Download STAAR Review 2015 - Northside Middle School

(a Bettie Buerk Worksheet)
STAAR REVIEW
Dates:
1607 - Jamestown founded
1620 - Plymouth founded by Pilgrims; Mayflower Compact signed
1775 – First shots of the American Revolution fired at Lexington and Concord
1776 – Declaration of Independence
1787 – Constitution written
1803 – The Louisiana Purchase by President Jefferson
REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
A. GOLD—Wealth--gold, silver, jewels, foreign goods (silk, spices, tobacco, foods)
B. GOD—spread Christianity
C. GLORY--search for a Northwest Passage, adventure, national pride
REASONS FOR EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
A. Religious Freedom
a. Protestant Reformation—split in the Catholic Church where new Christian churches
were born. Led to fighting/wars in Europe, so many people came to America for
religious freedom
B. Expand Trade/Profit from Trade, Land Sales, and Fishing
a. Mercantilism—economic system adopted by powerful European nations in 1600s and 1700s.
i. Colonies send raw materials to mother country
ii. Mother country sends finished goods back to colonies
iii. Colonies could only trade with the mother country
iv. Colonies exist to benefit the Mother Country
C. Political Freedom for individuals
D. Economic and Social Freedom for individuals--Opportunity to rise up out of class structure of Europe
THIRTEEN COLONIES:
REASONS FOUNDED
FOUNDERS
New England Colonies
1. Massachusetts
2. New Hampshire
3. Connecticut
4. Rhode Island
Religious Freedom
Profit-Trade & Fishing
Trade & Religious & Political
Religious Freedom
John Winthrop / Puritans / Pilgrims
Gorges & Mason
Thomas Hooker
Roger Williams
Middle Colonies
1. New York
2. Delaware
3. New Jersey
4. Pennsylvania
Expand Trade
Trade/land sale profit
Religious/political freedom
Land Sales/Religious/Political
Peter Minuit / Dutch
Swedish Settlers
Berkeley& Carteret
William Penn / Quakers
Trade and Farming
Farming/religious/political
Trade/Farming/Religious
Trade/Farming/Religious
Profit/home for debtors*
Buffer against Spanish Florida*
John Smith
Lord Baltimore / Catholics
8 Proprietors
8 Proprietors
James Oglethorpe
Southern Colonies
1. Virginia
2. Maryland
3. North Carolina
4. South Carolina
5. Georgia
Colonial Representative Governments
House of Burgesses (Virginia) first representative government in English Colonies
Mayflower Compact –1620 agreement signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, agreeing to operate by
majority rule in Plymouth and promise to work together to make it succeed—early ex. of self-rule/self-gov’t
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (Connecticut) first written constitution in the colonies; gave the
vote to all white men who owned property and limited the governor’s power.
Frame of Government (Pennsylvania) governor & council of advisors appointed by William Penn to make
the laws for the colony; the Representative Assembly accepted or rejected the laws.
General Court (Massachusetts) elected Assembly of Massachusetts.
Reasons for Growth of Representative Government in the Colonies
 Colonists were familiar with the English historical traditions (Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights) and
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representative gov’t structure (Parliament)
Colonial religious communities largely practiced democratic self-rule, elected pastors and officers
They were far away from England, making them independent
“Salutary neglect” by the British made them even more self-sufficent
Many settlements were far apart and isolated—representatives could meet to decide issues
To gain some stability in a chaotic and different place—provide law and order in the colonies
Transatlantic Slave Trade/Triangular Trade
 The trade routes from Europe, to Africa, to the Americas, and then to Europe again.
 Raw goods from the New World would go to Europe where they would manufacture those raw goods and send
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them to Africa in exchange for slaves; the slaves would go to Brazil, the West Indies or the English Colonies.
95% of enslaved Africans went to Brazil and the West Indies; 5% to the English Colonies
Triangular Trade was based on the theory of mercantilism
Middle Passage: voyage from Africa to the Americas in which Africans were packed tightly into slave ships
Conditions of the Middle Passage were horrible, the death rate was 15-20%.
Slavery and slaves in the Colonies
 Tobacco was Virginia’s “gold”—production reached 30 million pounds by the 1680s
 The expansion of tobacco led to an increased demand for field labor
 Native Americans were first used for labor, but lacked immunity to European diseases so died from disease
 European indentured servants were used next for labor, but escape was easy for them b/c blended in easily
 The spread of tobacco led settlers to turn to slavery, which offered advantages over indentured servants
 Africans were seen as alien in their color, religion, and social practices
 Plantation system: Production system using large agricultural tracts to produce cash crops using slave labor
 Most slaves could not read or write, and it was illegal for them to learn
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT IN AMERICA: Religion played an important role in the founding of the English colonies. Many
people came to start a new life in a new world because of religious persecution in England and Europe. They wanted the
freedom to worship as they pleased—religious freedom. They found that in America.
In the 1730s, a religious movement known as the Great Awakening spread through the colonies. Led by a New England
minister named Jonathan Edwards, the Great Awakening sparked debate that caused many people to split away from their
old churches and form new ones. The growth of more churches led colonists to become more tolerant of people with
different beliefs => leads to freedom of religion, freedom of speech.
Main points of the Great Awakening:
 Democratic ideals in religion: Preachers encouraged notions of equality; Growth in denominations (religions); Churches
welcomed African-Americans, Native Americans, women; Churches inspired colonists to help others—anti-intellectualism
(stop debating, get out there and help people)
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Contributes to revolutionary idea of independence from Britain years later because here people were thinking for
themselves, reading the Bible for themselves, interpreting it themselves—this led to the development of an independent,
free-minded populace (people).
French and Indian War – conflict between the French and the British in North America (1754-1763)
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Albany Plan of Union – Ben Franklin’s plan for colonies to work together to defeat French (“Join or Die”).
Plan rejected because colonies did not want to give up their independence. *First time colonies try to unite!
