Download Species found in the trip:

m
48
m
40
m
32
m
24
16
m
c
8m
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
0m
Vertical height in cm
Profile of grassland
Distance along transect in metre
Natural Grassland
Muddy Pool
Artificial Grassland
40
35
30
Temperature
25
20
15
On gorund
Among vegetation
In air
10
5
0
0
4
8
18
23
26
29
Location (m)
35
40
45
47
50
0-100k
0-10k
60
50
Light intensity
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Location (m)
40
45
100
relative humidity (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
4
8
18
23
26
29
35
40
45
47
50
6
Wind speed (km/h)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
4
8
18
23
26
29
35
Location (m)
40
45
47
50
Soil pH
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
15
pH value
30
Location (m)
45
Soil water content(%)
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
5
15
30
45
Composition of soil
100%
80%
Clay
60%
Silt
Find and
40%
Coarse Sand
20%
0%
Gravel
5
15
30
45
Number of species found in the grassland
25
Imperata cylindrical
20
Elephantopus
tomentosa
Centella asiatica
Dicranopteris linearis
15
Ageratum conyzoides
Digitaria sanguinalis
10
Taro
5
Cyperus micelianus
0
Macrothelypteris
torresiana
2m
14m
19m
24m
38m
42m
Dominance
18%
1%
2%
40%
Imperata
cylindrical
Macrothelypteris
torresiana
Centella asiatica
Dicranopteris
4% linearis
Ageratum
3% conyzoides
Digitaria
sanguinalis
Taro
14%
18%
Cyperus
micelianus
Cyperus micelianus
Cyperus micelianus
Imperata cylindrical
Imperata cylindrical
Taro
Species found in the trip:
• Thereupoda clunifera
• Opisthoplatia
orientalis
• Crickets
• Argiope aemula
• Frog
• Toad
•
•
•
•
•
Polyrochis divers
Moths
Butterflies
Scieroptera Sanguinea
Euphaea Decorata
The Food Web
Euphoea Decorata
Argiope Aemula
Theroupoda
Dunifera
Opisthoplatia
Orientalis
Butterflies
Moths
Cricket
Tree
Scieroptera
Sanguinea
Polyrachis
Dives
Detritus
DAFOR scale of grassland's animals
Ants
Crickets
Spiders
Moths
Butterflies
Dragonflies
Cicadas
Centipedes
Frogs
Cockroaches
60%
20%
10%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1.5%
1%
0.5%
Relative abundance
Significance value (point)
>90%
7
71-90%
6
51-70%
5
31-50%
4
11-30%
3
1-10%
2
<1%
1
Producer: Trees, Detritus
Primary consumer: Cricket (2), Butterflies(2),
Moths(2), Scieroptera Sanguinea(3), Polyrachis
Dives (6), Opisthoplatia Orientalis (1)
Secondary consumer: Argiope Aemula(2),
Theroupoda Dunifera (2)
Tertiary consumer: Euphoea Decorata(2)
Pyramid of number
Tertiary: 2
Secondary: 4
Primary: 16
Producer
1. Argiope aemula
A common form locally, it has similar characters with
normal spiders. They kill prey by secreting fluid from
their stink glands. With regard to the number of legs
they posses, each apparent body segment is actually
composed of two adjacent segments fused together, so
there is in fact only one pair if legs per body segment.
2. Thereupoda clunifera
This is a smaillich centipede with long antennae and many
long delicate legs. In some parts of tropical countries, the
type is called a house Centipede because it does have a
tendency to inhabit the ground floor of old house. It feeds
on small invertebrates. The poison fargs are quite large but
it doesn’t usually bite man if handled.
3. Opisthoplatia orientalis
Unlike the other local cockroaches, this is a wingless
species and lies on the forest floor in leaf litter under
stones, rotten logs. It is also common at streamsides. To
escape predation, it will readily enter water and run
under boulders in the stream.
Data analysis
The most abundance animals: ants
The less abundance animals: moths and
dragonfly
Environment: hot and exposed
There are several adaptive features posses by ants that
enable them to become the most abundance animals:
1.
Small size which is easy to hide.
2.
Sensitive to detect the change in environment.
3. They feed on dead organic matters which have a
large supply.
4.
They can eject formic acid to paralyze other insects.
Other adoptive features posses by other animals
to adapt the environment:
1. Crickets: camouflage which is needed for
protecting themselves.
2. Centipede: Have poison fargs to kill prey.
Methods of capturing animals:
Sources of error:
1.
Only same species have been caught or seen,
the actual number of species in the grassland
cannot be shown.
2.
The underground animals may be neglected.
3.
Some species may not present in that time
(afternoon).
Suggestions or improvements:
1.
More species can be investigated if the
animals capturing can be done at different time.
The result can be more accurate.
2.
Lesser disturbance would be done on
animals if there are fewer people on the
grassland. This causes less errors to the
results.