Download MIDLAND VALLEY HIGH U.S. HISTORY EOC BLITZ I. (April 28

MIDLAND VALLEY HIGH
U.S. HISTORY EOC BLITZ
I.
(April 28) Federalist Era
USHC-1.1 Summarize the distinct characteristics of each colonial region in the
settlement and development of British North America, including religious, social,
political, and economic differences.
USHC-1.2 Analyze the early development of representative government and
political rights in the American colonies, including the influence of the British
political system and the rule of law as written in the Magna Carta and the English
Bill of Rights, and the conflict between the colonial legislatures and the British
Parliament over the right to tax that resulted in the American Revolutionary War.
USHC-1.3 Analyze the impact of the Declaration of Independence and the
American Revolution on establishing the ideals of a democratic republic.
USHC-1.4 Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the Articles of
Confederation were addressed with the writing of the Constitution of 1787,
including the debates and compromises reached at the Philadelphia Convention and
the ratification of the Constitution.
USHC-1.5 Explain how the fundamental principle of limited government
is protected by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including democracy,
republicanism, federalism, the separation of powers, the system of checks and
balances, and individual rights.
USHC-1.6 Analyze the development of the two party system during the presidency
of George Washington, including controversies over domestic and foreign policies
and the regional interests of the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists.
USHC-1.7 Summarize the expansion of the power of the national government as a
result of Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall, such as the
establishment of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison and the impact of political
party affiliation on the Court.
,
A. Early development of representative government and political rights in the American
colonies.
1. English Bill of Rights, levying of taxes, power of the king, religious freedom,
Magna Carta, rights of Englishmen, levying of taxes, jury of peers
2. Representative government, House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact, New England
town meetings
3. Salutary neglect, smuggling, admiralty courts
4. Impact of French and Indian War
5. Stamp Act, Townsend Act, Sons and Daughter of Liberty, Boston Tea Party, Boston
Massacre, no taxation without representation
6. American Revolution: Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, Yorktown
7. Analyze the impact of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of
Confederation
B. George Washington & John Adams elected 1788 and 1792
1. Judiciary Act of 1789 created Supreme Court & system of district & appeals courts
2. Executive Departments created—state, treasury, war, attorney general
C. Treasury Secretary Hamilton
1. Wanted strong central government, national bank, economy based on industry &
commerce
D. Emergence of Political Parties
1. Hamilton’s Federalists—favored strong central government, “loose” interpretation of
the Constitution,
encouragement of business
2. Jefferson & Madison’s Republicans—wanted small federal government, “strict”
interpretation, development of an agrarian, rural society
E. Foreign Affairs
1. Proclamation of Neutrality w/ regards to French Revolution, also wanted trade w/
both sides.
2. Jay Treaty (1794) w/ Br only bought time w/ the Br—w/drew soldiers from west & est
border w/ Canada
3. Pinckney Treaty (1795) w/ Spain—opened MS Rv to trade & settled northern boarder
w/ FL
F. Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) defeated British backed NA & cleared the Ohio
territory
1. ended with Treaty of Greenville
G. Whiskey Rebellion (1794)—strengthened credibility of central govn’t
H. Washington’s Farewell Address—warns of political parties, foreign ties, and
sectionalism
I. Election of 1796—John Adams (F)
1. XYZ Affair—Fr tried to bribe Am diplomats. Anti-Fr sentiment strengthens.
2. Quazi-war w/ France—Naval war
3. Alien and Sedition Acts—suppress dissent & growing power of Republican
opposition.
4. KY & VA Resolutions—protested the Alien & Sedition Acts by proposing
nullification
Assessment
USHC 1.1
Summarize the distinct characteristics of each colonial region in the settlement and
development of British North America, including religious, social, political, and economic
differences.
Motives for Colonization:
_______________________
_______________________
Contrasting the Colonial Regions
Religion
Society
Politics
Economy
New
England
MidAtlantic
Not Assessed
Southern
Religion in the Colonies
The Colonial Economy
New England
The Triangular Trade
John Winthrop (MA)
City on a ______________
The “Religious Freedom” Myth
Although the Puritans fled England to escape
religious persecution, but they turned around and
persecuted dissenters in their own communities.
Exiled Dissenters:
_________________
___________________
Mid-Atlantic
Pennsylvania
William Penn
Maryland
Lord Baltimore
__________________
__________________
Colonies: ___________________
Europe:
___________________
Africa:
___________________
_______________________
Economic Regulation
The __________________ Acts
governed colonial trade, but were not
strictly enforced – a policy known as
salutary neglect.
PORTS: Boston, New York,
Philadelphia, Charleston
USHC 1.2
Analyze the early development of representative government and political rights in the
American colonies, including the influence of the British political system and the rule of law
as written in the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, and the conflict between the
colonial legislatures and the British Parliament over the right to tax that resulted in the
American Revolutionary War.
Constitutional Government = ___________________ Government
The early American colonists brought traditions of constitutional government with them to the New World.
Two English documents embody these traditions:
The _________________ ____________________, or “Great Charter,” was
signed by King John in 1215. The Magna Carta limited the power of the English
monarch and recognized the rights of individuals in the following ways:
Taxation ____ _________________
The king cannot tax unless he gets approval
from the people’s representatives
Trial by __________________
The ___________ of ____________
Everyone obeys the law – even the king.
English monarchs had to get the approval of ______________________ for all
taxes. Parliament was a representative body made up of nobles, bishops, and
landowners.
In the 1600s, the Stuart kings clashed with Parliament, leading to the English Civil
War and the “__________________ Revolution” of 1688.
William and Mary signed the English ___________________ of ___________________, which established
the following principle:
Parliament > King
The English Bill of Rights guaranteed many of the same liberties that Americans are guaranteed by
our Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, freedom to petition the government, the right to
bear arms, and protection from cruel and unusual punishments.
Natural Rights (John _________________)
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
“Consent of the Governed”
John Locke wrote that the
purpose of government is to
protect people’s natural rights
of life, liberty, and property.
“Right of Revolution”
The English colonists brought these ideas with them to the colonies, where they created their own
representative bodies that made their laws.
Parliament pursued a policy of “__________________ __________________” with the colonies,
leaving them alone. However, this would change with the French and Indian War.
Parliament Taxes the Colonies
1754-1763
_______________________________________________________________________
After the French and Indian War, Parliament decided to quarter troops in the American colonies and
that the colonists should pay to maintain the troops. The new restrictions and taxes Parliament placed
on the colonies included:
1763 The ___________________ _________________ of 1763, which restricted colonists from
settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
1764 ____________________
____________________________________________________
1765 ____________________
______________________________________ Internal Tax
“NO ________________________ WITHOUT ________________________”
1767 ____________________
____________________________________________________
P___________ P___________ L___________ G___________ T___________
The Road to Revolution
1770 ____________________
____________________________________________________
1773 ____________________
____________________________________________________
1774 ____________________
____________________________________________________
1. ____________________________
_____________________________________________
2. ____________________________
_____________________________________________
3. ____________________________
_____________________________________________
4. ____________________________
_____________________________________________
5. ____________________________
_____________________________________________
1775 Battles of ______________________ and ________________________
USHC 1.3
Analyze the impact of the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution on
establishing the ideals of a democratic republic.
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which
the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel
them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That
to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just
powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on
such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for
light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations,
pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them
under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the
necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of
the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in
direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let
Facts be submitted to a candid world.
BEGIN LITANY OF ABUSES
USHC 1.4
Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the Articles of Confederation
were addressed with the writing of the Constitution of 1787, including the debates and
compromises reached at the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the
Constitution.
The Articles of Confederation
The first plan of government for the United States was the _________________ of _________________,
which were drafted in 1776. The Articles were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
The Articles vs. the Constitution
Articles of Confederation
U.S. Constitution
“A Firm League of Friendship”
“A More Perfect Union”
Representation
Taxation
In addition to the Articles:
Powers of
Congress
Amendments
/ of Congress + / of States
The Constitutional Convention
May-September, 1787 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
For what purpose? _______________________________________
Conflict and Compromise at the Constitutional Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great (Connecticut)
Compromise
3/5 (“Not So Great”)
Compromise
Slave Trade
Compromise
Electoral
College
Amendments
Electors = ____________ + ______________
___ / ___ OF _______________ + ___ / ___ OF THE ________________
Ratification
The Constitution had to be ratified by conventions in ______ of the thirteen
states in order to take effect.
The Federalist [Papers]
Moderate Antifederalists agreed
to support the Constitution if a
____________ of ____________
was added.
USHC 1.5
Explain how the fundamental principle of limited government is protected by the
Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including democracy, republicanism, federalism, the
separation of powers, the system of checks and balances, andindividual rights.
Principles of the Constitution
Constitutional (____________) Government
Federalism – power is divided between the _________________ government and
the ______________ governments.
Delegated Powers
Ordered Government
Concurrent Powers
Reserved Powers
___________________ Rebellion (1786)
Representative Government (Republicanism)
Separation of Powers
____________ Branch
____________ Branch
____________ Branch
Checks and Balances
In addition to separation of powers, the Framers proposed a
system of checks and balances in order to make sure that the
members of one branch of government did not become too
powerful or corrupt.
Examples:
Veto, Treaty Ratification, Judicial
Nomination and Confirmation
USHC 1.6
Analyze the development of the two-party system during the presidency of George
Washington, including controversies over domestic and foreign policies and the regional
interests of the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists.
Washington’s First Cabinet
Secretary of the
Treasury
Secretary of War
Attorney General
Henry Knox (MA)
Edmund Randolph (VA)
Secretary of
State
The First Two-Party System
(Jeffersonian)
REPUBLICANS
FEDERALISTS
Leaders
Federalism
Constitution
Economy
National Bank
Protective Tariff
Federal Assumption of
State War Debts
Supporters
Washington’s Farewell Address:
1. ____________________________________
Washington urged Americans to avoid
2. ____________________________________
The Adams Administration
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)
WHO?
WHAT?
The “___________________” of 1800
Jefferson elected President
/
Jeffersonian Republican majority in both Houses of Congresd
USHC 1.7
Summarize the expansion of the power of the national government as a result of
Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall, such as the establishment of judicial review
in Marbury v. Madison and the impact of political party affiliation on the Court.
Before leaving office, John Adams appointed several _________________ judges, who would serve life
terms and be able to undermine Jefferson’s Republican administration from the bench. These included
John _______________ who Adams appointed as _____________ _____________ of the Supreme Court.
_______________ v. _______________ established the principle of judicial ____________, which says
that the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution (specifically, in this case, to
overturn a law passed by ________________). This differed from Thomas Jefferson’s belief that the
______________ should interpret the Constitution.
John Marshall vs. Thomas Jefferson
John Marshall
(___________)
Thomas Jefferson
(__________)
Federalism
National Bank
Economic Development?