 Treaty of Paris 1763 officially ended the war;
o gave British land to the Mississippi River (west of the Appalachians and east of the Mississippi River)
o marked the end of the French power in North America
Events leading up to the Revolutionary War: Following the French and Indian War, the British
Treasury was depleted—needed money—so British decide to create new taxes on colonists to pay for the
war—but each new act by the British, brings about a new emotion or response by the colonists:
1. Proclamation of 1763 – British closed the land west of the Appalachians to settlers
a. Colonists upset they cannot go live on land they fought for and are now paying for in taxes
2. Sugar Act – previous sugar tax never enforced—so British pass this new lower tax on molasses,
but tell colonists you have to actually pay it, so it’s lower but feels higher!
3. Stamp Act – taxed legal documents, newspapers, dice, cards, etc.-- items must have stamp to show tax paid
a. Colonists react in protest--Violent riots in cities (New York, Boston, Newport, Charleston)
b. “No Taxation without Representation!”
c. Stamp Act Congress -- Colonists unite for first time, meet to discuss Stamp Act
d. Stamp Act repealed!
4. Townshend Acts – taxed glass, lead, tea, silk, paint, paper—British use Writs of Assistance to collect taxes
a. Colonists sign non-importation agreements (boycotts)—promise to stop importing taxes goods
b. Townshend Acts repealed! (all but the tax on tea!)
5. Quartering Act – forced colonists to supply/pay for housing, bedding, beverages, candles to British soldiers
6. Tea Act – sold tea directly to the colonist bypassing colonial merchants-put colonists out of work
a. Boston Tea Party – Colonists dump chests of tea into Boston Harbor
7. Intolerable Acts – punishment for people of Boston for the Boston Tea Party - 1) shut down the port
of Boston; 2) forbade town meetings more than once a year; 3) British officials accused of crimes to be tried in
Britain; 4) new Quartering Act—colonists forced to house soldiers in their own homes
8. Quebec Act – set up a government in Canada, took land claimed by the colonists, protected
rights of the French—law, language, religion
a. Colonists feel like gov’t protecting rights of the French more than their own colonists!
9. Britain believed the colonies existed solely for the benefit of Britain, so just generally
did not treat them with much respect.
a. This belief was a part of an economic theory known as MERCANTILISM – the economic
theory that a nation’s strength came from building up its gold supply and expanding its
trade (the more wealth you have, the more power you have)
IMPORTANT PLACES and EVENTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Lexington, Massachusetts – first shots of the American Revolution fired here. British Redcoats “snuck” out
of Boston to capture a suspected ammunitions depot and arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock.
The night of Paul Revere’s ride. Minutemen met them at Lexington. 8 colonists killed. British victory.
Concord, Massachusetts – first real battle of the American Revolution. 73 British killed. 200 wounded
or missing. Minutemen chase the British Redcoats all the way back to Boston. U.S. victory.
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania – Continental Army trained there during winter of 1777-78, brutal winter, few
supplies—food, clothing, shelter—soldiers suffered from starvation and frostbite, but those who survived
came out a disciplined, united force under the training of Washington with the help of Baron Von Steuben.
Saratoga, New York – turning point of the war. Battle of Saratoga ended the British threat to New
England & boosted American spirits. Most importantly – it convinced France to sign a treaty with the
United States (1778). French still mad at Britain, so now they become U.S. ally, then the next year, Spain, too.
Yorktown, Virginia – Site of British surrender that ended the American Revolution. General Cornwallis
surrenders British forces after being surrounded by American and French forces.
TREATY OF PARIS OF 1783 - document that ends the American Revolution. Britain recognizes U.S.
as an independent nation; cedes (gives) land west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River to U.S.
MEN AND WOMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
1. Sam Adams – wrote and published pamphlets to unite the colonists against Britain.
Arranged protests and stirred public support. Member of the Sons of Liberty.
2. Ben Franklin – signer of Declaration of Independence and delegate of the Constitutional
Convention, respected inventor, statesman, diplomat. Published “Poor Richard’s Almanac”.
3. Patrick Henry- Patriot who spoke our against the Stamp Act in the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Most famous quote, “Give me liberty or give me death”.
4. Thomas Paine – Wrote “Common Sense” and “The Crisis”. A voice for independence. He attacked
the idea of having kings and queens as rulers. Raised the spirit of the Americans with his writings.
“Common Sense”, urged colonists that the only logical option was separation and independence from
Great Britain.
5. King George III – King of England. Disbanded colonial legislatures, taxed colonies heavily, and
refused the Olive Branch Petition—one last attempt at peace by the colonists
6. John Adams – lawyer who defended British soldiers after the Boston Massacre because it was the
right thing to do; strong supporter of independence in 2nd Continental Congress. Second President
7. Thomas Jefferson – wrote the Declaration of Independence. Third President.
8. George Washington – Leader of the Continental Army. Most respected man in the country.
9. Marquis de Lafayette – brought French professional soldiers to help the U.S. Helped and
fought alongside George Washington. Launched many raids against the British.
10. Crispus Attucks- A black man who became the first casualty of the American Revolution when
he was shot and killed at the Boston Massacre.
11. Wentworth Cheswell- African American patriot, like Paul Revere, made an all night ride to warn
his community of the British invasion.
12. Bernardo de Galvez- Spanish governor of Louisiana who allowed the Americans to use the Port
of New Orleans.
13. James Armistead- African American slave from Virginia, he was recruited to spy for Marquis
de Lafayette and the Americans giving them vital information regarding the British movements.
14. Haym Salomon- Polish-born Jewish immigrant who played an important role in financing the
Revolution.
15. Mercy Otis Warren- Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause.
16. Abigail Adams- Early advocate of women’s rights. Urged her husband John Adams to,
“Remember the ladies”.
17. John Paul Jones – Daring American sea captain whose victory made him an American hero and
legend. When called on to surrender, Jones replied from his burning, sinking ship: “ I have not yet
begun to fight!” His inspiration helped lead his men to victory. Father of the U.S. Navy.
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1777) -- first American constitution – tried to provide framework/gov’t for the new country.
 Limited power of the new federal government by giving states final authority over all decisions.
