ELISA 5%
p100 9%
24 Patienten mit Lyme-Arthritis, 19 Patienten mit ACA.
Kommentierung
Neben der Arbeit von Hansen, K, Asbrink, E (1989) (20) und Wilske et al (1993) (21)
enthält die Literatur auch einige andere Publikationen, die eine Beurteilung der
Serologie bei Lyme-Borreliose im Stadium III erlauben.
In der Arbeit von Asch et al (22) waren die 4 Patienten mit intermittierender Arthritis
alle seropositiv, dagegen bestand bei den übrigen 119 Patienten mit Lyme-Borreliose
im Spätstadium Seronegativität in 69% der Fälle. In der Arbeit von TylewskaWierzbanowska und Chmielewski (4) wurden bei 11 Patienten mit Lyme-Arthritis nur
in etwa 30% der Fälle spezifische Banden im Immunoblot IgG nachgewiesen.
Hassler (23) fand bei der Lyme-Arthritis Seronegativität, allerdings war die
Seropositivität bei Vorliegen einer Lyme-Arthritis achtmal größer (23). – Andererseits
berichtet Hassler über 166 Patienten, die im Laufe von drei Jahren mindestens
einmal eine Episode einer Lyme-Arthritis aufwiesen. Von diesen Patienten waren 95
seronegativ und 71 seropositiv. Dies entspricht 55% seronegativ und 45% seropositiv
(vgl. 23).
Fazit:
Die Behauptung von Wilske et al (19), dass bei einer Lyme-Borreliose im Stadium III
stets Seropositivität vorläge, stützt sich also ausschließlich auf die Arbeit von Hansen
und Asbrink (20) und Wilske et al (21). Die Literatur enthält jedoch zahlreiche andere
Publikationen, die der Ansicht von Wilske entgegenstehen und belegen, dass bei der
Lyme-Borreliose Stadium III Seronegativität häufig vorkommt.
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3
„Since many bacteria in the classical form pass through 450 Nanometer pore filters, the term
„filterable microbes“ should be reserved for variants which pass through a porosity of 250
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Virusarten (20 bis 300 Nanometer), Trigger für Krankheiten
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L-Formen (50 bis 250 Nanometer), = „Virus-Äquivalente“, Trigger für Krankheiten
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Immunsubpressive Virusarten
Multiple Sklerose (MS) und Neuroborreliose
Pachner AR (1989) Neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease, the new "great imitator". Rev Infect
Dis S1482-6. Abstract
Halperin JJ, Luft BJ, Anand AK, et al. (1989) Lyme neuroborreliosis: central nervous system
manifestations. Neurology 39(6), 753-9. Abstract
Heller J, Holzer G, Schimrigk K (1990) Immunological differentiation between neuroborreliosis and
multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 237(8), 465-70. Abstract
Heller J, Holzer G, Schimrigk K (1990) ELISA for specifying oligoclonal bands of isoelectric focusing of
cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neuroborreliosis and multiple sclerosis. Nervenarzt 61(4), 248-9.
Full Citation
Halperin JJ, Volkman DJ, Wu P (1991) Central nervous system abnormalities in Lyme
neuroborreliosis. Neurology 41(10), 1571-82. Abstract
Murray R, Morawetz R, Kepes J, et al. (1992) Lyme neuroborreliosis manifesting as an intracranial
mass lesion. Neurosurgery 30(5), 769-73. Abstract
Lana-Peixoto MA (1994) Multiple sclerosis and positive Lyme serology. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 52(4),
566-71. Abstract
Curless RG, Schatz NJ, Bowen BC, et al. (1996) Lyme neuroborreliosis masquerading as a brainstem
tumor in a 15-year-old. Pediatr Neurol 15(3), 258-60. Abstract
Schmutzhard E (2002) Multiple sclerosis and Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114(13-14),
539-43. Abstract
Gustaw K, Bełtowska K, Długosz E (2005) Co-existance of toxoplasmosis and neuroborreliosis - a
case report. Ann Agric Environ Med 12(2), 305-8. Abstract
Bednárová J, Stourac P, Adam P (2005) Relevance of immunological variables in neuroborreliosis and
multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 112(2), 97-102. Abstract
Drozdowski W (2006) Multifocal central nervous system lesions --multiple sclerosis or
neuroborreliosis?. Przegl Epidemiol 39-45. Abstract
Adam P, Sobeka O, Scott CS (2007) Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cell populations with monoclonal
antibodies. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 52(5), 529-34. Abstract
Fadil H, Kelley RE, Gonzalez-Toledo E (2007) Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Int Rev
Neurobiol 393-422. Abstract
Batinac T, Petranovic D, Zamolo G, et al. (2007) Lyme borreliosis and multiple sclerosis are
associated with primary effusion lymphoma. Med Hypotheses 69(1), 117-9. Abstract
Blanc F, Ballonzoli L, Marcel C, et al. (2010) Lyme optic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 295(1-2), 117-9.