Strict / Loose Construction
Who Interprets the
Constitution?
II.
(April 29) The Jefferson Era
USHC-2.1 Summarize the impact of the westward movement on nationalism and
Democracy, including the expansion of the franchise, the displacement of Native
Americans from the southeast and conflicts over states’ rights and federal power
during the era of Jacksonian democracy as the result of major land acquisitions
such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican Cession.
USHC-2.2 Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of Manifest Destiny
affected the United States’ relationships with foreign powers, including the role of
the United States in the Texan Revolution and the Mexican War.
USHC-2.3 Compare the economic development in different regions (the South, the
North, and the West) of the United States during the early nineteenth century,
including ways that economic policy contributed to political controversies.
USHC-2.4 Compare the social and cultural characteristics of the North, the South,
and the West during the antebellum period, including the lives of African
Americans and social reform movements such as abolition and women’s rights.
A. The Revolution of 1800—Jefferson elected by the House
1. Court Conflicts—Adams’ Judiciary Act of 1801 packed courts w/ Federalist
“Midnight Judges” at last minute
a. Marbury v. Madison declares judicial review
B. Louisiana Purchase (1803) – doubles size of USA
1. Jefferson violates “strict” interpretation
2. Lewis & Clark map out the new territory
C. Foreign Relations
1. Embargo of 1807 tried to keep US out of war, economic disaster
D. Madison’s Administration
1. War Hawks convince Madison to ask Congress for War in 1812
2. Causes: impressments, British-NA relations, blockades, freedom of the seas, and
embargo
3. Treaty of Ghent (1814)—restored pre-War status quo
4. Hartford Convention (1814)—New England Federalists met & threatened session.
Wanted commercial interested protected.
5. Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson’s a hero – Federalist Party looked stupid and
goes away.
E. Monroe’s Administration
1. AKA “Era of Good Feelings”
2. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)—Spain sold FL to USA
3. Monroe Doctrine (1823)—Declared western hemisphere closed to European
colonization
4. Henry Clay’s American System: infrastructure improvements, protective tariffs,
national bank
III.
Internal Development—Post War of 1812
A. The Marshall Court
1. Chief Justice John Marshall built power of the central govn’t & court
2. Marbury v. Madison
3. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)—declared a state law constitutional
4. Dartmouth College v. Woodword (1819)—upheld sanctity of contracts against state
actions
5. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)—est federal immunity from states’ taxiing power
6. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)—est federal control over interstate commerce
B. Missouri Compromise (1820)
1. raised question of expansion of slavery, threatened the balance of power in the
Senate
2. Henry Clay’s idea—Missouri became a slave state, Maine became a free state,
Established the 36°30’ line to limit the expansion of slavery
C. The Economy—Industry in the North, King Cotton in the South, Roads & canals
creating national markets
D. Education
1. Most schools were private & expensive
2. Noah Webster’s speller & Bible formed basis of literacy
E. Religion
1. Second Great Awakening
a. Leader Charles Grandison Finney
2. Sparked a number of social reform movements including temperance, abolition,
suffrage, etc…
IV.
Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1841)
A. Election of 1824—went to the House, John Quincy Adams won the election and
appoints Clay Secretary of State, “corrupt bargain,” party split
1. Tariff of Abominations (1828) denounced by the South, Calhoun’s Exposition and
Protest
B. Election of 1828
1. Jackson elected on Democratic ticket after dirty campaign
2. was known as the “Common Man” president
C. Indian Removal Act (1830)—removed all Indian tribes west of the MS Rv. Trail of
Tears w/ Cherokee Nation
1. Worcester v. Cherokee (1832)
2. Jackson and John Marshall disagree
D. Tariff Crisis
1. Webster-Haynes Debate, issues: western land, tariff, State’s Rights
2. John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president
3. South Carolina drew up Ordinance of Nullification and threatened to secede, Congress
passed a compromise tariff and the Force Bill
E. The Bank War—Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, removed govn’t deposits & place them
in “pet” banks, causing a recession – Panic of 1837
F. Jacksonian Politics
1. Beginning of modern party system and the spoils system (sought advice from his
“kitchen cabinet”)
2. The rise of the Whigs, with their support of commercial and industrial development,
led by Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster
USHC 2.1
Summarize the impact of the westward movement on nationalism and democracy,
including the expansion of the franchise, the displacement of Native Americans from the
southeast and conflicts over states’ rights and federal power during the era of Jacksonian
democracy as the result of major land acquisitions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the
Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican Cession.
The Louisiana Purchase
1803 – Jefferson purchased Louisiana from ___________________. He sent Lewis and
Clark to explore the Purchase (WIN) and to find a ________________ Passage (FAIL).
Jefferson had doubts as to whether the _________________ permitted the federal
government to purchase land, but he did it anyway.
The War of 1812
The __________________ Act (1807)
Economic Coercion [INNEFECTIVE]
Madison’s War Message
1. Impressment of Sailors
2. Cutting off American Trade
THIS CURSED OGRABME!!!
3. Arming ____________ ______________ on the western frontier
After the War of 1812, the U.S. continued to expand to the West, ushering in an era
of democracy and the common man. Andrew ________________, the hero of the
Battle of New Orleans, was elected president in 1828. Jackson typified this era of
the common man.
Indian Removal
Trail of __________________: Jackson approved of moving Native
American tribes, such as the Cherokee, from the Southeast to the Indian
Territory (Oklahoma).
(Jackson had spent much of his military career fighting Indians.)
KEY TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS
1803
1845
1846
1848
USHC 2.2
Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of Manifest Destiny affected the United
States’ relationships with foreign powers, including the role of the United States in the Texan Revolution
and the Mexican War.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
U.S. to Europe:
NO NEW _________________________
The Monroe Doctrine had little impact on European Powers at the time,
but it is significant for U.S. foreign policy because it provided justification
for later U.S. presidents (e.g., TR, Taft, and Wilson) to intervene in Latin
America in the 20th century.
Manifest Destiny
Sea to Shining Sea…
Texas and the Mexican War (1835-1848)
Texas, a Mexican state, attracted many American colonists from the Southern United States. In 1835, after
disputes with the Mexican government about dictatorship and slavery, Texas declared independence.
1836: Texas asks to be annexed as a U.S. state.
The U.S. ( accepts / refuses )
Reasons: 1. _________________________
2. _________________________
1844 Presidential Campaign: Texas annexation an issue
James K. ___________________ wins. Americans supported annexation.
1845: U.S. annexes Texas = War with ____________________________
AMERICA WINS BIG!!!
1848: Mexican ________________________
US gets land from Mexico
States included: ___________________________________
The United States and Mexico became ( allies / adversaries ) as a
result of the Mexican War.
Meanwhile, the U.S. compromised with Britain on the border of ____________________________.
USHC 2.3
Compare the economic development in different regions (the South, the North, and
the West) of the United States during the early nineteenth century, including ways
that economic policy contributed to political controversies.
Antebellum means “_______________ _____ ______________.” In U.S. History,
antebellum describes the period from 18___ to 18___, between the
________________ Compromise and the _____________ _________.
SECTIONALISM
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
Economy
Political Leaders
Political Issues
USHC 2.4
Compare the economic development in different regions (the South, the North, and
the West) of the United States during the early nineteenth century, including ways
that economic policy contributed to political controversies.
ANTEBELLUM REFORM MOVEMENTS
Movement
Key Figures
Information
Second Great
Awakening
Abolitionism
Temperance
N/A
Women’s Rights
Antebellum reform movements were strongest in the _______________, but did not
catch on in the more traditionally-minded South.
The more aggressively Northerners criticized the institution of slavery, the more
the South ________________ it.
V.
(April 30) Antebellum Culture
USHC-3.1 Evaluate the relative importance of political events and issues that
divided the nation and led to civil war, including the compromises reached to
maintain the balance of free and slave states, the abolitionist movement, the Dred
Scott case, conflicting views on states’ rights and federal authority, the emergence of
the Republican Party, and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
USHC-3.2 Summarize the course of the Civil War and its impact on
democracy, including the major turning points; the impact of the Emancipation
Proclamation; the unequal treatment afforded to African American military units;
the geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of the Confederacy; and
the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
USHC-3.3 Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the southern states and on the
role of the federal government, including the impact of the thirteenth, fourteenth,
and fifteenth
amendments on opportunities for African Americans.
USHC-3.4 Summarize the end of Reconstruction, including the role of anti–
African American factions and competing national interests in undermining support
for Reconstruction; the impact of the removal of federal protection for freedmen;
and the impact of Jim Crow laws and voter restrictions on African American rights
in the post-Reconstruction era.
USHC-3.5 Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions
imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period, including the leadership and
strategies of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
A. Examples of the Movement
1. Literature
a. Northern Writers: James F. Cooper’s Last of the Mohicans & The Pathfinder, Walt
Whitman, Henry Longfellow, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorn
b. Southern Writers: Edgar A. Poe
2. Fine Arts
a. Painters: Hudson River School, George Caitlin’s Indians, John J. Audubon’s birds
b. Neoclassical Architecture
3. Transcendentalists tried to gain unity with God outside organized religion—Emerson
& Thoreau
4. Utopians tried to escape industrial world
a. Secular Communities: Brook Farm (MA), New Harmony (IN)
b. Religious Communities: Shakers, Mormons (Joseph Smith & Brigham Young)
B. Political Reform Movements
1. Temperance Movement
2. Public schools-Horace Mann in MA was an early advocate and the “father of public
education,” supported the creation of schools to train teachers
3. Feminism had origins at Seneca Falls Convention (1848) led by Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
4. Abolitionism: Wm Lloyd Garrison’s “The Liberator” & Frederick Douglass’s “ The
North Star”
VI.
Life in the North
A. Population Trends
1. Total pop grew from 4M in 1790 to 32M in 1860
2. Cult of domesticity shifted family responsibilities to women
3. Immigration increased—still from west Europe
B. Industrial Growth—NE produced 2/3 of all products
1. Technology was ahead of Europe—Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts, Elias
Howe’s sewing machine, John Deere’s steel plow, Case’s thresher, McCormick’s
mechanical reaper
VII.
Life in the South
A. The Cotton Kingdom—Population & economic power shifted to the Gulf States
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Class Society
Planter Class (50+ slaves) were minority, but dominated
Yeoman farmers were largest group—owned few or no slaves
Poor whites w/ no land
Slaves
C. The Response of Slaves
1. Slave Revolts/insurrections—largest by Nat Turner (1831)
2. Running away—Harriet Tubman, Levi Coffin and the Underground Railroad
VIII. Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion
A. Manifest Destiny—belief that America should own land to the Pacific
1. Democrats favored the use of force for expansion
B. Oregon Territory—joint occupation w/ Br until Pres. Polk
C.