Authors were worried that a strong central government might threaten the rights of the people.
 Created a very weak central (federal) gov’t— only a legislative branch (Congress)
o did not provide for a president – No Executive Branch
o did not provide for a way to solve disputes between states – No Judicial Branch
o no means of collecting taxes / raising money to operate the gov’t (had to ask states for help)
o no military (had to ask states for help)
o no power to regulate commerce
 Shay’s Rebellion – showed how weak the Articles of Confederation were
Philadelphia Convention aka… CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
Originally meant to strengthen Articles of Confederation, but tossed out Articles in favor of writing a new
constitution. James Madison is considered the author of the Constitution—“Father of the Constitution”
Proposals at Constitutional Convention—After everyone agreed on the basic principles of
government some issues arose that everyone did not agree on—like how to base
REPRESENTATION in the Congress and how SLAVES would count in that representation:
REPRESENTATION ISSUE:
Virginia Plan => big states’ plan => population
 Proposed a strong national gov’t with three branches (legislative, judicial, executive)
 Provided for two-house legislature (bicameral) with…
o Both houses based on population -- representation based on population
o Big states liked this plan! More population, more representatives!
New Jersey Plan => small states’ plan => equal
 Provided for one-house legislature (unicameral) with…
o One vote for each state -- equal representation
o Small states liked this plan! No matter how big or how small, everyone has the same representatives!
Great Compromise -- compromise regarding representation between the big and small states!
 Provided for two-houses in Congress: (bicameral = two houses)
o one house based on population
o one house with equal representation
COUNTING SLAVES ISSUE – How will slaves be counted for representation and taxation:
South wanted to count all for representation, none for taxation
North wanted to count all for taxation, none for representation
3/5 Compromise:
 allowed 3/5 of a state’s slave population to be counted for representation and taxation
 the slave trade would continue for 20 years, but then Congress could regulate or end it
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Federalists:
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
 favored strong central gov’t,
 loose construction of the Constitution,
 no bill of rights
 wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution (Hamilton, Madison, John Jay)
Anti-Federalists:
George Mason, Patrick Henry
 favored states’ rights – (wanted state gov’ts to have more power than the federal gov’t)
 strict construction of the Constitution,
 wanted bill of rights
Critics of the Constitution—Anti-Federalists—wanted a Bill of Rights before they would ratify it—
feared powerful central government would threaten the rights of the people. So, added the…
BILL OF RIGHTS - first ten amendments to the Constitution. Guaranteed rights of the people.
GOVERNMENT: Many historical documents influenced the creation and formation of the United States
system of government. Some of these documents are:
Magna Carta – (1215) An English document that limited the power of the ruler. It showed that the King
had to obey the law.
English Bill of Rights (1689) – protected all English citizens, including the colonists. It protected the
rights of individuals. It gave anyone accused of a crime, the right to a trial by jury. It outlawed cruel and
unusual punishment, and it said that the ruler could not raise taxes or an army without Parliament’s
approval.
Mayflower Compact (1620) – early example of self-government/self-rule/democracy
Declaration of Independence (1776) - The document written by Thomas Jefferson (John Adams and
Ben Franklin helped) stating that the colonies had become a free and independent nation and guaranteeing
it’s citizen’s inalienable rights like life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Grievances against the King of England and stated in the Declaration. Complained King George III had:
a) imposed taxes without consent of the people (taxation without representation)
b) cut off trade with all parts of the world (mercantilism—no free trade/free enterprise)
c) dissolved or suspended colonial legislatures (shut down their colonial legislatures)
d) deprived the citizens of trial by jury
e) abolished laws made by the colonies/colonial legislatures
Federalist Papers – a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay,
defending the Constitution and the principles on which the U.S. government was founded.
Articles of Confederation - first American constitution. It was a very weak document that limited the
power of Congress by giving the states final authority over all decisions. Authors were worried that a
strong central government might threaten the rights of the people.
Constitution: (1787) - The document that sets out the laws and principles of the government of the
United States. It created a federal system where power is shared between the states and the
national government (known as federalism). It also set up a separation of powers by creating
three branches of government, each with its’ own powers.
Legislative Branch – passes (creates) laws
Executive Branch – carries out (enforces) the laws
Judicial Branch – interprets the laws (determines constitutionality)
Influence of ideas from historic documents on the U.S. system of government
Historic Documents =>
Influence on U.S. System of Government
MAGNA CARTA – limited the power of the King
Constitution limits the power of the central government
ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS – listed individual rights
Model for the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to Constitution)
MAYFLOWER COMPACT – agreement written by Pilgrims in
established the idea of self-government and majority rule
1620
FEDERALIST PAPERS – supported ratification of the
Constitution with a focus on the need for a strong central gov’t
Constitution provides for a strong central gov’t with separated
powers and a system of checks and balances.
with restricted powers
ANTI-FEDERALIST WRITINGS – opposed the
Constitution because it lacked protection of individual rights.
When the Constitution was ratified, the first ten amendments
(the Bill of Rights) were immediately added to protect those
rights.
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PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT embodied in our Constitution:
Popular sovereignty – the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and
abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.
Republicanism – a philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the
people; government is based on the consent of the governed.
Limited government – “Government of laws, not of men”--the Constitution and laws define the limits of
those in power so they cannot take advantage of their elected, appointed, or inherited positions. Everyone,
including all authority figures, must obey the laws (rule of law). Government is restricted in what it may do.
Separation of powers – the branches included the legislative branch known as "Congress" made up of a
"House of Representatives" and a "Senate," the executive branch known as the "President," and the
judicial branch known as the "Supreme Court." The powers of the legislative branch are outlined in Article I
of the U.S. Constitution. The President would lead the executive branch, which carried out the laws and
ensured their just application. These powers are outlined in Article II of the U.S. Constitution. The judicial
branch, consisting of all courts of the United States including the highest court, the Supreme Court, would
interpret and apply the laws, ensuring that they are just. Its powers are outlined in Article III.