Abstract
Mattsson N, Bremell D, Anckarsäter R, et al. (2010) Neuroinflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis
affects amyloid metabolism. BMC Neurol 51. Abstract
Spirin NN, Baranova NS, Fadeeva OA, et al. (2011) Differential aspects of multiple sclerosis and
chronic borrelial encephalomyelitis. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 111(7), 8-12. Abstract
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Djelilovic-Vranic J, Alajbegovic A. (2012) Role of early viral infections in development of multiple
sclerosis. Med Arh. 66(3 Suppl 1), 37-40.
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62 journal articles in the PubMed database
Parvovirus B19
Barah F, Vallely PJ, Cleator GM, et al. (2003) Neurological manifestations of human parvovirus B19
infection. Rev Med Virol 13(3); 185-99. Abstract
Duhaut P, Bosshard S, Ducroix JP (2004) Is giant cell arteritis an infectious disease? Biological and
epidemiological evidence. Presse Med 33(19 Pt 2), 1403-8. Abstract
Alvarez-Lafuente R, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Jover JA, et al. (2005) Human parvovirus B19, varicella
zoster virus, and human herpes virus 6 in temporal artery biopsy specimens of patients with giant cell
arteritis: analysis with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Ann Rheum Dis 64(5), 780-2.
Abstract
Banwell B, Krupp L, Kennedy J, et al. (2007) Clinical features and viral serologies in children with
multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study. Lancet Neurol 6(9), 773-81. Abstract
Musiani M, Manaresi E, Gallinella G, et al. (2007) Persistent parvovirus b19 infection resulting in
carpal tunnel syndrome. J Clin Pathol 60(10), 1177-8. Full Citation
Coskun O, Erdem H, Gul HC, et al. (2008) Meningoencephalitis associated with human parvovirus
B19. Clin Microbiol Infect 14(12), 1188-90. Full Citation
Seishima M, Mizutani Y, Shibuya Y, et al. (2008) Chronic fatigue syndrome after human parvovirus
B19 infection without persistent viremia. Dermatology 216(4), 341-6. Abstract
Buyukkose M, Kozanoglu E, Basaran S, et al. (2009) Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in
fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 28(3), 305-9. Abstract
Douvoyiannis M, Litman N, Goldman DL (2009) Neurologic manifestations associated with parvovirus
B19 infection. Clin Infect Dis 48(12), 1713-23. Abstract
Frémont M, Metzger K, Rady H, et al. (2009) Detection of herpes viruses and parvovirus B19 in gastric
and intestinal mucosa of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. In Vivo 23(2), 209-13. Abstract
Zhang G, Xu D, Sun X,et al. (2010) The VP1-unique region of parvovirus B19 induces myocardial
injury in mice. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2010
Marek I, Metzler M, Reutter G, et al. (2010) Recurrent fever episodes with arthralgia or hyperesthesia-have you ruled out parvovirus B19? Klin Padiatr 222(6), 397-8. Full Citation
Scheibe F, Hofmann J, Ruprecht K (2010) Parainfectious myelitis associated with parvovirus B19
infection. J Neurol 257(9), 1557-8. Full Citation
Le Scanff J, Vighetto A, Mekki Y, et al. (2010) Acute ophthalmoparesis associated with human
parvovirus B19 infection. Eur J Ophthalmol 20(4), 802-4. Abstract
Kerr JR, Gough J, Richards SC, et al. (2010) Antibody to parvovirus B19 nonstructural protein is
associated with chronic arthralgia in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic
encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol 91(Pt 4), 893-7. Abstract