1.
2.
3.
IX.
Texas
1836 Texas declared independence from Mexico
Remember the Alamo, Santa Anna, and the Lone Star Republic of Sam Huston
Dispute in U.S. over annexation
Westward Expansion
A. Polk’s Presidency
1. Campaigned on the slogan of 54 40 or fight
2. Mexican-American War
a. Causes: influx of Americans in MX, confusion over the borders, annexation of TX
b. Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” protested the war
c. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) increased US territory, sets TX-MX boundary at
Rio Grande River, returned the issue of slavery to the national level
X.
America at Mid-Century
A. Political Developments
1. Wilmot Proviso, proposed during the war, would have prohibited slavery in lands
taken from MX (rejected)
2. Compromise of 1850: introduced by H. Clay
a. Gains for the North: CA as free state, borders btw TX & NM established, slave trade
prohibited in D.C.
b. Gains for the South: tougher fugitive slave laws, assume TX debt, slavery not
abolished in D.C.
3. Pres. Pierce acquires the Gadsden Purchase (1854) from MX
XI.
(May 2) The Coming Civil War
A. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)
B. Troubles in Kansas
1. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) repealed the Compromise Line of 1820 and opened
Kansas to popular sovereignty
a. Republican Party was formed to stop the spread of slavery into the territories
2. Free Soilers and John Brown helps Kansas Bleed
3. Lecompton Constitution the pro-slavery constitution that was accepted, but led to
guerrilla warfare
C. The 1856 Election—James Buchanan wins, but Republican party strengthens
D. Dred Scott Case—Sup Ct. Chief Justice Roger Taney states that Congress can’t
exclude slavery from any territory
E. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1. Lincoln challenges Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty w/ Dred Scott decision
F. Additional Sources of Tension
1. John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry Va., Rowan Helper’s Impending Crisis in the
South
G. The 1860 Election
1. Democratic party splits: Northern Whigs= S. Douglas, Southern Whig= J.
Breckenridge, Constitutional Union= J. Bell
2. Republican Party nominates A. Lincoln (wins plurality)
H. Secession Crisis
1. SC seceded 12/20/1860
2. 7 states organized into the CSA w/ J. Davis as the president by March of 1861 and
draft a Constitution in Montgomery, Alabama.
3. Lincoln called for troops, 4 other states joined the Confederacy.
4. April 12, 1861 @ 4:30am Beauregard’s men fire on Fort Sumter – the War starts,
Major Anderson forced to surrender the fort and leave SC
XII.
The Civil War
A. Strengths
1. USA advantages: wealthier, more industry, more population, functioning Navy, RR
a. Anaconda Plan: Blockade Atlantic, control MS Rv, capture Richmond
b. Lincoln’s first goal—“Preserving the Union”
2. CSA advantages: large area made conquest difficult, home front advantage, more
qualified military leaders
B. Early Battles
1. First Battle of Bull Run—shows that war win be long
C. Farragut captured New Orleans
1. War at Sea
a. Trent incident
b. Merrimack & Monitor were the first ironclads
D. The Home Front
1. Homestead Act (1862) gives 160 acres of free land if farmed for 5 years—more
settling west
2. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) free land to states for “ag and mechanical” colleges
3. Pacific Railway Act (1862) – built largely by Chinese and Irish Immigrants, the
transcontinental railroad was not completed until 1869, met at Promontory Point, UT
4. Conscription instituted in North & South
5. Financing the War
a. USA establishes first income tax
b. Issues “greenbacks”
6. Constitutional Authority?—Lincoln suspends habeas corpus, jails Southern
sympathizers
E.
1.
a.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Later Battles
Antietam/Sharpsburg (1862) Bloodiest Day in U.S. History – not a decisive victory
Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg (1863) Bloodiest Battle in the War, 1st Turning Point
Vicksburg, 2nd Turning Point, Union gained control of the Mississippi River
Sherman March to the Sea, burned Atlanta, etc. “Total War”
Lee Surrendered at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)
F. Lincoln assassinated (April 14, 1865)
XIII. Reconstruction
A. Under Lincoln
1. Establishes Freedman’s Bureau (1865)
2. 10% Plan
3. Pocket Vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill
B. Under Johnson
1. More lenient than Lincoln, add ratification of 13th Amendment., Congress refused to
admit representatives
C. Congressional Reconstruction
1. Begins after the 1866 mid-term elections
2. Military Reconstruction Act (1867) divides South into 5 military districts run by
federal governors
3. 14th Am defines citizen & ensures that life, liberty & property can’t be taken w/o due
process
4. Tenure of Office Act (1867) president must have Senate approval to dismiss appointed
officials
a. Congress wanted to keep Sec. Of War Stanton
b. Failure to follow Tenure of Office Act leads to Johnson’s impeachment—found not
guilty
D. Under Grant
1. 15th Am ensures universal male suffrage—Republicans dependant on black vote
2. Corruption: Whiskey Ring Fraud, Crédit Mobilier scandal
3. Panic of 1873: retirement of greenbacks & revival of gold standard
E. Compromise of 1877
1. Contested Election Results in SC, FL, and LA
2. Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes promised to end Reconstruction by
w/drawling troops from South for Democratic support and won the election.
Assessment
USHC 3.1
Evaluate the relative importance of political events and issues that divided the nation and
led to civil war, including the compromises reached to maintain the balance of free and
slave states, the abolitionist movement, the Dred Scott case, conflicting views on states’
rights and federal authority, the emergence of the Republican Party, and the formation of
the Confederate States of America.
Events Leading to the Civil War
Monroe
1820 ________________________________________
___°___′
Clay’s American System
1824 The “______________” Bargain (Clay and Adams)
1828 ________________________________________
1828-1833 ____________________ Crisis
1831
__________________ published
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
WHO LOSES?
William Lloyd _____________________
1846-1848
1836
Texas _______________
1845
Texas _______________
The Great Compromiser
1. ____________________(18___)
______________________________________ 2. ____________________(18___)
_________________ Proviso
__________________________________________________
3. ____________________(18___)
Abolitionism vs. Free Soil
Abolitionism
Free Soil
Geographic Base:
Geographic Base:
Compromise of 1850
The Great
1.
________________________________________________________
2.
________________________________________________________
3.
________________________________________________________
on compromising
________________________________________________________
4.
Triumvirate
5.
________________________________________________________
Webster _______
Popular (Squatter) Sovereignty
Stephen __________________
The Crisis of the 1850s
The 1830s vs. the 1850s
1830s
Pierce
1852 __________________________ published
1850s
Clay
_______
Calhoun
_______
IMPACT:
1854 _______________-__________________ Act
____________________ Party Founded
PLATFORM: _____________________
1856 “Bleeding ____________________”
Notable abolitionist involved: _____________ ________________
Sen. Charles Sumner, “The Crime Against Kansas”
_______________-__________________ Beating
1857 _____________ _______________ v. Sandford
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. Nullified _________________________________
1859 John Brown’s _______________’s Ferry Raid
1860 ______________________ Elected President
1. ___________________ South secedes (12/1860-2/1861)
2. Fort ________________ attacked (4/1861)
3. Lincoln’s Response: _____________________________________
4. ___________________ South secedes (April-June/1861)
USHC 3.2
Summarize the course of the Civil War and its impact on democracy, including the major
turning points; the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation; the unequal Treatment
afforded to African American military units; the geographic, economic, and political
factors in the defeat of the Confederacy; and the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
Causes of Southern Secession
1. Conflicting views about ____________________ authority and states’ rights
2. Economic & cultural differences between the _______________ South and the ______________ North
3. Debates over the expansion of _________________ into the western territories
4. The election of _______________ ________________ in 18__
Union and Confederate Advantages
UNION Advantage
CONFEDERATE Advantage
Population
Manufacturing
Money
Defense
Military Leadership
Political Leadership
Decisive Battles of the Civil War
Battle
Year
Victor
Union
Confed.
Significance
1861
1862
1863
1863
1865
Civil War Generals
Robert E. ____________
(CSA)
Ulysses S. ____________
(USA)
The Emancipation Proclamation
William T. ____________
(USA)
EFFECTIVE DATE:
_________ _____, __________
Which slaves were freed by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation? ___________________________
How many slaves were freed on January 1, 1863? ___________________
What value did it have, then? _____________________________________________________
By what authority did Lincoln free these slaves? ______________________________________
Lincoln defined the proclamation as a “necessary ______________ measure.”
Why didn’t Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation sooner?
Lincoln and the Civil War
Lincoln’s primary goal in fighting the Civil War was to
___________________ the ________________. To this goal, he added the
emancipation of slaves as it became clear that the war would be a long and bitter conflict.
USHC 3.3
Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the southern states and on the role of the
federal government, including the impact of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
amendments on opportunities for African Americans.
THE BIG QUESTION:
Reconstruction
By what process will the Southern states be
brought back into the Union?
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds… to
do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all
nations. “
-Abraham Lincoln (Second Inaugural Address)
Presidential Reconstruction
_______% Plan – Lincoln’s plan to allow Southern states back into the Union quickly and easily
Lincoln’s _________________ by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 hardened Northern attitudes
toward the defeated South. Lincoln’s successor, Andrew __________________, attempted to
continue Lincoln’s generous plans for Reconstruction, but encountered resistance from
Congress. Northern Republicans also resented Southern states’ efforts to impose
_______________ Codes, which denied basic rights of citizenship to African-Americans.
Radical Republicans
Goals of the Radical Republicans:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
Presidential Reconstruction
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
(1863-1867)
(1867-1877)
President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts that were passed by the Radical Republicans in 1867, but
his vetoes were overridden by a ___/___ vote of Congress. The Radical Republicans ______________ed
President Johnson over disagreements about Reconstruction plans. Johnson avoided being removed
from office by ____ vote.
Reconstruction Amendments
Presidential Reconstruction
13th Amendment (1865)
USHC 3.4
14th
Radical Reconstruction
Amendment (1868) 15th Amendment (1870)
1.
__________________________
2.
__________________________
3.
__________________________
Summarize the end of Reconstruction, including the role of anti–African American
factions and competing national interests in undermining support for Reconstruction; the
impact of the removal of federal protection for freedmen; and the impact of Jim Crow laws
and voter restrictions on African American rights in the post-Reconstruction era.
Reconstruction in the South
Radical Republicans divided the South (except for Tennessee, which ratified the ___th Amendment
voluntarily) into five _____________________ districts. Radical Republicans believed that the
defeated South should be treated like “___________________ provinces.”