Checks and balances – system that does not allow any one branch of the government to have too much
power (e.g., the president can veto legislation passed by Congress, but Congress can override the veto;
the Senate confirms major appointments made by the President; the courts may declare acts passed by
Congress as unconstitutional)
Federalism – the distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union. In the
Constitution, certain powers are delegated to only states, others only to the federal government, and
others are shared powers.
Individual rights – many opposed the Constitution in 1787 because they believed it did not offer adequate
protection of individual rights. The Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, was created to correct this. The individual
rights protected in the Bill of Rights include economic rights related to property, political rights related to
freedom of speech and press, and personal rights related to bearing arms and maintaining private residences.
The Constitution is considered a living document because it can be changed by the process of amendment.
PROCESS of AMENDMENT: An amendment to the Constitution has to be
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passed by 2/3 of both Houses of Congress and
ratified (approved) by 3/4 of the states’ legislatures.
It is very difficult to amend the Constitution and has only been amended 27 times since 1787.
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights.
1. freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
2. right to bear arms
3. no quartering of soldiers without the consent of the people—no lodging soldiers in private homes
4. no illegal search and seizure
5. rights of the accused—guarantees due process, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination
6. right to a speedy trial, right to an attorney, right to fair and impartial jury of your peers
7. right to a jury trial in civil cases
8. no cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail
9. reserves rights/powers not directly stated in the Constitution for the people--just b/c not listed here does not
mean it’s not a right, there are unlisted one--unenumerated rights—protects the people
10. reserves rights/powers not directly stated in the Constitution for the states—any power not listed for the federal
gov’t is hereby given to the states—limits the federal gov’t
INALIENABLE RIGHTS – rights that cannot be given up, taken away, or transferred—natural rights all people are born with
(such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness).
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE - refusal to obey a government law or laws as a means of passive resistance because of
one’s moral conviction (Henry David Thoreau refusing to pay taxes,Quakers refusing to fight in war, MLK)
Colonial grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence and how those grievances were addressed
in the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights
Grievance in Declaration of Independence
Addressed in Constitution
Taxation without representation
All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes
King has absolute power
Congress has the power to override Presidential veto
Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King
1st Amendment – freedom of Speech
Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops
3rd Amendment – no quartering of Troops
Allowed homes to be searched without warrants
4th Amendment – no unwarranted search and seizure
No trial by jury of peers
6th amendment –right to speedy public trial
7th Amendment – trial by jury
GEORGE WASHINGTON’S administration (1789-1797) –
1) Defining the authority of the central government
o Appointing a Presidential Cabinet- the Constitution does not mention a cabinet, but it does state that the President
may require opinions of heads of executive departments. (Washington’s cabinet set the precedent for future Presidents)
2)
Setting up the court system
 Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 –law passed during Washington’s administration--designed federal court
system
o
later…Marbury v. Madison set the precedent of judicial review…
Judicial Review: one of the most significant principles in American constitutional law—
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the Supreme Court has the final say on what the Constitution means
gave the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional--the final say in whether or not an
act of government violates the Constitution
3) Maintaining national security
o
Whiskey Rebellion – Farmers staged a rebellion against a gov’t tax on whiskey and the grain it was made from
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Washington sent out federal troops to put down the uprising. The rebels fled.
Sent the message that if you disagree with the gov’t, handle it by peaceful means (like changing the law)
because the gov’t will use force if necessary to maintain order and national security.
4) Creating a stable economic system -- huge national debt from the American Revolution
o
National Bank – created based on a loose interpretation of the Constitution—(see below)
EARLY POLITICAL PARTIES: Though George Washington warned against the development of political parties, disagreements
between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson over the role of the federal gov’t led to the first political parties…
Hamilton supporters were originally called Federalists. They wanted:
a) Federal (or National) government to be stronger than state governments.
b) Loose interpretation of the Constitution.
c) Industry to be the base of the economy.
Federalists also favored:
PROTECTIVE TARIFFS – taxes placed on goods from another country to protect home industry to pay off the debt from the
American Revolution.
Whiskey Tax - tax placed on whiskey to pay off the debt from the American Revolution.
BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – created by Alexander Hamilton and Congress in 1791. Printed money and held taxes
collected from U.S. citizens.
Jefferson supporters were called Democratic Republicans. They wanted:
a) State governments to be stronger than Federal government.
b) Strict interpretation of the Constitution – so opposed things like national bank and tariffs
c) Farming/agriculture to be the base of the economy.
IMPORTANT SPEECHES/POLICIES:
Washington’s Farewell Address - Washington urged U.S. to remain neutral in its relations with other nations; warned against becoming
involved in European affairs; advised against alliances that could drag U.S. into war.
JOHN ADAMS’ administration (1797-1801)
 John Adams – defended British troops after Boston Massacre, worked with Jefferson on the DOI, promoted the cause of
independence at the Continental Congress, served as a diplomat overseas, first Vice President, and second President
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Maintaining national security
o XYZ Affair – The French were seizing American ships to prevent Americans from trading with the
British because the British and French were at war.
 X, Y, and Z referred to the French spies met with the American negotiators.
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The French agreed to stop seizing American ships if the Americans agreed to give France a loan of
$10 million and a bribe to the minister of $250,000.
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America refused, canceled treaties with France, allowed France to seize ships, and used the money
instead to increase and build up the U.S. military—so they couldn’t mess with us anymore.
 “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”
Avoided war with France though many disagreed with him.
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Alien and Sedition Acts – Four acts that made it difficult to become citizens and declared restrictions
against citizens who criticized the government during war time.
o
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Immigrants (aliens) had to wait to become citizens and could be removed from the country or jailed if they
were disloyal or if they said or wrote anything false or harmful about the government (sedition).
States’ Rights – Theory that states had rights that the federal government could not violate. States
could nullify—declare null & void—federal laws. Used to fight the Alien & Sedition Acts.
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Virginian and Kentucky Resolutions– written by Jefferson and Madison—said Alien &
Sedition Acts violated the Constitution; said states had the right to nullify federal laws they
considered unconstitutional. Helped establish the theory of STATES RIGHTS!