Nara M, Shirata Y, Kikuchi T, et al. (2011) Adult human parvovirus-B19 infection presenting with
hearing difficulty and dizziness. Tohoku J Exp Med 224(1), 57-9. Abstract
3
Barbi F, Ariatti A, Funakoshi K, et al. (2011) Parvovirus B19 infection antedating Guillain-Barre'
syndrome variant with prominent facial diplegia. J Neurol 258(8), 1551-2. Full Citation
Lenglet T, Haroche J, Schnuriger A, et al. (2011) Mononeuropathy multiplex associated with acute
parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics, treatment and outcome. J Neurol 258(7), 1321-6. Abstract
Hanai S, Komaki H, Sakuma H, et al. (2011) Acute autonomic sensory and motor neuropathy
associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Brain Dev 33(2), 161-5. Abstract
Uchida Y, Matsubara K, Morio T, et al. (2012) Acute cerebellitis and concurrent encephalitis
associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31(4), 427. Full Citation
Prieto de Paula JM, Mayor-Toranzo E, Franco-Hidalgo S (2012) Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and
parvovirus B19 infection. Rev Clin Esp 212(4), 221-2. Full Citation
Cugler T, Carvalho LM, Facincani I, et al. (2012) Severe glomerulonephritis and encephalopathy
associated with parvovirus B19 infection mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J
Rheumatol 41(1), 79-81. Full Citation
Chapenko S, Krumina A, Logina I et al. (2012) Association of Active Human Herpesvirus-6, -7 and
Parvovirus B19 Infection with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis /
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Adv Virol. 205085. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927850
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210 journal articles in the PubMed database
Herpes Virus-6, -7
Garcia-Montojo M, Martinez A, De Las Heras V et al. (2011) Herpesvirus active replication in multiple
sclerosis: a genetic control? J Neurol Sci. 311(1-2), 98-102. Epub 2011 Oct 1.
Tanaka M, Kato A, Satoh Y, TIde T et al. (2012) Herpes simplex virus 1 VP22 regulates
translocation of multiple viral and cellular proteins and promotes neurovirulence. Journal of virology
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7227 journal articles in the PubMed database
Epstein Barr Virus
Alotaibi S, Kennedy J, Tellier R, et al. (2004) Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric multiple sclerosis. JAMA
291(15), 1875-9. Abstract
Kleines M, Schiefer J, Stienen A, et al. (2011) Expanding the spectrum of neurological disease
associated with Epstein-Barr virus activity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30(12), 1561-9. Abstract
Borkosky SS, Whitley C, Kopp-Schneider A, zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. (2012) Epstein-Barr virus
stimulates torque teno virus replication: a possible relationship to multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 7(2),
e32160. Epub 2012 Feb 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22384166
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1962 journal articles in the PubMed database
Cytomegalie Virus
Sandberg-Wollheim M, Vandvik B, Nadj C, et al. (1987) The intrathecal immune response in the early
stage of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 81(1), 45-53. Abstract
4
Wissen-Siegert I, Welkoborsky HJ (1990) Value and status of neurologic, serologic, internal medicine
and orthopedic studies in routine diagnosis of sudden deafness. Laryngorhinootologie 69(3), 140-4.
Abstract
Osterwalder P, Koch J (1998) Fever, headache and weakness. Primary cytomegalovirus infection..