Freedmen’s Bureau: ___________________________________________________________________
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
The ______ ___________ ___________ committed acts of violence and
intimidation against “carpetbaggers,” “scalawags,” and freedmen.
Compromise of 1877: _____________________________________________________
Jim Crow - ________________________________________________________________
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
______________________, but ____________________
USHC 3.5
Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them
in the post-Reconstruction period, including the leadership and strategies of Booker T.
Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
The post-Reconstruction and Progressive Eras was a low point for American race relations. Racial segregation
(Jim __________) was prevalent in many parts of the country, especially the South (including Washington,
D.C.) and lynchings (executions of African Americans by angry mobs without a trial) were common during this
period. While Progressive reformers did plenty to try to help immigrants to assimilate into American culture,
they did little to promote racial equality. Black leaders, such as W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington,
disagreed about the best way to help black citizens achieve political, economic, and social equality in
America.
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Ida B. Wells(-Barnett)
Although Teddy Roosevelt had dinner with Booker T. Washington at the White House and appointed a
black man to the post of Customs Collector at the Port of Charleston, the backlash from whites caused
him to stop short of anything more ambitious than this. Woodrow Wilson sent race relations back
several years by segregating the federal civil service, which had been integrated before his presidency.
XIV
(May 1) New Industrial Era (1877-1882)
USHC 4.1 Summarize the impact that government policy and the construction of
the transcontinental railroads had on the development of the national market and
on the culture of Native American peoples.
USHC-4.2 Analyze the factors that influenced the economic growth of the United
States and its emergence as an industrial power, including the abundance of natural
resources;
government support and protection in the form of railroad subsidies, tariffs, and
labor policies; and the expansion of international markets.
USHC-4.3 Evaluate the role of capitalism and its impact on democracy, including
the ascent of new industries, the increasing availability of consumer goods and the
rising
standard of living, the role of entrepreneurs, the rise of business through
monopoly and the influence of business ideologies.
USHC-4.4 Explain the impact of industrial growth and business cycles on farmers,
workers, immigrants, labor unions, and the Populist movement and the ways that
these
groups and the government responded to the economic problems caused by
industry and business.
USHC-4.5 Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in late nineteenthcentury America, including the movement from farm to city, the changing
immigration patterns, the rise of ethnic neighborhoods, the role of political
machines, and the migration of African Americans to the North, Midwest, and
West.
USHC-4.6 Compare the accomplishments and limitations of the women’s
Suffrage movement and the Progressive Movement in affecting social and political
reforms in America, including the roles of the media and of reformers such as
Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, and presidents Theodore
Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
A. Politics
1. 1880 Election: James Garfield (R) becomes pres, assassinated by a “Stalwart”—
favored spoils system
2. Chester A. Arthur becomes president and supported the Pendleton Civil Service Act
B. Economy
1. New South’s economy: textiles, steel, cigarettes
2. Social Darwinism & Gospel of Wealth
3. National Grange, founded by Oliver Kelley push for “Grange Laws,” Farmers’
Alliance form— supported inflation, regulation of RR, cooperative farm marketing
4. Haymarket Square Riots (1886): reduced support of labor unions & Knights of Labor
C. Society & Culture
1. Immigration: 2M in 1870s, mostly Northern Europeans; 5M in 1880s, mostly
Southern & Eastern Europeans
2. Social Gospel: wanted better social & education services in cities (Jane Addams)
3. New Religious Organizations: Salvation army (1878), Mary Baker Eddy’s First
Church of Christian Scientists
4. African Americans: Booker T. Washington led Tuskegee Institute emphasizing
vocational education
5. Literature: Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer—works leading toward
Realism
XV.
Corporate Industrialism (1882-1887)
A. Politics
1. Election 1884: Grover Cleveland (D) becomes president—politics shift from
Republicans to Democrats
B. Economy
1. Corporate Leaders: John D. Rockefeller (oil), JP Morgan (banking), Andrew Carnegie
(steel)
a. “Robber Barons” or “Industrial Statesmen”
2. Interstate Commerce Act (1887): oversees RR rates, federal regulations of RR
3. American Federation of Labor: craft unions, Samuel Gompers & Adolph Strasser
founded it
C. Foreign Relations
1. Asia: Chinese immigration suspended (1882)
2. Navy: became 3rd largest in the war & naval college started
3. Pacific: US obtained Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (1886)
4. American Christian Missionaries active all over world
a. Josiah Strong – A Protestant Minister who expanded the idea of Manifest Destiny to
support American imperialism in the late 19th century
D. Native Americans
1. Apache War: capture of Geronimo ended war (1887)
2. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Americanization by est private property among NA
3. Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor – published in 1881, outlined America’s
harsh treatment of the Native Americans
XVI. Emergence of Regional Empire (1887-1892)
A. Politics
1. Election of 1888: Benjamin Harrison (R) won electoral vote, but Cleveland won
popular vote
2. Oklahoma: First OK land rush (1889) “Oklahoma Sooners”
B. Economy
1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): prohibited combinations or conspiracies in restraint
of trade
2. McKinley Tariff (1890)
C. Society & Culture
1. Popular Amusements: vaudeville, circus, Wild West Shows, George Eastman’s
camera
2. Sports: baseball, boxing, cycling, basketball invented
3. Childrearing: parents less authoritative, golden age of children’s literature
4. Growth of Catholicism & Judaism in USA
5. Native Americans: Ghost Dance & Battle of Wounded Knee (1890): ended the NA
wars
6. Frederick Jackson Turner “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
(1893)—closing of the frontier and the end of the “West”
D. Foreign Relations
1. Hawaii: American sugar planters overthrow Queen Lilliuokalani (1893)
XVII. ( May 6) Economic Depression (1892-1897)
A. Politics
1. Populist Party founded in 1892, Omaha Platform advocated public ownership of RR,
unlimited coinage of silver as well as gold, 8-hour work day, initiatives & referendum,
secret ballots, direct election of senators, graduated income tax
a. Fights RR w/ Munn v, Illinois & Wabash v. Illinois
2. Election of 1892: Grover Cleveland (D) defeats Benjamin Harrison (R), Populists win
10% of the vote
3. Election of 1896: William McKinley (R) defeats William Jennings Bryan (D)—
Populist Party supported Bryan
B. Economy
1. Homestead Strike (1892): iron & steel workers struck Carnegie Steel & was broken up
by guards
2. Panic of 1893
3. Pullman Strike (1894): Cleveland sent in federal troops to break up strikers
C. Society & Culture
1. Temperance: Anti-Saloon League
2. Immigration: settlement houses provided aid—Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago
USHC 4.5
Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in late nineteenth-century America, including
the movement from farm to city, the changing immigration patterns, the rise of ethnic
neighborhoods, the role of political machines, and the migration of African Americans to
the North, Midwest, and West.
Assessment
The “New Immigrants”
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the United States was flooded with millions of “New
Immigrants” from ______________ and ______________ Europe, which included countries such as
_______________, ________________, and _______________.
Native born Americans tended to resent the “New Immigrants” for several reasons:
1. They didn’t understand __________________.
2. Their home countries lacked traditions of ________________ government.
3. Their religions (_________________, ______________, ______________) were largely alien to
native born Americans.
4. They provided a steady supply of ______________ _______________, which undermined
efforts by labor unions to get better wages.
Catholicism and cheap labor were also reasons why people resented the ______________ immigrants during
the antebellum period. However, the Irish did speak English and had traditions of republican government, so
no efforts were made by Congress to limit Irish immigration during the nineteenth century.
Anti-Immigrant Legislation and Quotas
Chinese Exclusion Act (1880s)
Immigration Quota Acts (1920s)
The first legislation to prohibit immigration by
people of a specific nationality. Laws
restricting immigration from Asia remained on
Severely limited immigration from
___________ and __________ Europe, giving
preference to immigrants from the British Isles
the books until the WWII era.
and Germany.
Ethnic Neighborhoods and Immigrant Poverty
In most cases, immigrants were too poor to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of
densely populated ethnic neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on political machines, led by party
bosses, to help them find jobs. The political machines relied on immigrant votes to keep
themselves in power.
Muckrakers, such as Jacob ______________, author of How the Other Half Lives, exposed
the poor conditions in urban tenements (low-rent apartments) and sweatshops, where
immigrants performed cheap labor.
Although most immigrants stayed in coastal cities, such as NYC, many went to Chicago
and other cities in the Midwest where low-paying, undesirable jobs (e.g., meatpacking)
were available. Upton Sinclair’s book, The _______________, exposed the wretched
working conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry.
USHC 4.6
Compare the accomplishments and limitations of the women’s suffrage movement and the
Progressive Movement in affecting social and political reforms in America, including the
roles of the media and of reformers such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams,
and presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
The Settlement House Movement
______________ ________________ (Pictured) started the ____________
House, a “settlement house” where immigrant families could go to receive
education, job training, and child care, amongst other things. Settlement
houses served as community centers for immigrants trying to make their way
in America.
D
The Progressive Presidents
Teddy Roosevelt
Before Teddy Roosevelt (“TR”) was elected president, the federal government had tended to
side with “big business” when there were conflicts between business and labor. Roosevelt
offered Americans a “_____________ Deal,” promising to stand up to corporations who didn’t
play fairly.
Anthracite __________ Strike – The first attempt by a president to end a strike by __________.
TR earned the reputation as a “_____________ buster” for prosecuting corporations who
flagrantly violated the principles of the Sherman Antitrust Act. However, it became apparent
that the Sherman Act was not strong enough to rein in monopolies.
Progressive Legislation Passed During Roosevelt’s Administration
Pure ____________ and ____________ Act
___________ Inspection Act
(1906)
(1906)
Created the ______________________________
Prompted by Upton Sinclair’s publication of
_____________ ____________.
Conservation
Of wildlife and natural resources
Progressive Legislation Passed During Woodrow Wilson’s Administration
Clayton Antitrust Act
Child Labor Legislation
Federal Reserve Act
Strengthened the provisions
of the Sherman Antitrust Act
Declared unconstitutional by
the Supreme Court. This is an
example of judicial
A central banking system
Exempted Labor Unions
________________.
___________ rates.
created to regulate the
___________ supply and
Constitutional Amendments Ratified During the Progressive Era
During the Progressive Era, four amendments were proposed by a ___/___ vote of Congress and ratified
by ___/___ of the states. These amendments were products of two of the goals of Progressives:
1. Popular ________________
2. An expanded role for the ____________ government
3. ______________ Reform (e.g., Temperance)
16th
Amendment
17th
Amendment
18th
Amendment
19th
Amendment
Repealed by the ______ Amendment
XVIII. (May 2) Expansion (1897-1902)
USHC-5.1 Analyze the development of American expansionism, including the
change from isolationism to intervention and the rationales for imperialism based
on Social Darwinism, expanding capitalism, and domestic tensions.