THOMAS JEFFERSON’s administration (1801-1809)
 Thomas Jefferson – wrote the Declaration of Independence, fought for individual liberties, served as the first
Secretary of State, served as the third President of the United States
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Foreign Policy--Thomas Jefferson
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Tried to avoid foreign involvement, keeping George Washington’s advice to maintain neutrality.
Embargo Act 1807 – Prohibited American from trading with foreign nations. The act was intended to
prevent American entrance into the Napoleonic war by keeping the ships in American harbors. It failed and
hurt the American economy
LOUISIANA PURCHASE, 1803 -- doubled the size of the U.S.; purchased Louisiana Territory from
France/Napoleon for $15 million or 3 cents an acre.
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Marbury v. Madison. Established the principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW.
o Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court’s (Judicial Branch) duty is to
interpret the law (according to the U.S. Constitution). If the Supreme Court decides a law violates the U.S.
Constitution, it is unconstitutional and cannot go into effect or if it is already in effect, it is no longer legal.
o
This allowed a balance between the three branches of government and allows the Supreme Court to
determine the constitutionality of laws made by Congress.
Case
Marbury v. Madison
Issue
Decision
Jefferson ordered Madison
Law that allowed Marbury to
not to deliver Adams’ lastminute judicial appointments
sue Madison for delivery of his
appointment was
unconstitutional
Significance
Establishes judicial review
JAMES MADISON’s administration (1808-1816)
WAR OF 1812 – Madison is president. England and France were at war. America tried to remain
neutral and trade with both sides. Both warring countries disrupted American shipping by attacking
American ships, but the British impressed American sailors – seized them from a ship and forced them
to serve in the British navy. Americans saw this as still no respect from the British!
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Causes/issues:
o Impressment of U.S. sailors
o Shipping interference
o British supported Indian resistance against Americans in new western lands—gave them guns
o War Hawks – members of Congress from the South and West who persuaded Madison and
Congress to support a declaration of war against Britain in 1812
 British burn Washington,D.C.— Dolly Madison saved famous portrait of George
Washington from the burning White House!!!
 Americans win major battles at:
o Fort McHenry (“Star Spangled BanEner”!) and
o Battle of New Orleans (pirates!) Andrew Jackson becomes the hero of Battle of N. O.
 Treaty of Ghent ends War of 1812 on December 24, 1814.
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Significance of War of 1812:
 No real winner of War of 1812. No territory gained or lost.
 But U.S. has established itself once and for all as an independent nation.
 Did impact the U.S. economy positively—disruption in American shipping forced American
industries to expand in order to replace the foreign goods we weren’t able to get anymore.
JAMES MONROE’s administration (1816-1824)
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS!!!!! national pride and unity after the War of 1812. Federalist party is gone
b/c they had opposed the War of 1812. So, only one political party at this time—the DemocraticRepublicans. With only one party, everyone is getting along=>the Era of Good Feelings!!!!
Monroe Doctrine: Monroe proclaimed that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with
the affairs of the nations of the Americas.

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine
o
o
The U.S. saw itself as a world power and a protector of Latin America
Declared that European powers should not colonize or interfere in the affairs of nations in the Western
Hemisphere (North and South America)--holds even today
CITIZENSHIP and LEADERSHIP: Citizenship--the status or position of being a citizen, including its rights,
duties, and privileges. Effective leadership in a constitutional republic is necessary.
There have been many effective political, social, and military leaders in our democratic society.
Each has contributed greatly to our society.
John Marshall – Chief Justice of Supreme Court; a Federalist, appointed by President John Adams,
wanted to make federal gov’t stronger. Strengthened power of Supreme Court through his Marbury v.
Madison ruling--established right of Supreme Court to make final decision on whether laws are
constitutional or not. The right of the Court to judge laws passed by Congress is called judicial review.
John Paul Jones – Daring American sea captain who raided British ships during the American
Revolution. His victory in the naval battle between his ship, the Bonhomme Richard and the British
warship Serapis made him an American hero and legend. When called on to surrender, Jones replied,
“ I have not yet begun to fight!” His inspiration helped lead his men to victory.
ECONOMICS:
Mercantilism: Colonies exist for the good of the mother country. Heavy government control of economy.
Free Enterprise System – (capitalism, free market system) an economic system based on private ownership
and operation of the means of production with a minimum of government control. Components of free
enterprise include: free markets, supply and demand, competition, profit motive, innovation, lower prices.
SUPREME COURT CASES :
Marbury v. Madison – (1803) decided that the Supreme Court has the right to decide whether a
law passed by Congress violates the Constitution—principle of judicial review
Fletcher v. Peck –(1810) established that the Court has the power to declare a state law unconstitutional
as well as federal laws (which Marbury addressed)
McCulloch v. Maryland –(1819) established the doctrine of implied powers – that the Constitution
assumes the federal government has certain powers, even if they’re not spelled out by the Constitution
Gibbons v. Ogden –(1824) established that the Court had the power to regulate interstate commerce
Dred Scott v. Sanford –(1857) Supreme Court case that said slaves were property and not
citizens. Also decided that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in a territory, (making
slavery legal in all the territories) and it declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
AGE OF JACKSON / Jacksonian Democracy -- ANDREW JACKSON’s administration (1828-1836)
Andrew Jackson—“Old Hickory”—elected president in 1828 after losing Election of 1824 (mudslinging!) to
John Quincy Adams. Jackson was “a man of the people”—a common man—first president who was
commoner. His supporters formed a new political party –the Democrat Party, made up of farmers, craft
workers and factory workers.
Nullification Crisis: South Carolina led by John C. Calhoun refused to pay the Tariff of Abominations.
Jackson answered with the Force Bill – president could use military force to make states follow federal law.
Henry Clay proposed Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina backed down—after nullifying Force Act.
Jackson’s Indian policy:
Indian Removal Act (1830)– pay Native Americans in the Southeast for their rich, fertile farmland and they
move west to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Or, they can stay on their land if they assimilate (take on American way of life)
Cherokees: The Cherokees adapted to the American way of life in order to stay on their land in Georgia.