Praxis (Bern 1994) 87(8), 282-6. Abstract
Feng ZJ, Zhao RG, Wang DX (2008) Relationship between EB virus, Cytomegalo virus, herpes
simplex virus and coxsackievirus infection and relapse of multiple sclerosis. Zhonghua Shi Yan He
Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 22(6), 472-4. Abstract
Buyck HCE, Griffiths PD, Emery VC (2010) Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication kinetics in
stem cell transplant recipients following anti-HCMV therapy. Journal of clinical virology : the official
publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
Mason GM, Emma Poole E, Patrick Sissons JG et al. (2012) Human cytomegalovirus latency
alters the cellular secretome, inducing cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T-cell migration and
suppression of effector function. Edited by Elliott Kieff, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (received for review March 27, 2012).
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20 journal articles in the PubMed database
Coxsackie Virus
Unbound MEDLINE results for: coxsackie virus and neurological disorder Refine this search
3599 journal articles in the PubMed database
Virus triggers chronic illnesses and chronic bacterial infections
Natelson BH, Noul DE, Jenkins FJ et al. (1994) High titers of anti-Epstein-Barr virus DNA
polymerase found in patients with severe fatigue illness. Journal of medical virology 42 (1),
42-6
Hulínská D, Roubalová K, Schramlová J (2003) Interaction of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu
lato with Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoblastoid cells. Folia Biol (Praha) 49(1), 40-8. Abstract
Molina V, Shoenfeld Y (2005) Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of
autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 38(3), 235-45. Abstract
Harel M, Aron-Maor A, Sherer Y, et al. (2005) The infectious etiology of the
antiphospholipid syndrome: links between infection and autoimmunity. Immunobiology
210(10), 743-7. Abstract
Zampieri S, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, et al. (2006) Polymyositis-dermatomyositis and
infections. Autoimmunity 39(3), 191-6. Abstract
Tsonis IA, Avrameas S, Moutsopoulos HM (2007) Autoimmunity and pathophysiology. J
Autoimmun 29(4), 203-5. Abstract
Sairenji T, Nagata K (2007) Viral infections in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nihon Rinsho
65(6), 991-6. Abstract
Wyller VB (2007) The chronic fatigue syndrome--an update. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 714. Abstract
Cave SF (2008) The history of vaccinations in the light of the autism epidemic. Altern Ther
Health Med 14(6), 54-7. Abstract
Buskila D, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P (2008) Etiology of fibromyalgia: the possible role of
infection and vaccination. Autoimmun Rev 8(1), 41-3. Abstract
Doria A, Canova M, Tonon M, et al. (2008) Infections as triggers and complications of
systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 8(1), 24-8. Abstract
Ralston SH (2008) Pathogenesis of Paget's disease of bone. Bone 43(5), 819-25. Abstract
Fakioglu E, Wilson SS, Mesquita PM, et al. (2008) Herpes simplex virus downregulates
secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a novel immune evasion mechanism. J Virol
82(19), 9337-44. Abstract
Baio P, Brucato A, Buskila D, et al. (2008) Autoimmune diseases and infections:
controversial issues. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(1 Suppl 48), S74-80. Abstract
Avcin T, Canova M, Guilpain P, et al. (2008) Infections, connective tissue diseases and
vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(1 Suppl 48), S18-26. Abstract
Orbach H, Tanay A (2009) Vaccines as a trigger for myopathies. Lupus 18(13), 1213-6.