USHC-5.2 Explain the influence of the Spanish-American War on the emergence of
the United States as a world power, including the role of yellow journalism in the
American declaration of war against Spain, United States interests and expansion in
the South Pacific, and the debate between pro-and anti-imperialists over annexation
of the Philippines.
USHC-5.3 Summarize United States foreign policies in different regions of the
world during the early twentieth century, including the purposes and effects of the
Open Door policy with China, the United Statesrole in the Panama Revolution,
Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy,” William Taft’s “dollar diplomacy,”
and Woodrow Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” and changing worldwide perceptions of
the United States.
USHC-5.4 Analyze the causes and consequences of United States involvement in
World War I, including the failure of neutrality and the reasons for the declaration
of war, the role of propaganda in creating a unified war effort, the limitation of
individual liberties, and Woodrow Wilson’s leadership in the Treaty of Versailles
and the creation of the League of Nations.
USHC-5.5 Analyze the United States rejection of internationalism, including
postwar disillusionment, the Senate’s refusal to ratify the Versailles Treaty, the
election of 1920, and the role of the United States in international affairs in the
1920s.
A.
1.
2.
3.
Politics
Election 1900: William McKinley & Teddy Roosevelt (R) defeat Bryan (D)
McKinley assassination: anarchist killed pres (1901), Roosevelt becomes pres
Gold Standard Act (1900): gold reserve est
B. Foreign Policy
1. Spanish American War causes: yellow journalism, USS Maine explosion, Cuban
revolution, DeLôme, Letter criticizing McKinley
a. Treaty of Paris (1900): USA gains Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam, Spain receives
$20M
2. Hawaii annexed 1898
3. Philippines: E. Aguinaldo led rebellion against USA (1899-1902)
4. Open Door Notes: equal opportunity to trade w/ China
5. Platt Amendment: made Cuba a virtual protectorate of the USA (1901)
6. USA begins the Panama Canal
XIX. Theodore Roosevelt
A. Politics
1. R. LaFollette promotes state progressivism & “Laboratory of Democracy”—
initiatives, recalls, direct election of Senators
2. 1904 Election: Teddy Roosevelt—presidential policy called the “Square Deal”
3. Food Regulations: Pure Foods and Drug Act (1906) & Meat Inspection Act (1906) in
response to The Jungle
B. Economy
1. Antitrust Policies: Northern Securities Cases; Standard Oil Case, by 1909 T.
Roosevelt brought down 25 monopolies using the Courts and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
2. Coal Strike: TR intervened in United Mine Workers action against anthracite mine
owners (1902)
C. Society & Culture
1. Muckrakers: investigative journalism—Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of the Cities,
Ida Tarbell’s The History of Standard Oil, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, Jacob Riis’ How
the Other Half Lives
D. Foreign Relations
1. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: USA reserved right to intervene with Latin
America
2. Japan: Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) limited Japanese immigration
3. Great White Fleet: US naval fleet sent to Asia
XX.
Regulator State (1907)
A. Politics
1. 1908 Election: William H. Taft (R) defeats William Jennings Bryan (D)
a. Taft continued to fight trusts
b. Dollar Diplomacy
2. 16th Amendment: graduated income tax
3. 1912 Election: TR Split the Republican Party – Wilson (D) defeats TR (progressive)
and Taft (R)
4. Mexican Revolution: Taft stations troops along MX border supporting revolutionary
government
B. Economy
1. Payne-Aldrich Tariff: amendments made bill a protective tariff (1909)
2. Mann-Elkins Act (1910): strengthens the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
C. Society & Culture
1. IWW: Industrial Works of the World (Wobblies): radical labor union
2. African Americans: WEB DuBois founded the Niagara Movement (1905) that
eventually became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
calling for full equality the NAACP concentrated on using the courts
XXI.
(May 7) Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom
A. Implementing the “New Freedom”—calls for the reduction of tariffs, reform of bank
laws, improvements on antitrust laws
1. Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913): tariff rates reduced & graduated income tax
implemented
2. Federal Reserve Act (1913): Fed serviced bank
3. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act
4. Federal Trade Commission Act (1914): prohibited unfair trade w/o defining them
5. Child Labor Act (1916): couldn’t interstate ship goods made by children under 14—
declared unconstitutional
B. Election of 1916: Wilson wins and by calling for neutrality w/ WWI
XXII. Foreign Policy and Road to WWI
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Long-term causes
Imperialism
Militarism
Nationalism
Alliances
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Issues Proclamation of Neutrality (1914): closer ties to Allies
Submarine Crisis: Lusitania sunk killing Am passengers (1915), Arabic Pledge
Sussex Pledge (1916)
Gm reversed Schlieffin Plan and announce unrestricted sub warfare (1917)
Zimmerman telegram (1917): Gm proposed that Mx join them
Gm’s commit the “Overt Act,” the US declares war April 6, 1917
XXIII. World War I
A. Military Campaigns
1. Selective Service Act (May 1917): 2M drafted by end of war.
2. American Expeditionary force led by Gen. Pershing—100K dead
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Home Front
War Industries Board allocates raw materials, controls production & pricing of goods.
Rationing: “Wheatless Mondays” & “Meatless Tuesdays”
War Labor Board prohibits strikes & encourages higher wages.
War finance= income & luxury taxes ., bonds sold
C. Public Opinion & Civil Liberties
1. Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917): impose fines or prison sentences for giving false
information aiding the enemy or criticizing the govn’t
D. Social Trends
1. Women: more working, new freedoms lead to suffrage
2. Minorities: many migrate from South, race riots in 26 cities
Assessment
USHC 5.1 Analyze the development of American expansionism, including the change from
isolationism to intervention and the rationales for imperialism based on Social Darwinism, expanding
capitalism, and domestic tensions.
Isolationism to Interventionism
19th Century (1800s)
20th Century (1900s)
_________________
_________________
(Neutrality)
(Imperialism)
Motivations for American Imperialism
Social ________________________
Expansion of ____________________
Europeans and Americans believed
that their civilization as superior to
those of Latin America, Africa, Asia,
and the Pacific Islands.
Spread ________________________
and Western Civilization
Imperialism opened foreign
markets for American agricultural
and industrial products, easing
economic tensions at home.
_____________________ Bases
American imperialists had convinced
themselves that they had an obligation,
referred to as the “White Man’s
Burden,” to spread Christianity and
elevate subject peoples while
exploiting them economically.
America sought to assert itself
as a naval power in the early
twentieth century.
Imperialism provided the
United States with naval bases
in the Caribbean and the
Pacific.
Although American imperialism established the United States
as a world power and spread American political, economic, and
religious ideals, it also provoked _______________________
from people who were subject to American domination –
especially in the Philippines and Cuba.
USHC 5.2
Explain the influence of the Spanish-American War on the emergence of the United States
as a world power, including the role of yellow journalism in the American declaration of war
against Spain, United States interests and expansion in the South Pacific, and the debate
between pro- and anti-imperialists over annexation of the Philippines.
1
The Spanish-American War marked the United States’ emergence as a
_____________________ _____________________.
8
Causes
9
American sympathy for rebels in
_________________ who were
fighting against Spain for their
independence.
The explosion of the
U.S.S. __________________
in Havana Harbor.
8
________________ Journalism
NYC Newspapers published
sensational headlines in order
to compete for circulation.
These factors resulted in PUBLIC PRESSURE on the U.S. government to declare war on Spain.
“REMEMBER THE _________________________!!!”
AMERICA WINS and inherits what’s left of Spain’s colonial empire:
In the Pacific
In the Caribbean
1. _________________________
1. ___________________ (Annexed)
2. _________________________
2. ___________________ (Controlled)
The Supreme Court ruled at the time that the ___________________________ “does not
follow the flag” and that people in American overseas territories WERE NOT did not have the
same constitutional rights as people living on the North American continent.
The United States mercilessly crushed a rebellion in the __________________________.
Imperialist Arguments
Anti-Imperialist Arguments
USHC 5.3
Summarize United States foreign policies in different regions of the world during the early
twentieth century, including the purposes and effects of the Open Door policy with China,
the United States role in the Panama Revolution, Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick
diplomacy,” William Taft’s “dollar diplomacy,” and Woodrow Wilson’s “moral diplomacy”
and changing worldwide perceptions of the United States.
U.S. Imperialism in China
The “__________________ _______________” Policy opened
Chinese markets to the U.S. by allowing American businesses to
trade alongside European powers.
The _____________________ Rebellion was an anti-imperialist
uprising in China that was put down by American and British forces.
US Intervention in Latin America
C
U
_____________________Amendment: U.S. can intervene in to prevent civil unrest
Guantanamo Bay: Perpetual lease of a ____________________ base (still there today)
B
A
Teddy ______________________
TR described his foreign policy as
being inspired by the West African
proverb,
“___________ ____________”
Diplomacy
“Speak softly and
carry a big stick.”
TR’s “Big Stick” projected American naval power and increased American dominance in Latin America.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the _______________________ Doctrine established the U.S. as the
“policeman” In Latin America. The U.S. intervened in Latin American nations to collect debts on behalf
of European nations (so that they wouldn’t intervene in Latin America directly).
The United States helped ___________________ gain independence from Colombia in order to gain
access rights to construct the Panama ___________________.
William Howard _____________
“_______________________”
Diplomacy
Woodrow __________________
“___________ / Missionary”
Diplomacy
Protect American
___________________ interests and
investments in Latin America
Intervene to promote
__________________ governments
and oppose non-democratic
governments.
“Teach the Mexicans to elect good men.”
NOTE: Features of Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” can be found in his rationale for entering World War I,
declaring that the United States’ cause in the war was to “make the world safe for democracy.”
USHC 5.4
Analyze the causes and consequences of United States involvement in World War I, including
the failure of neutrality and the reasons for the declaration of war, the role of propaganda in
creating a unified war effort, the limitation of individual liberties, and Woodrow Wilson’s
leadership in the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations.
1914: World War I Begins
Where? __________________________
The Causes:
The Igniting Incident:
The _________________________ System
Archduke Franz ________________________ of Austria
was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in 1914.
N___________________________
Following the assassination, alliances were invoked,
leading to a full-scale war with Britain, France, and allies
on one side and Germany and allies on the other.
1914-1917
U.S. maintains a policy of __________________.
THIS GUY would have been proud! 
TRADE
Naval warfare made it difficult for the U.S. to carry on trade with Europe as a neutral power.
