Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Adolf Hitler 1933 – 1945 Nomi Sherwin 1 Rise FELT CHEATED BY TREATY OF VERSAILLES War guilt clause (Article 231) – Germany totally responsible for WWI Breaking of Wilson’s promise that there will be “peace without victory” Germany forced to pay heavy reparation payments (Britain and France) Complete disarmament, no conscription laws, no airforce, cap at 100 000 troops Loss of all colonies, some contiguous sovereign territory (eg Alsace Lorrain, Poland, Czechoslovakia) Patents and assets seized (German U-boat) ECONOMIC SITUATION Great Depression Significant unemployment (~40%) Established public works programs to give work, printed more money to pay workers inflation Wiped out savings run on banks Increased home foreclosures, homelessness Sharp decrease in international trade by increased tariffs (thought that this would force people to buy domestic goods) HOW POWER GAINED (METHODS) LEGAL!!! Used SA / strom troopers / brown shirts to intimidate/accost/murder perceived enemies Mein Kamph written while Hilter in power. Money from sales gave to Nazis, made Hitler more acceptable to the elites as he was a rich published author. Free publicity Propaganda (Joseph Goebbels) Used Jews as scapegoats for germany’s power; Jews signed treaty of Versailles, Blamed Jews for Great Depression because unemployment lower for Jews. Blamed Communists - advocating armed overthrow of monarchy then Weimer Republic with Jews; blamed for bad end to WWI, antinationalistic; took direct orders from Moscow Democracy/Weimer republic – in power with GD and war hit, though it would lead to unenlightened leaders. Anticatholic – very liberal, had many political parties, religious minority, loyal to the pope/Vatican Antimasonic – secretive, question of allegiance HOW POLITICAL POWER GAINED LEGALLY 1932 – parliamentary elections, Nazis won 37% of the vote. Jan 1933 Hitler appointed chancellor, appoints lower level advisors and sets up agenda for Reichstag. (Hindenburg = president, controlled Hitler to some extent) 1934 – Hindenburg died Nazis combined title of president and chancellor Adolf Hitler 1933 – 1945 Nomi Sherwin 2 Reichstag fire 1933 enabling act = temporary dictatorial powers to chancellor’s cabinet Hitler dictator allows Hitler to circumvent constitution. Article 48 – suspension of all civil liberties Rule SECRET POLICE / MILITARY GROUPS SS (Storm troopers) = brown shirts. Paramilitary group. Had 100 000 people in it Later SA = Hitler’s special more trusted military group. Swore allegiance to Hitler, not to Germany or Nazi party. Gestapo = secret police. Were to find people opposed to Hitler/Nazis. 1936 given carte blanche to do whatever they wanted without judicial oversight. PROPAGANDA SS- marching in formation. Shows power, organization. Intimidates Use of radio, loudspeaker, posters, talks in beer gardens. Making speeches seem religious, Nazi = religion of the state. 1938 Purge of SA – some “working with communists”, some were “homosexuals”. Consolidated Hitler’s power, gave Hitler support of military generals in German army Kristallnacht (1938) – b/c hew killed German ambassador to France. Wanted to see how far Germans would go. Fire trucks deployed before calls got in, made sure fire didn’t spread, gov seized insurance money “to pay debt” OTHER “GOVERNING BODIES” None, everything Hitler ECONOMIC POLICIES Rearmament – allowed people to join SS and get paid for being in military. Also reopened various factories stimulating the economy. Withdraws from League of Nations (allowing him to do above) 1933 - Hereditary agricultural estates: since many family farms were foreclosed on in GD, used stop foreclosures. 1934 - Private labor groups brought under gov control to make sure interest of country is before interest of capitalists. 1935 – passed laws outlawing strikes, mandated compulsory labor ANTISEMETIC POLICIES (partially also propaganda) Burning of books that were ‘antivolk” (Jewish, socialist, homosexual, etc) 1933 – no state jobs for Jews (except people who fought on front in WWI) 1934 – Law for protection of hereditary health – allowed for Eugenics/sterilization 1935 – Nuremburg Laws. Couldn’t have interfaith marriages, Jews not citizens of reich, tightened jobs available for Jews (no docs, lawyers, farmers, actors, teaching, journalism) Adolf Hitler 1933 – 1945 Nomi Sherwin 3 1938 – decree on Jewish owned property: any prop valued over 5000 Dutch marks had to be registered with Nazi party officials. FOREIGN POLICY 1933 – withdrawal for disarmament conference (everyone else was, Germany realized it was behind militarily; withdrew from league of nations (manifestation of treaty of Versailles, enforcing treaty) 1935- announces rearmament policies (preparing for war) 1936 – signs pact of steel with Italy (wanted to make sure germany not threatened by invasion of Ethiopia) (+ later Japan); Occupation of Rhineland (demilitarized zone, specific violation of Versailles, but no one did anything.) 1938 – Invasion of Austria (wanted to annex and rejoin, but politicians said no. vote would prob be no, so germany took it, no fighting); Munich conference annexation of Sudetenland agreement that Hitler had no more territorial ambitions so no war. 1939 – broke munich promise, blitzkrieg attack on Czechoslovakia, showed that war was around the corner; signed nonaggression pact with soviets b/c wanted to take Poland but didn’t want to fight 2 front war. Germans took 2/3 Poland, Soviets 1/3. (Poland put up fight, bloodiest invasion but quick!) DOWNFALL Committed suicide as the Americans invaded and it was clear that he had lost the war.