Abstract
Zandman-Goddard G, Berkun Y, Barzilai O, et al. (2009) Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus
infection is associated with mild systemic lupus erythematosus disease. Ann N Y Acad
Sci 658-63. Abstract
2
Fierabracci A (2009) Unravelling the role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of human
autoimmunity: the hypothesis of the retroviral involvement revisited. Curr Mol Med 9(9),
1024-33. Abstract
Fong F, Illahi M (2009) Neuralgic amyotrophy associated with hepatitis E virus. Clin Neurol
Neurosurg 111(2), 193-5. Abstract
Perron H, Bernard C, Bertrand JB, et al. (2009) Endogenous retroviral genes, Herpesviruses
and gender in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 286(1-2), 65-72. Abstract
Duensing A, Spardy N, Chatterjee P, et al. (2009) Centrosome overduplication,
chromosomal instability, and human papillomavirus oncoproteins. Environ Mol Mutagen
50(8), 741-7. Abstract
Ercolini AM, Miller SD (2009) The role of infections in autoimmune disease. Clin Exp
Immunol 155(1), 1-15. Abstract
Märker-Hermann E, Schmidt RE (2010) Infection: causes, triggers and complications of
rheumatic disease. Z Rheumatol 69(10), 863. Full Citation
Perera RA, Samaranayake LP, Tsang CS (2010) Shedding dynamics of Epstein-Barr virus: A
type 1 carcinogen. Arch Oral Biol 55(9), 639-47. Abstract
Kakalacheva K, Münz C, Lünemann JD (2010) Viral triggers of multiple sclerosis. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1812(2), 132-40. Abstract
Lünemann JD, Tintoré M, Messmer B, et al. (2010) Elevated Epstein-Barr virus-encoded
nuclear antigen-1 immune responses predict conversion to multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol
67(2), 159-69. Abstract
Comabella M, Montalban X, Horga A, et al. (2010) Antiviral immune response in patients with
multiple sclerosis and healthy siblings. Mult Scler 16(3), 355-8. Abstract
Iskra S, Kalla M, Delecluse HJ, et al. (2010) Toll-like receptor agonists synergistically
increase proliferation and activation of B cells by epstein-barr virus. J Virol 84(7), 3612-23.
Abstract
Zhang L, Gough J, Christmas D, et al. (2010) Microbial infections in eight genomic subtypes
of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Clin Pathol 63(2), 156-64.
Abstract
Larsen M, Sauce D, Deback C, et al. (2011) Exhausted cytotoxic control of Epstein-Barr virus
in human lupus. PLoS Pathog 7(10), e1002328. Abstract
Sarid R, Gao SJ. (2011) Viruses and human cancer: From detection to causality. Cancer
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Delogu LG, Deidda S, Delitala G, et al. (2011) Infectious diseases and autoimmunity. J
Infect Dev Ctries 5(10), 679-87. Abstract
Gan L, Miller FW (2011) State of the art: what we know about infectious agents and
myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 23(6), 585-94. Abstract
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Ariza ME, Williams MV (2011) A human endogenous retrovirus K dUTPase triggers a TH1,
TH17 cytokine response: does it have a role in psoriasis? J Invest Dermatol 131(12), 241927. Abstract
Rodríguez-Pazos L, Gómez-Bernal S, Montero I, et al. (2011) Erythema multiforme
photoinduced by paroxetine and herpes simplex virus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol
Photomed 27(4), 219-21. Abstract
Kakalacheva K, Lünemann JD (2011) Environmental triggers of multiple sclerosis. FEBS
Lett 585(23), 3724-9. Abstract
Wingerchuk DM (2011) Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis: Epstein-Barr virus,
vitamin D, and cigarette smoking. Mt Sinai J Med 78(2), 221-30. Abstract
Muhammad S, Haasbach E, Kotchourko M, et al. (2011) Influenza virus infection aggravates
stroke outcome. Stroke 42(3), 783-91. Abstract
Weseslindtner L, Nachbagauer R, Kundi M, et al. (2011) Human cytomegalovirus infection in
lung transplant recipients triggers a CXCL-10 response. Am J Transplant 11(3), 542-52.