PROVOCATIONS
1. CRUISE SHIP
Three things prompted the U.S. to enter the war:
Sinking of the _______________________ (1915)
“He kept us out of ______________________”
Wilson’s 1916 Re-Election Slogan
2. TELEGRAM
The ____________________ Note (Germany to ________________)
3. SUBMARINE
_____________________ Submarine Warfare
Wilson: The U.S. is fighting to “make the world safe for ______________.”
PROPAGANDA
The U.S. government launched a massive propaganda
campaign with FOUR GOALS in mind:
________________ ________________
Soldiers, Sailors, Nurses
Food and Resources
______________
______________
the War (Liberty Bonds)
the Enemy (the Hun)
Espionage and ___________________ Acts
(1917-1918)
The Espionage and Sedition Acts banned Americans from undermining the war effort by
speaking out against the war and doing anything else (discouraging the purchase of war
bonds, opposing the draft, etc.) that could undermine the war effort.
Anti-German Sentiment:
This is a _______ ________!
DON’T TEACH THIS!
DON’T DISPLAY THIS!
Frankfurter
German Language
Flag of Germany
ARMISTICE
_______/_______/1918
____:00 AM
WILSON’S ______________________ POINTS:
1. Freedom of the ______________________
2. Reduction of ______________________
3. Open _________________ Negotiations
4. ____________-_________________ of Peoples
Most
Important
to Wilson
5. ____________________ of _____________________
Wilson’s Goal: ___________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
Although President Wilson exercised a leadership role at the Paris Peace
Conference, he had to make concessions to the Allies, who insisted on a
“____________ _______________” Clause blaming Germany for the war and
the payment of ____________________ from Germany to the Allies.
However, the Treaty of ______________________ also included Wilson’s
Fourteen Points, including re-drawing new national borders in Central
Europe along ________________ lines, although it failed to accommodate
every European ethnic group (What is a Yugoslavian?).
The Treaty also created a __________________ of ______________, which
Wilson believed to be the most important thing to prevent future wars.
USHC 5.5 Analyze the United States rejection of internationalism, including postwar
disillusionment, the Senate’s refusal to ratify the Versailles Treaty, the election
of 1920, and the role of the United States in international affairs in the 1920s.
The Versailles Treaty Controversy
Although President Wilson played a leading role at the Paris Peace Conference, he had
an even bigger task when he returned to the United States:
Convince the U.S. __________________ to ratify the _________________ Treaty.
According to the Constitution, ____ / ____ of the Senate must approve any treaty
negotiated by the President. Wilson, a Democrat, had an uphill battle, since the
Republican Party had a majority in the Senate.
Factions in the U.S. Senate
Internationalists
Mostly Senate Democrats
Reservationists
Irreconcilables
NOTE: The Republicans were divided into two camps.
Republican senators opposed the treaty, believing the ________________ of _______________ would obligate
the United States to enter future European wars.
Wilson refused to ________________________ with the Reservationists, insisting on an “all or nothing”
approach to ratification. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and never joined
the League of Nations, although the government did send an observer to the meetings.
1920s
In 1920, Americans elected Warren G. _______________, a Republican who promised
America a “Return to ______________.” Harding had opposed America’s entry into the
League of Nations, but supported America’s continued involvement in efforts to
promote peace and understanding in Europe, including hosting a conference that
limited the size of the great powers’ ___________________ forces.
The ______________________ Plan was designed by the U.S. government to help Germany pay its war
reparations while facilitating economic cooperation between the United States and Europe.
1930s
The “Good __________________ Policy
In the 1930s, the U.S. attempted to cultivate a better
relationship with Latin America and get rid of the
legacy of resentment from the days of U.S. imperialism.
_______________________ Acts
Believing that America’s entry into WWI was a mistake,
Congress passed the Neutrality Acts to make it difficult
for the president to assist belligerent nations.
As a result of the Neutrality Acts, the U.S. did little as dictators began to rise in Germany, Italy, and
the Soviet Union and there was not much that President _______________________ (FDR) could do to
provide assistance to the Allies in the early days of the war.
XXIV. (May 5)
Peace & Domestic Problems
USHC-6.1 Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society,
and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of
new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of
transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a
national mass
culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.
USHC-6.2 Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between
traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role
of women, the “Red Scare”, the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration
quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.
USHC-6.3 Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including
the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy
and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes,
investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and
the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.
USHC-6.4 Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the
economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal
programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the
rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the
economy such as Social Security and labor laws.
A. Peacemaking
1. 14 Points: open treaties, freedom of seas & trade, arms reduction, fair adjustments to
colonial claims, national aspirations, League of Nations.
2. Armistice (11-11-1918)
3. Treaty of Versailles: League of Nations formed, Gm signs guilt-clause, must pat
reparations, new countries formed.
a. Henry Cabot Lodge & Republicans
B. Domestic Problems
1. Progressivism: 18th Am eliminates alcohol; 19th Am gives .
suffrage
2. Red Scare: arrest & deportation of supposed Communists, Palmer Raid, FBI starts w/
JE Hoover as head
C. Election of 1920
1. Republican Warren G. Harding wins
XXV. 1920s
A.
1.
2.
3.
Economy
Consumer credit expands meeting demand for big ticket items
Big business
Farmer incomes & costs
B. American Society
1.
2.
3.
4.
Standard of living .
“Flappers” indp & assertive .
Marcus Garvey (UNIA) encourages back to Africa
Literary: E. Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, E. Pound (Lost Generation)
C. Social Conflicts
1. KKK memberships rises along with Nativism
2. Emergency Quota Act (1921): limits immigration from each nation w/ maximum of
150K
3. Prohibition enforced by Volstead Act
a. Crime w/ speakeasies, mobs, & bootlegging
4. Scopes Trial= creationism v. evolution
5. Sacco & Venzetti charged & executed for robbery
D. Government & Politics
1. Harding Administration: cuts taxes, Fordney-Cumberland Tariff imposed .
tariffs on farm products
2. Tea Pot Dome Scandal—Sec. Falls sells federal land in WY
3. Harding dies of heart attack—Coolidge takes over
4. Election 1924: “Stay Cool with Coolidge”—C. Coolidge wins
5. Election 1928: H. Hoover wins w/ the solid south
6. Foreign Policy: Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)—renounced war
XXVI. (May 8) Great Depression
A. Causes of the Great Depression
1. Farm economy depressed throughout decade; ag and industrial overproduction, too
much wealth in the hands of too few, defects in the stock market and banking system
a. The stock market crash (10-29-1929) was the first visible sign
B. Affects of the Great Depression
1. Financial: GDP dropped by ~50%; unemployment rose to ~25%, by 1932 22% of
banks failed
2. Bonus Expeditionary Force: unemployed vets go to D.C. to lobby for early payments;
driven from shanties “Hoovervilles” by federal army
C. Hoover’s Depression
1. Hawley-Smoot Tariff: raised duties on ag & manufacturing prices (makes situation
worse).
2. Public Works: built “Hoover” Dam
3. Federal Home Loan Bank Act: loans to buildings & loans associations, savings banks,
insurance companies
D. Election of 1932
1. Dem. Nominated FDR – “Happy Day’s Are Here Again!”
2. Roosevelt received >57% of votes with the promise of his 3 R’s (Relief, Recovery,
and Reform)
XXVII. FDR and the First New Deal
A. Legislation of 1st 100 Days
1. To end the Banking Crisis: runs on banks before inauguration; FDR declared a
Banking Holiday and submitted the Emergency Bank Relief Act to Congress: additional
funds for banks, no hording
2. Established the FDIC to insure deposits
3. Repeal of prohibition w/ 21st Am
4. Federal Emergency Relief Act: $ to poor, distributed by states – Harry Hopkins and
“work relief”
5. Civilian Conservation Corps: small payments to families of young men working for
gov’t.
6. Public Works Administration: built schools, highways, & hospitals—create
construction jobs
7. Agricultural Adjustment Administration and National Industrial Recovery Act (both
later declared unconstitutional which prompted FDR to propose his Court Packing
Scheme)
8. Federal Farm Loan Act: consolidates farm credit to make low payments
9. Tennessee Valley Authority: regional public planning, built 20 dams, hydroelectric
power
B. Explained his actions on the radio “fireside chats”
C. After the 1st 100 Days
1. Securities & Exchange Commission: supervised stock exchanges
2. Federal Housing Admin: insures long-term, low interest rate mortgages on home
construction
XXVIII. Second New Deal
A. Legislation
1. Works Progress Administration: employed ppl for 10 hrs/wk
2. National Youth Program: pt jobs to high school & college students so they’d stay in
school
3. Rural Electrification Admin
4. National Labor Relations Act: right to unionize, created National Labor Relations
Board
5. Social Security Act
6. High income taxes on high income
Assessment
USHC 6.1
Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the
expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of
the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies
in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.
A BOOMING ECONOMY! The Losers:
The U.S. experienced unprecedented
economic growth during the 1920s, but
1. __________________
(low crop prices)
not everyone shared in the prosperity.
There was a widening GAP between the
“haves” and the “have nots.”
2. __________________
(anti-union sentiment)
Mass Production
Henry Ford’s _________________ Line made production
more efficient but cut out the need for skilled laborers. Automobiles
became prevalent during the 1920s because of Ford’s assembly line.
Many other products, such as _____________ and ______________,
were mass produced on assembly lines.
Household Appliances and Consumer Culture
New electric appliances, such as the vacuum cleaner, iron,
and washing machine made it easier than ever for
housewives to do household chores.
ADVERTISING!!!
_____________ NOW
Pay _____________!
Americans who couldn’t afford the
new appliances purchased them on the
_________________ plan.
RESULT: _________________
African Americans in the 1920s
The Great Migration
_________ Music
_________ Renaissance
An African
American
artistic and
literary
movement.
Black Americans leave the
South to
Search for _____________
Escape ________________
Black musicians played
for white audiences,
leading to some
cultural exchange.
_____________ Hughes
(Famous Writer)
Stereotyping in Film
Birth of
a Nation
(Popular film
promoted racial
stereotypes and
made the KKK
appear heroic.)
USHC 6.2 Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and
modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red
Scare”, the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the
Scopes trial.
The Role of Women
Although women could vote in the 1920s thanks to the passage of the ___th
Amendment, women made little impact on politics, typically voting the same way as
their husbands did.
Many young women, known as _______________, challenged cultural norms of “ladylike” behavior. Flappers
could be identified by their short hair, knee-length skirts, and their permissive lifestyles.
Flapper culture had very little impact on women, as a whole, as most women either stayed at home and
made use of their new electrical appliance or worked menial jobs where they were paid less than men.