Georgia seizes Cherokee land after gold is found there. Cherokees sue in Worcester v. Georgia.
Jackson sides with Georgia even though the Supreme Court/John Marshall ruled in favor of the Indians.
Jackson refuses to enforce the Supreme Court decision and Indians were forced to leave. Thousand mile
march west in winter from Georgia to Indian Territory is known as the Trail of Tears.
Jackson’s War on the Bank of the United States—killed the Bank, vetoed it when it was up for renewal
MANIFEST DESTINY:Americans believed it was our destiny to spread American ideals across the
continent—from Atlantic to Pacific. JAMES K. POLK—“54-40 or FIGHT!!!” was his campaign slogan—
thought we should spread up west coast to southern border of Alaska (54-40 line).
Roots of Manifest Destiny:
Political
Economic
Expansion of nation’s border
New land for settlers
Expansion of democracy
New trade routes/markets
Expansion of slavery?
New business opportunities
AREAS ACQUIRED TO FORM THE UNITED STATES:
1803 – Louisiana Purchase from France
1819 – Florida – ceded by Spain
1845 – Texas – annexed by Congress
1846 – Oregon Territory – from an agreement with Britain
1848 – Mexican Cession – from Mexican War (California, New Mexico…)
1853 – Gadsden Purchase – bought from Mexico
Social_______________
Expand American culture
Spread religion (Christianity)
Refuge for persecuted (Mormons)
THE MEXICAN WAR: (1846)
Mexico had never accepted the independence of Texas and relations with the U.S. became very strained
when U.S. annexes Texas in 1845. The United States in the meantime, offers Mexico $30 million for California and
New Mexico, but they refused. Most Americans felt that Mexico was standing in its way of Manifest Destiny.
Border dispute--in January of 1846, President Polk orders General Zachary Taylor and his troops to cross the
Nueces River (which Mexico considers border of Texas) and build fort along Rio Grande (which U.S. considers
border of Texas). In April 1846, Mexican troops attack the fort. Soldiers died. Polk stated Mexico has “shed
American blood on American soil”. Congress declares war. By 1847, the U.S. controlled all of New Mexico and
California and the U.S. military was on the outskirts of Mexico City. Mexico signs a peace treaty—Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo—in 1848. U.S. gets land of the Mexican Cession but pays Mexico $15 million.
INDUSTRIALIZATION –NORTH and SOUTH ECONOMIES DEVELOP:
Factors that brought about rapid industrialization and urbanization:
Factory System, Steam Engine and Interchangeable Parts, led to faster production, lower
prices, more jobs, increased immigration, and increased western settlement
Inventors and Inventions:
James Hargreaves, 1764
Richard Arkwright, 1769
James Watt, 1781
Eli Whitney, 1792
Eli Whitney, 1798
Robert Fulton, 1807
Peter Cooper, 1830
Cyrus McCormick, 1831
John Deere, 1837
Samuel Morse, 1844
Henry Bessemer, 1855
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spinning jenny
factory system
steam engine
cotton gin
interchangeable parts
steam boat, The Clermont
steam locomotive, Tom Thumb
mechanical reaper
steel plow
telegraph
Bessemer Steel Process
Transportation Innovations—the completion of these transportation innovations aided in the growth of
industry, trade, and westward expansion: 1818: National Road, first let finished; 1825: Erie Canal
completed; 1869: Transcontinental Railroad completed
War of 1812: contributed to economic changes and growth in the U.S. because the British
BLOCKADE of American ports forced the U.S. to become industrially independent due to the
interruption of trade and shortage of goods.
Free Enterprise System: the development of the free enterprise system (laissez-faire system) allowed for
FREE MARKETS and SUPPLY and DEMAND which leads to competition, lower prices and
innovation, as well as the economic benefits below
Economic benefits of the Free Enterprise system…specialization, profit motive, growth, diverse
economy, increased market independence, decreased dependence on foreign markets, entrepreneurship,
guarantee of economic rights
Growing Differences between the North vs. the South:
Economic:
industry vs. agriculture
.
Cultural:
anti-slavery vs. slavery
.
Political: strong federal gov’t vs. states’ rights
REFORM and CULTURE
REFORM MOVEMENTS: tried to make changes in society to correct social abuses and improve living
conditions
 Temperance: Organized societies that tried to stop the drinking of alcohol. Some states made it illegal.

Abolition of Slavery: Push to end slavery (radical abolitionists called for immediate end, others to phase it out)

Women’s Rights: fought for better working conditions for women--passed a law requiring maximum of a 10
hour work day; allowed for success in new fields; began push for women voting rights (suffrage)
Education: opening of public schools (primarily in the North) and more private schools/colleges by churches
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Care of the Disabled: building of hospitals and schools for the mentally ill, deaf & blind—provided care
rather than housing them like prisoners
Prison Reform: separate jails for women & men; shift to rehabilitation rather than punishment
REFORMERS:

Lyman Beecher: temperance leader
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William Lloyd Garrison: leading social reformer—abolition, women’s rights, temperance; published antislavery newspaper The Liberator; founded the American Anti-Slavery Society
Frederick Douglas: former slave; spoke out against slavery; wrote autobiography that aided abolition
movement; editor of anti-slavery newspaper called The North Star
Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin—book and play that reached millions—inspired antislavery forces in North, angered pro-slavery elements of South
Harriet Tubman: led slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad; Union spy in Civil War
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Sojourner Truth: former slave/abolitionist/women’s rights
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Susan B. Anthony: key leader for 19th century women’s suffrage movement
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton: women’s rights/suffrage; called for convention in Seneca Falls, New York; wrote
the Declaration of Sentiments modeling it after the Declaration of Independence
Lucretia Mott: women’s rights movement
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Horace Mann: education reform
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Dorothea Dix: Care of the Disabled Reform; Prison Reform
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CULTURE:
RELIGIOUS REVIVALS and the religious influence on immigration and social movements,
including impact of:
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FIRST GREAT AWAKENING: religious revival of early 1700s that along with the Enlightenment
played role in the development of democratic concepts in the period before the American Revolution
SECOND GREAT AWAKENING: 1800s, revivals, more church attendance, more denominations, spawned
many reform movements (prison reform, women’s rights, temperance, & abolition.)