Abstract
Casiraghi C, Shanina I, Cho S et al. (2012) Gammaherpesvirus Latency Accentuates EAE
Pathogenesis: Relevance to Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS Pathog 8(5):
e1002715. http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002715
Montoya JG, Neely MN, Gupta S et al. (2012) Antiviral therapy of two patients with
chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus-6A presenting with cognitive dysfunction. J
Clin Virol. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770640
Buskila D, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P (2008) Etiology of fibromyalgia: the possible role of
infection and vaccination. Autoimmun Rev 8(1), 41-3. Abstract
Hou W, Gibbs JS, Lu X, et al. (2012) Viral infection triggers rapid differentiation of human
blood monocytes into dendritic cells. Blood 119(13), 3128-31. Abstract
Liu X, Li Q, Dowdell K, et al. (2012) Varicella-Zoster virus ORF12 protein triggers
phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and inhibits apoptosis. J Virol 86(6), 3143-51. Abstract
Matullo CM, O'Regan KJ, Curtis M, et al. (2011) CNS recruitment of CD8+ T lymphocytes
specific for a peripheral virus infection triggers neuropathogenesis during polymicrobial
challenge. PLoS Pathog 7(12), e1002462. Abstract
Liu J, Guo YM, Hirokawa M, et al. (2012) A synthetic double-stranded RNA, poly I:C, induces
a rapid apoptosis of human CD34(+) cells. Exp Hematol 40(4), 330-41. Abstract
Tzartos JS, Khan G, Vossenkamper A, et al. (2012) Association of innate immune activation
with latent Epstein-Barr virus in active MS lesions. Neurology 78(1), 15-23. Abstract
Le Negrate G (2012) Viral interference with innate immunity by preventing NF-κB activity.
Cell Microbiol 14(2), 168-81. Abstract
Rizzo R, Gentili V, Casetta I (2012) Altered natural killer cells' response to herpes virus
infection in multiple sclerosis involves KIR2DL2 expression. J Neuroimmunol. [Epub ahead of
print]
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Unbound MEDLINE results for: virus triggers chronic illness, borreliosis , human
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1347 journal articles in the PubMed database
XMRV Virus und Chronic fatigue Syndrom
Carlowe J (2010) Chronic fatigue syndrome is not caused by XMRV virus, study shows. BMJ
c7358. Full Citation
Enserink M (2010) Chronic fatigue syndrome. New XMRV paper looks good, skeptics admit-yet doubts linger. Science 329(5995), 1000. Full Citation
Enserink M (2010) Chronic fatigue syndrome. Conflicting papers on hold as XMRV frenzy
reaches new heights. Science 329(5987), 18-9. Full Citation
Tsibris AM (2011) The end of the association between XMRV, MLV-like viruses and chronic
fatigue syndrome. Virulence 2(6), 493-4. Full Citation
Steffen I, Tyrrell DL, Stein E, et al. (2011) No evidence for XMRV nucleic acids, infectious
virus or anti-XMRV antibodies in Canadian patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS
One 6(11), e27870. Abstract
Hohn O, Bannert N (2011) Origin of XMRV and its demise as a human pathogen associated
with chronic fatigue syndrome. Viruses 3(8), 1312-9. Abstract
Cohen J (2011) Virology. The waning conflict over XMRV and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Science 333(6051), 1810. Full Citation
Ali MA, Dale JK, Kozak CA, et al. (2011) Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus is
not associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in patients from different areas of the us in the
1990s. Virol J 450. Abstract
Cool M, Bouchard N, Massé G, et al. (2011) No detectable XMRV in subjects with chronic
fatigue syndrome from Quebec. Virology 420(1), 66-72. Abstract
Stone K (2011) Paper linking XMRV to chronic fatigue syndrome stirs controversy. Ann
Neurol 70(3), A7-8. Full Citation
Kaiser J (2011) Chronic fatigue syndrome. Studies point to possible contamination in XMRV
findings. Science 331(6013), 17. Full Citation
van Kuppeveld FJ, van der Meer JW (2012) XMRV and CFS--the sad end of a story. Lancet
2012 Feb 4; 379(9814), e27-8. Full Citation
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188 journal articles in the PubMed database
Alzheimer und Spirochaetosis
MacDonald AB, Miranda JM (1987) Concurrent neocortical borreliosis and Alzheimer's
disease. Hum Pathol 18(7), 759-61. Abstract
Pappolla MA, Omar R, Saran B, et al. (1989) Concurrent neuroborreliosis and Alzheimer's
disease: analysis of the evidence. Hum Pathol 20(8), 753-7. Abstract
Miklossy J, Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Janzer RC. (1990) Meningovascular form of
neuroborreliosis: Similarities between neuropathological findings in a case of Lyme disease
and those occurring in tertiary neurosyphilis. Acta Neuropathol 80. 568-572.