A “Flapper”
Nativism
___________________ - Fear of Foreigners
American nativism reached a new peak in the 1920s due to the effects of
WWI propaganda and the __________________ Revolution in 1917.
This political cartoon showcases American fears that many of the “New
Immigrants” from Southern and Eastern Europe were
__________________, __________________ , or __________________ .
[First] Red Scare
Immigration Quota Acts
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
FEAR of a ________________
takeover of the United States
Placed quotas on immigration
Two ___________ immigrants
were found guilty of murder
and executed based on
questionable evidence of guilt
from _____________ and
________________ Raids _____________ Europe
(4000 alleged communists
arrested – hundreds deported)
(New Immigrants)
Prohibition
ORIGINS: _______________ Movement (Antebellum Period)
Prohibition gained traction during WWI due to anti-German sentiment and the
wartime push to conserve grain (the primary ingredient in beer and liquor).
__th Amendment
Banned the sale and
consumption of
“intoxicating liquors”
ENFORCEMENT UNSUCCESSFUL
_____________________
Illegal alcohol sellers
(e.g., Al Capone)
__st Amendment
REPEALED the 18th
Private clubs where alcohol Amendment (1933)
_____________________
was illegally consumed
The [Second] Ku Klux Klan
Nativist sentiment and the success of the film, Birth of a Nation, laid the groundwork for a
revival of the Ku Klux Klan. Members of the “Second” Ku Klux Klan cast themselves as the
guardians
of “One Hundred Percent __________________”
“TRUE AMERICAN”
“UNAMERICAN”
1. _________________
1. _________________
2. _______________ Born
2. _______________ Born
3. _________________
3. ____________ or Jewish
The Klan considered anyone “Un-American” who did not fit the “WASP” [White
Anglo-Saxon Protestant] profile. Note that while the Klan was a white
supremacist organization, it also targeted immigrants and religious minorities.
Klan members march on
Washington in the 1920s.
MORAL WATCHDOG: The Klan also supported Prohibition, opposed bootlegging and
gambling, and held its members of high moral standards. This function of the Klan was
undermined by scandals involving its members in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
The Klan’s membership exceeded four million in the 1920s, and the organization was stronger
in the _________________ (Indiana, Ohio, etc.) than it was in the South.
The Scopes “___________” Trial
FACT: The phrase, “Monkey Trial,”
QUESTION:
How do we explain the origins of humanity?
was coined by H.L. Mencken, a
reporter covering the trial for the
Religious _________________
“Conservative”
The ____________
contains a literal and
true account of
creation by God.
Modern Science
VS.
Baltimore Sun.
“Liberal”
Charles ______________
Theory of
__________________
In 1925, the Tennessee legislature passed a law forbidding the
teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of ________________ in
public schools.
John Scopes, a substitute teacher and football coach, taught a lesson on evolution so that the town of
Dayton, Tenn., could host a trial. The trial received national media coverage.
William Jennings Bryan, a Fundamentalist,
Scopes was defended by an attorney from the
volunteered to prosecute the case against
A________________ C________________
Scopes.
L________________ U________________.
USHC 6.3
Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in
income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust
Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies
of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on
the people.
Causes of the Great Depression
Consumers bought goods on credit during the 1920s, and most
Americans were heavily indebted by the end of the decade.
DEBT
Factors Contributing to Consumer Debt:
The __________ _________’s
“Easy Money” Policies
Overconsumption
During the 1920s, the Federal
Reserve kept interest rates low,
which encouraged borrowing.
Consumers borrowed money
to pay for new appliances and
other consumer goods,
purchasing these items on the
After the stock market crash, the Fed
suddenly TIGHTENED the money
supply.
Stock Market
SPECULATION
SPECULATION:
Buying on the ______________
_____________ plan.
(Borrowing $$$ to buy stocks)
By the late 1920s, consumers had so much debt that they could no longer pay for
expensive consumer goods, which lowered demand. This resulted in
overproduction, resulting in decreased profits for companies.
STOCK MARKET ________________________ (1929)
Dust Bowl
Farm Economy COLLAPSES
“_______________” migrate to California
looking (unsuccessfully) for work.
d
UNEMPLOYMENT:
___%
President Herbert __________________ tried unsuccessfully to help:
1. Tax ____________________
2. ___________-____________ Tariff (Second Highest in US History)
INEFFECTIVE
Hoover REJECTED the idea of ________________ RELIEF to the poor.
(payments from the government to individuals)
In 1932, a group of World War I veterans
known as the
“______________ Army” marched on
Washington to demand an early payment
of their “Bonus,” or veterans pensions
that were due to be paid in 1945.
“_________________” became a symbol of
most Americans’ lack of confidence in
Hoover’s leadership.
The U.S. Army attacked the Bonus Army with cavalry, tanks,
and gas, furthering the impression that Hoover was callous
toward those who were suffering during the Depression.
USHC 6.4
Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the
Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving
economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect
the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.
The New Deal
Franklin D.
__________ (FDR)
(Elected 1932)
First Lady:
_____________
PANIC:
The “Three R’s”
of the New Deal:
R_________________
R_________________
R_________________
Successful?
___________________
___________________
___________________
“The only thing we have to fear is _____________, itself.” – Inaugural Address
FDR addressed panic by declaring a bank ______________ and used “_____________ chats,”
radio addresses that he used to explain his plans to the people in plain language.
FDR’s Alphabet Soup (New Deal Agencies created by the FDR administration)
Name: ____________________________________________ (FDIC)
Purpose:
AAA
Name: Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
Purpose:
Name: National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Purpose:
SEC
Name: ____________________________________________ (SEC)
Purpose:
Name: ____________________________________________ (TVA)
Purpose:
CCC
Name: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Purpose:
SSA
Social Security
Administration
NLRB
National Labor Relations
Board
Criticisms of the New Deal
From the “Left”
From the “Right”
The Supreme Court and the New Deal
In Schechter v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court declared the National
Recovery Act __________________________. This is an example of judicial
_________________, a principle established by John Marshall in
________________ v. _________________.
In response to the Supreme Court’s ruling, FDR presented a plan to
Congress to __________________ the Supreme Court, which would
have allowed the president to appoint more justices to the Court. This
plan undermined the system of _________________ and
________________ that are enshrined in the U.S. Constitution.
Congress rejected the “court packing” plan, handing FDR his first
major legislative defeat.
African Americans and the New Deal
African American workers were typically the __________________ hired and the ________________
fired, leading to black workers suffering from a much higher level of unemployment (50%) than whites
(25%). Although FDR took little official action to combat racial discrimination, black voters began to
align themselves with Roosevelt’s _________________ Party in the 1930s. Before the New Deal, African
American voters had typically supported the ________________ Party.
The New Deal ( did / did not ) bring about economic recovery in the 1930s. However, New
Deal programs ( did / did not ) provide relief for people who were suffering during the
Depression.
XXIX. (May 6) Road to War
USHC-7.1 Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II,
including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international
involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
USHC-7.2 Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including
consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce,
and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese
Americans.
USHC-7.3 Explain how controversies among the Big Three Allied leaders over war
strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR,
including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of
the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
USHC-7.4 Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World
War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes
trials, and the creation of Israel.
USHC-7.5 Analyze the impact of the Cold War on national security and individual
freedom, including the containment policy and the role of military alliances, the
effects of the “Red Scare” and McCarthyism, the conflicts in Korea and the Middle
East, the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, the Cuban missile crisis, and the nuclear
arms race.
USHC-7.6 Analyze the causes and consequences of social and cultural changes
in postwar America, including educational programs, the consumer culture and
expanding suburbanization, the advances in medical and agricultural technology
that led to changes in the standard of living and demographic patterns, and the roles
of women in American society.
A. Early Foreign Policy
1. Good Neighbor Policy: improve relations w/ Latin American & nonintervention
B. Neutrality Acts (1937): prohibits loans, arm sales to belligerent nations; cash & carry
of nonmilitary goods
C. Threats to World Order
1. Japan invades Manchuria (1931) & China (1937)
2. Ethiopia falls to It (1936)
3. Gm enters entered Rhineland, Rome-Berlin Axis formed, Gm unites w/ Austria &
takes Sudetenland, takes Czech, non-aggression pact w/ USSR
4. Gm invades Poland
D. American Response—First peace-time draft for men 21-35
E. American Involvement
1. Lend-Lease Act: post-war payment by Br
2. Atlantic Charter: issued by Churchill & FDR, endorsed self-determination
F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Road to Pearl Harbor
Embargo on gas, iron, steel on Japan (1940)
Japan signed treaty w/ Axis
Japanese assets in USA frozen
Pearl Harbor attacked 12-7-1941
12-8-1941 FDR asks Congress to declare war.
XXX. World War II, 1942-1946
A. North African Theater
1. DDE’s allied forces defeat Erwin Rommel (desert Fox)’s Africa Korps
2. Turning Point: El Alamain
B.
1.
2.
3.
European Theater
Gm tried to attack USSR—Turning Point: Stalingrad
D-Day (6-61944): Allied Troops invade France
V-E Day (April 1945)
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pacific Theater
After Pearl Harbor Americans are driven out of the Philippines, Baton Death March
Coral Sea (May 1942): Jp advanced toward Australia
Midway (June 1942): USA defeated Jp Navy
Okinawa (June 1945): Jp defenses destroyed
Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945): atomic bomb dropped
Japan surrendered 8-14-1945
D. Diplomacy
1. Yalta Conference: “Big Three” decided on UN & occupation of Gm
2. Potsdam Conference (July/Aug. 1945): demanded Jp surrender
E. Home Front
1. War Production Board (1942): regulated raw material usage
2. Office of Price Administration (1942): regulated prices & wages
3. Revenue Act (1942): extended income tax to majority of population
4. Korematsu v. US (1944): Supreme Court upheld relocation of Jp-Am to concentration
camps for military security
5. A. Phillip Randolph, Civil Right Leader who opposed the war because of Civil Rights
Assessment
USHC 7.1
Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement
from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
TOTALITARIANISM
In totalitarian states, the government holds full power and does not recognize individual rights.
TOTALITARIAN STATE
MILITARISM
DICTATOR
Germany and Japan both launched aggressive wars against their neighbors.
________________________:
Britain and France tried to “appease” Hitler by
allowing him to invade neighboring countries
WWII began when Hitler invaded _________________________
in 1939. The German army’s blitzkrieg (lightning war) strategy was effective against
French and British forces and France fell in just over a month. Britain was left to
fight against Hitler alone. Germany attacked Britain by air in a three month battle
known as the Battle of Britain.
Most Americans favored a policy of _______________________ that would keep the
United States out of the European War.