DEVELOPMENTS IN ART, MUSIC and LITERATURE including:
 HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL artists: American landscapes=> 3 themes: discovery, exploration, settlement
 TRANSCENDENTALISM: American literary, political, & philosophical movement of 19th century—
criticized conformity and urged independent relation to the universe (esp. by solitude in nature)
 John James Audubon: drew American wildlife—especially BIRDS
CIVIL WAR
EARLY CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Protective Tariffs - The protective tariffs of 1818 and 1824 affected the South greatly. Because there
were few industries in the South, much of what the South bought came from Britain. When the U.S.
Congress passed high tariffs on British goods, it forced the South to buy more expensive American made
goods. Tariffs helped the North because it had 90% of the nation’s industry and Americans bought the
American goods giving nice profits to the North.
Tariff of Abominations – (1828) a high tax on European goods. Hurt the South because southern
planters sold their cotton in Europe and bought European goods in return. High tariff meant Southerners
paid a lot more for British goods. Led to the Nullification Crisis and the first threat of secession by S.C.
Slavery – by the early 1800s all Northern states had abolished slavery. However, the cotton boom in the
South had increased the need for slaves. Both free blacks and slaves lived in the South. 1/3 of the
population in the south was slaves. (4 million people). Many Northerners disagreed with slavery, but kept
quiet because northern mill owners needed Southern cotton. Southerners also relied on goods from
Northern factories. For South, slavery was an economic necessity.
Nat Turner led a slave revolt in 1831. More than 60 white people were killed. He was hung, but the
incident left an increased fear of slave revolts in Southern whites.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE - Missouri comes into the Union as a slave state. Maine comes in as a free
state (balance!). No slave states allowed above 36-30 line and anything south would be decided by
popular sovereignty – practice of allowing each territory to decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery.
COMPROMISE OF 1850 - California comes in as a free state. Slave trade (but not slavery) banned in
Washington, D.C., popular sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah, Texas debt paid to settle boundary dispute
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT - split the Nebraska territory in two. This act would undo the Missouri
Compromise by allowing popular sovereignty to decide whether these two new states would be slave or free
even though they were north of the 36-30 line. Caused chaos in Kansas => Bleeding Kansas
CONFEDERATE STATES:
South Carolina – first to secede on December 20, 1860. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas,
Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina
UNION STATES:
Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, California, Oregon, and slave
states—border states--that did not secede/stayed loyal to the Union--were Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri—
also West Virginia which was part of Virginia, but broke away and became its own state to stay with the Union. The split
was most severe in these border states with men from the same family often fighting on opposite sides.
MEN OF THE CIVIL WAR:
John C. Calhoun – Vice-President for both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Resigned as Jackson’s
VP over tariffs=>states’ rights=>nullification issues. Immediately elected senator for South Carolina. Spoke for
the South during the Nullification Crisis of 1832 (arguing state governments had the right to reject or nullify
federal laws) and later arguing that slavery must be allowed in the western territories. He also demanded that
fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners in the South.
Daniel Webster – Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North. Argued in the Senate for
the preservation of the union. He saw slavery as “evil”, but “disunion” was worse. Worked for a compromise.
Henry Clay – the “Great Compromiser”--Kentucky Congressman (powerful Speaker of the House) and Senator
 Proposed the American System in 1824. This system did three things:
1. left high tariffs to help the northern states
2. proposed to use Northern profits from tariffs to buy farm products from the South and West
3. encouraged internal improvements (roads, bridges, canals) in all areas of the country
The American System never went into effect. The South hated it.
 Proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833 to end the Nullification Crisis.
 Also came up with the Compromise of 1850. This compromise had 4 parts:
1. California joins the union as a free state.
2. Part of the Mexican Cession was to be divided into New Mexico and Utah where voters
would decide the slavery issue (popular sovereignty)
3. Slave trade ends in Washington D.C.
4. Strict new Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 passed.
Jefferson Davis - President of the Confederacy. West Point graduate. Had been Secretary of War under
President Franklin Pierce. He had his hands on every detail and was not one to really compromise.
Robert E. Lee – General of the Confederate Army. Originally offered the job for the Union Army by Abraham
Lincoln. Chooses to remain loyal to his homestate of Virginia and his family when the South secedes. Skilled
military leader. Surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865.
Ulysses S. Grant - Becomes General of the Union troops in 1864. Won major victories for the North.
Captured Vicksburg, Mississippi giving the North control of the Mississippi River and splitting the Confederacy
in two. He finally surrounds Robert E Lee’s forces at Appomattox Courthouse and forces their surrender
effectively ending the Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln – President of the Union. Dedicated to preserving the Union. Viewed secession as illegal.
Signed the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan 1, 1863, freeing all slaves in the Confederate states.
Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865—the loss of his leadership made
overcoming the challenges the nation faced even more difficult.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson - General of the Confederate Army. Robert E. Lee’s best officer and “right
hand man”. Hero of the Battle of Bull Run. Accidentally shot by his own man. His death was a
blow to Robert E. Lee and the South.
William Carney – African-American soldier, member of the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry—first
black soldier awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for valor at the Battle of Fort Wagner. Reason for
citation – When the 54th’s sergeant was shot down, Carney grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors
thereon. When the troops fell back he brought off the flag, under fierce fire where he was twice severely wounded.
Philip Bazaar – Hispanic born in Chile, South America, was in the Union Navy, won the Medal of Honor
for his distinguished service in the Civil War. Reason for citation – On board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on
Fort Fisher Bazaar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the
battle. He was 1 of 6 men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet.
FAMOUS BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR:
Fort Sumter - Union fort in South Carolina that guarded Charleston Harbor. Desperately wanted by the
Confederacy. Attacked by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861. Fort quickly ran out of ammunition and
surrendered on April 13th. This battle marked the beginning of the Civil War.