Miklossy J, Van der Loos H. (1991) The long distance effects of brain lesions: A study of
myelinated pathways in the human brain using polarizing and fluorescence microscopy. J
Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50, 1-15.
Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D et al (1991) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for
Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of
Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41, 479-86. Abstract/FREE Full Text
Miklossy J (1993) Alzheimer's disease - A spirochetosis? Neuroreport 4(7), 841-8.
Abstract
Miklossy J (1993) Alzheimer's disease--a spirochetosis? Neuroreport 4(9), 1069. Full Citation
Miklossy J, Kasas S, Janzer RC, et al. (1994) Further ultrastructural evidence that
spirochaetes may play a role in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 5(10),
1201-4. Abstract
Gutacker M, Valsangiacomo C, Balmelli T, et al (1998) Arguments against the involvement of
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Alzheimer's disease. Res Microbiol 149, 31-7.Medline
Abstract
Miklossy J, Taddei K, Martins R, Escher G, Kraftsik R, Pillevuit O, Lepori D, Campiche M.
(1999) Alzheimer disease: curly fibers and tangles in organs other than brain. J Neuropathol
Exp Neurol. 58, 803-814.
McLaughlin R, Kin NM, Chen MF, et al. (1999) Alzheimer's disease may not be a
spirochetosis. Neuroreport 10(7), 1489-91. Abstract
Marques AR, Weir SC, Fahle GA, et al. (2000) Lack of evidence of Borrelia involvement in
Alzheimer's disease. J Infect Dis 182(3), 1006-7. Full Citation
Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T (2002) New aspects of the pathogenesis of
lyme disease. Przegl Epidemiol 57-67. Abstract
Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ. (2004)
Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis and may be
associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimer’s Dissease 6 (6), 1-11.
Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, et al. (2004) Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic
lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis 6(6),
639-49; discussion 673-681. Abstract
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Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins RN, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar
P, Mihaly L, Khalili K. (2006) Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer's type changes induced
by Borrelia spirochetes. Neurobiol Aging 27, 228-236.
Meer-Scherrer L, Chang Loa C, Adelson ME, et al. (2006) Lyme disease associated with
Alzheimer's disease. Curr Microbiol 52(4), 330-2. Abstract
MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer's neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection
and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. Med Hypotheses 68(4),
822-5. Abstract
MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer's disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and
redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. Med Hypotheses 68(5),
1059-64. Abstract
Miklossy J. (2008) Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease – role
of spirochetes. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 13(4), 381.391. http://www.j-alz.com/issues/13/vol134.html Abstract
Miklossy J. (2008) Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. In
Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol 89 (3rd series) C Duyckaerts, I Litvan, Editors, 3008,
Elsevier B.V. Chapter of Handbook of Neurology Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 89, 825844.
Miklossy J, Kasas S, Zurn A, McCall S, Yu S, McGeer PL. (2008) Persisting atypical and
cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local inflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J.
Neuroinflammation. 5, 40
Galbussera A, Tremolizzo L, Isella V, et al. (2008) Lack of evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi
seropositivity in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22(3), 308. Full Citation
Holmes C, Cotterell D (2009) Role of infection in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease:
implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 23(12), 993-1002. Abstract
Miklossy J (2011) Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer disease. Expert Rev Mol Med
e30. Abstract
Miklossy J (2011) Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence
following Koch's and Hill's criteria. J Neuroinflammation 90. Abstract
Miklossy J, Donta SE, Mueller K, Nolte O, Perry G (2012) Editorial: Chronic or Late Lyme
Neuroborreliosis: Present and Future. The Open Neurology Journal, 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M1)
78 http://benthamscience.com/open/toneuj/articles/V006/SI0078TONEUJ/78TONEUJ.pdf
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40 journal articles in the PubMed database
Symbiogenese
- heißt Verschmelzung von zwei oder mehreren verschiedenen Organismen in einem einzigen
neuen Organismus.
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