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Notes for the Hydrosphere Nature of water Water can be found in all three states on Earth – liquid, solid and gas This can happen due to the narrow range of temperature between the freezing point and boiling point. Freezing point of water is 0° C Boiling point of water is 100° C Once water has reached either the freezing point or the boiling point a certain amount of energy is required in order for it to change states. Density- the amount of mass in a unit of volume Water has different densities. Adding substances, like salt, can change the density; saltwater is less dense than freshwater Temperature also affects the density of water; hot water is less dense than cold water; that is why if you dip your toes in water it feels nice, but when you jump in it is much cooler Why is water necessary? Water is essential for all life on Earth. Also makes our daily lives easier. Many of the extras we have are from water in some shape or form. Recycling Water About 70% of Earth is covered in water, but less then 1% is available for human use. Ocean water is too salty for bathing, drinking or irrigation purposes Frozen (ice and glaciers) account for 77% of the freshwater Groundwater – water held underground in layers of rock and sediment Accounts for much of our water supply Also held in underground streams and in the soil Aquifer – layer of rock or sediment that allows groundwater to flow through it and is sometimes used for water supply for towns and farms Water cycle – See the PowerPoint presentation Pollution of Freshwater Pollutant- a substance that contaminates the environment Point source- a specific location where pollution can enter water; ex. A drainage pipe Nonpoint source- a wide area such as lawns, construction sites, or roads where pollution enters water The government has created laws to help reduce the amount of water pollution, but it is difficult to keep tabs on. Also, scientists have had to make the tough decisions of how much of what type of pollution is an issue Groundwater Resources Watershed - A watershed is the area of land that collects and then drains water to a common body of water, such as a creek, river, or aquifer. Genesee County is in 3 different watersheds. The amount of groundwater available in any certain area depends on the porosity of the rock or soil Porosity – volume of space divided by volume of rock or soil how much empty space is between the rock and soil of an area In order for water to flow through it, it must be permeable and have a layer of impermeable rock underneath it. permeable- having well-connected pores or cracks allowing substances to flow through it impermeable – NO connecting pores or cracks to allow substances to flow in it water flowing through the permeable rock is called an aquifer the top surface of the aquifer is called the water table Groundwater moves much slower than surface water, may only move a few centimeters a year Wells and springs Wells are dug into the aquifer; a pump pulls the water out Springs are groundwater that flows to the surface Artesian wells and springs use pressure to remove water; they are created between 2 layers of impermeable material; they usually do not need pumping Groundwater Pollution and Overuse Pollution contamination of soil, water, and air; can come from point source and nonpoint source Groundwater pollution sources – Road runoff (oil, gas, or other hazardous materials) Road salt Leaking underground storage tanks (gas stations) Septic systems Industrial and mining wastes Agricultural runoff from pesticides, fertilizers, and feedlots Clean up of groundwater is slow and difficult Can be pumped out, treated, and returned to the aquifer Bioremediation- using living organisms to remove pollutants Shortages- occur when more water is pumped out than is replenished Water Cycle- Understand the terms and how water moves thru the water cycle Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration, deposition, infiltration/ percolation, sublimation, and run off