Antietam – Maryland (September 17, 1862) The bloodiest one-day battle of the war.
24,000 fell dead or wounded from both sides.
Union claims victory and Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation soon after.
Gettysburg – Pennsylvania. Union forces met Confederate forces led by Robert E. Lee. Lee orders General
George Pickett to make a direct assault on the Union line. The result was disastrous for the South. 40,000 dead
or wounded on both sides in this 3-day battle. Considered the turning point of the Civil War because the Union
turned back the Confederate invasion of the North.
Vicksburg – Confederate fort guarding the Mississippi River and town of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Whoever
controls the fort, controls the Mississippi. U.S. general,Grant, laid siege to the city for weeks. Finally the city and
fort fall on July 4, 1863. Huge victory for the North. It meant, 1) the North cut off the South’s trade with Europe, and
2) the Union had split the Confederacy in two.
Appomattox Courthouse – (Virginia) April 9, 1865. Site of the surrender of Robert E. Lee and the
Confederate forces to General Ulysses S. Grant. Effectively ended the Civil War. Confederate
soldiers were allowed to keep their personal guns and horses so that they could begin rebuilding their lives
and homes. When Union soldiers began cheering and celebrating, Grant stopped them and said, “The war is
over; the Rebels are our countrymen again.” This set the tone so that on the day of formal surrender, as
each group of Confederate troops approached to formally lay down their flags and arms, the Union Army
came to attention, a bugle was sounded, and they saluted the Rebels, whereupon the Rebels returned salute.
RECONSTRUCTION: Lincoln’s assassination left the reconstruction to new President Andrew Johnson,
a Southerner. Johnson tried to follow Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction, but was opposed by Radical
Republicans –a group of Republican’s in Congress who wanted to protect the right of freedmen in the
South and keep rich southern planters out of power.
The Radical Reconstruction Congress:
 threw out state governments of all confederate states that refused to ratify the 14th
Amendment (granted citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.)
 Then they divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by an army general.
 They required states to write new state constitutions and to ratify the 14th Amendment.
 They also said that blacks must be allowed to vote in all Southern states.
ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES DURING RECONSTRUCTION:
1. Huge rebuilding costs. Taxes were raised to pay for reconstruction.
Higher taxes created discontent in the South.
2. Widespread corruption in the Reconstruction governments of states in both the North and the South.
3. Cotton production was nearly destroyed and full production of cotton did not resume until 1880—led to
economic depression in the South.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS DURING RECONSTRUCTION:
In the South, former slaves often got nothing but freedom. They had no money. No job skills other than
agriculture, and no education.
The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food and clothing for former slaves and fought for fair wages for them. The
Freedmens Bureau also built many schools to teach freedmen to read and write.
Black Codes were laws passed in many Southern states to limit their opportunities, rights, and freedoms.
Many stayed and worked on the same farms where they had been slaves. Many freedmen and poor whites
went to work for the large planters. They farmed the land in exchange for a portion of the crops. They
were called sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Many farmers sank deeper in debt and many lost their farms
and became sharecroppers themselves.
Scallawags were Southerners who worked with the Radical Reconstruction Congress so were hated by other
Southerners.
Carpetbaggers were Northerners who took advantage of the situation in the Reconstruction South so were
hated by Southerners.
IMPORTANT SPEECHES/POLICIES: (all in one place!)
Proclamation of 1763 – British law that forbade colonists to settle west of line along Appalachian Mountains.
Northwest Ordinance (1787) – established the principles and procedures for orderly expansion of the U.S.
It set up a government for the Northwest Territory and outlawed slavery there. The Northwest Territory was
divided into three to five territories. When a territory had a population of 60,000 free citizens, it could be
admitted as a new state, on equal footing with the other states. (Created during the Confederation Era—one good thing that
happened under the Articles of Confederation!)
Washington’s Farewell Address - Washington urged the U.S. to remain neutral in its relations with other
nations. He warned against becoming involved in European affairs. He advised against alliances that could
drag the U.S. into war.
Monroe Doctrine – states that the U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or European
colonies in the Americas, but that the Western Hemisphere (North and South America) were closed to
anymore European colonization. It warned against interference by European nations in Latin America or the
Western Hemisphere.
Manifest Destiny – a belief by the Americans that they have a God-given right to expand the United States
from the East coast to the West coast. Also had in it an air of racism, that Americans believed that they were
“better” than the Native Americans or Mexicans.
Indian Removal Act – (1830) Law that forced the Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.
U.S. Army forced them to leave at gunpoint. 1838 – Trail of Tears. Thousands died, mostly children and the
elderly in the forced march.
Emancipation Proclamation -(Jan 1,1863) Issued by President Abraham Lincoln after the Union victory at
Antietam. It set slaves free in the Confederate states only. It changed the character of the Civil War. Now the
Union was not only fighting to restore the Union, but to end slavery.
Jefferson Davis’ Inaugural Address - (February 18, 1861) theme: to justify secession, appeal for peace
Davis said that the South’s secession was “a necessity, not a choice.” Cited the Declaration of Independence,
Constitution, and Bill of Rights as legal and historical basis for secession—compared the South’s
independence to the colonists declaring independence during the American Revolution. Repeatedly said
wanted peace with the North, but could not tolerate rights being abused anymore.
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address - (March 4, 1861) theme: to reassure the South, appeal for peace
Lincoln said, “no state…can lawfully get out of the Union.” He tried to calm the nerves of the South by saying
that he did not have a legal right nor an inclination to interfere in slavery. He also pledged that there would be
no war unless the South started it.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address - (March 4, 1865) theme: to help heal and restore the Union
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us
strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the
battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace
among ourselves, and all nations.”
Gettysburg Address - (November 19, 1863) Short speech given by Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a cemetery
for soldiers who died in the Battle of Gettysburg. Considered a profound statement of American ideals.
“Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a
great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It
is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave
men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicate here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so
nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”