_____________________ Acts: Banned the sale of arms to belligerent nations
Although Americans wanted to stay out of the war, President Roosevelt (FDR) believed that the British
were in need of our help. He wished for America to become the
“Arsenal of _____________________”
1. ________________ and _______________ (1939)
Pay cash and take it with you.
2. _________________ for ______________ (1940)
U.S. gives Britain ships in return for naval bases
Photo by
3. ________________ - _________________ (1941)
Britain can borrow our weapons since we’re not using them!
mr.smashy
Selective Service Act (1940): The first _____________________ draft in US history
The United States placed an oil _____________________ on Japan for launching
aggressive warfare in Manchuria, China, and the Pacific.
Japan, seeing the embargo as a threat to its ability to maintain a navy, attacked the
U.S. Pacific Fleet at _________________ Harbor on _____________ ____, 1941.
The United States declared war on Japan the next day.
_____ PACT
\
After the U.S. declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on the
U.S. in keeping with the Axis Pact – an alliance between the three nations.
XXXI. (May 7) The Cold War, 1945-1960
USHC-8.1 Analyze the African American Civil Rights Movement, including initial
strategies, landmark court cases and legislation, the roles of key civil rights
advocates and the media, and the influence of the Civil Rights Movement
on other groups seeking equality.
USHC-8.2 Compare the social and economic policies of presidents Lyndon Johnson
and Richard Nixon, including support for civil rights legislation, programs for the
elderly and the poor, environmental protection, and the impact of these policies on
politics.
USHC-8.3 Explain the development of the war in Vietnam and its impact on
American government and politics, including the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the
policies of the Johnson administration, protests and opposition to the war, the role
of the media, the policies of the Nixon administration, and the growing credibility
gap that culminated in the Watergate scandal.
USHC-8.4 Analyze the causes and consequences of the resurgence of the
conservative movement, including social and cultural changes of the 1960s and
1970s, Supreme Court decisions on integration and abortion, the economic and
social policies of the Reagan administration, and the role of the media.
USHC-8.5 Summarize key political and economic issues of the last twenty-five
years, including continuing dependence on foreign oil; trade agreements and
globalization; health and education reforms; increases in economic disparity and
recession; tax policy; the national surplus, debt, and deficits; immigration;
presidential resignation/impeachment; and the elections of 2000 and 2008.
USHC-8.6 Summarize America’s role in the changing world, including the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, the expansion of the European Union, the
continuing crisis in the
Middle East, and the rise of global terrorism.
A. Emergence of Containment
1. Truman Doctrine (1947): US policy prevent the expansion of Communism by aiding
democracies around the world, begin with Turkey & Greece
2. Marshall Plan (1947): US’s plan for European economic recovery
3. Berlin Crisis leads to Berlin Airlift ending May 1949
4. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization created April 1949, Soviets respond with
the Warsaw Pact
5. SEATO created in 1954 (an Asian version of NATO, though it dissolved in 1977)
B. International Cooperation—United Nations est at San Francisco meeting 1945
1. 1st pres= Eleanor Roosevelt
C. Containment in Asia
1. Korea: No Korea invaded So Korea by crossing 38th // (1950), UN authorized USA
forced to invade, armistice signed June 1953
D. Eisenhower-Dulles Foreign Policy
1. Vietnam: French are defeated at Dien Bien Phu (1954); Geneva Accords est 17th //
2. SEATO: Philippines, Thailand & Pakistan signed Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(1954)
3. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): use force against advancing Communists in Middle East
4. Cuba (1961): Castro came to power & moved toward USSR; USA beaks diplomacy
XXXII. Domestic Policies, 1945-1960
A. Truman
1. Atomic Energy Commission est (1946)
2. Taft-Hartley Act (1947): Congress restricted union power, outlawed “closed shops”
3. Truman desegregated the military by executive order
4. 1948 Election: Democrats split over Civil Rights, Strom Thurmond ran as a
“Dixiecrat,” Democrats nominated Truman, Republicans nominated Dewey; Truman
won!
5. GI Bill
B. Anti-Communism
1. Loyalty Review Board (1947): review govn’t employees; root out communist
2. Alger Hiss (1950): accused of being a communist spy, convicted of perjury.
3. McCarren Act (1950): Communist had to register w/ fed govn’t
4. Joseph McCarthy: senator from WI charged Communists were working in State Dept
& Army; Second Red Scare peaked with “McCarthyism,” later censured by senate
5. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1953) executed for espionage
C. Eisenhower
1. won 1952 election
2. Earl Warren appointed to Supreme Court as Chief Justice
3. Interstate Hwy System (1956)
4. NASA established 1958 in response to Sputnik; also poured million $$$ into math
and science education
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Civil Rights
Brown v. Board of Education (1954): separate facilities unequal
Montgomery bus boycott led by MLK, Jr (1955-56)
Little Rock, AR (1957): National Guard desegregates Central HS
Sit-ins start in Greensboro, N.C. at Woolworths and spread nation wide.
E. Beat Movement
F. Election 1960: JFK wins over Nixon—first televised debates, prob over JFK being
Catholic
XXXIII. Society & Culture, 1945-1960
A.
1.
2.
3.
Economic & Demographic Trends
GNP nearly doubles
Baby boom
Suburban growth (Levittowns)
B.
1.
2.
3.
Social Conformity
Homogeneity: William Whyte’s The Organization Man (1956)
Women: books & magazine promote cult of feminine domesticity
Church memberships increases
XXXIV. Domestic Policies, 1961-1968
A. Kennedy (New Frontier)
1. Increased minimum wage
2. March on Washington: 200K ppl demonstrate for Civil Rights, MLK, Jr gives “I have
a Dream.”
3. Est Peace Corps
4. Kennedy Assassination (11-22-1963)
B. Johnson (Great Society)
1. Civil Rights Act (1964): outlawed racial discrimination by employers & unions;
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission formed
2. Economic Opportunity Act (1964): est Job Corps, VISTA (volunteers in service to
America)
3. Voting Rights Act (1965): fed involvement in voter registration
4. Medicare (1965): medical care for retired persons
5. Housing & Urban Development Act (1965) & Dept of Housing & Urban Affairs
(1966) aka HUD
XXXV. Foreign Policy, 1961-1968
A. Kennedy
1. Bay of Pigs (April 1961): CIA fails invasion of Cuba
2. Berlin Wall (1961): Krushchev closed border btw West & East Berlin
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct 1962): spy planes discover soviet missiles in Cuba
4. Nuclear test ban (1963): ban atmosphere testing
5. Alliance for Progress (proposed by JFK in 1961) provide aid for Latin America to
counter the “communist threat” and strengthen relations between Latin America and the
U.S.
B. Johnson
1. Gulf of Tonkin (Aug 1964): North VN attack USS Maddox, Johnson asked Congress
for the Tonkin Resolutions authorizing the use of military force in North VN
2. Tet Offensive (1968): VC wage counterattack, psychological win, turning point in
Vietnam!
a. My Lai Massacre – US soldiers under Lt. William Calley killed hundreds of
Vietnamese civilians (Vietcong?), pictures hit the media, Calley is court-martialed and
sentenced to life in prison.
3. Election 1968
a. Robert Kennedy Democratic candidate, assassinated
b. Nixon (R) narrowly defeats Humphrey (D)
XXXVI. Political and Social Activism, 1965-1970
A. Ethnic Activism
1. Racial Riots – Watts, LA (1965), NYC & Chicago (1966), Newark & Detroit (1967)
2. Black Power: Stokely Carmichael calls for black control of Civil Rights
3. Hispanics: Cesar Chavez’s United Hispanic Farm Workers recognized by AFL;
boycott grapes
4. Native Americans: American Indian Movement founded (AIM)—Protest @
Wounded Knee
B. Counter Culture Movement and the New Left
1. SDS (Students for a Democratic Society): want participatory democracy
2. UC-Berkley’s sit-ins
3. Women’s Liberation: Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique, helped to found NOW
(National Organization Women)
a. Other feminist from the period – Gloria Steinem pushed for the Equal Rights
Amendment (ERA); Jane Fonda (best known for her Vietnam Protests)
b. Phyllis Schlafly, author of A Choice, Not An Echo, opposed the Feminist and the
ERA
4. Homosexual Rights visible after raid on Stonewall Inn, Greenwich Village, NYC
5. Hippy movement began to center around the Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco
C. Thurgood Marshall was appointed by Johnson to the Supreme Court (1967) – first
African American
XXXVII. Domestic Policy & Society, 1969-1980
A. Nixon
1. supported the 26th Amendment (extended to suffrage to18 years), the Clean Air Act,
and Revenue sharing: $30 B to states
B. Watergate
1. Break-in: 5 men caught breaking into the Democratic Headquarters. (June 1973)
2. Congress: Senate investigates & House Judiciary Committee began impeachment
hearing (1973-74)
3. Bob Woodward & Carl Bernstein @ Washington Post used investigative reporting
4. Spiro Agnew: Vice President resigned, Nixon appointed Gerald Ford to be VP
5. Nixon resigns—Ford became first unelected president
C. Ford
1. Nixon Pardoned, cost Fort the 1976 Election
D. Carter
1.
2.
3.
4.
Election 1976: Carter defeated Ford
Economy in Stagflation
Energy Department created (1977); energy crisis in America
Environment: “superfund” created for clean up
E. Social Trends
1. Hispanic population grew 61%
2. Women: >50% employed; Equal Rights Amendment approved by Congress (1972)
not ratified by the states
3. Population shift to the sunbelt
4. Religion: rise in conservative Christianity; some leads become political (Jerry Fawell)
XXXVIII. Foreign Policy, 1969-1980
A. Nixon
1. Vietnamization: Nixon turns war to So VN, w/drew 60K troops (1969)
2. Cambodia: Nixon ordered bombing, led to .
in protests (Kent State)
3. Draft: lottery system instituted (1970-73)
4. Pentagon Papers (1971): revealed that President Johnson had mislead the people,
proved that he had planned the escalation in Vietnam
5. Title IX – Outlawed discrimination based on gender in education.
6. War Powers Act: required congressional approval for commitment of combat troops
(1973)
7. SALT: USSR & USA signed Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty
8. Détente: name given to Nixon & Kissinger’s policy to reduce tension due to Cold
War
9. Traveled to China & USSR—first president
B. Ford—Saigon fell to North Vietnam
C. Carter
1. Panama (1978): transfer of ownership of canal to Panamanians in 1999
2. Israel (1978): Camp David Agreement signed btw Egypt & Israel which gives Sinai
to Egypt
3. SALT II (1979): not passed by Senate
4. Afghanistan (1979): USSR invades, Carter ships grain to Afgh & pulls SALT II from
Congress
5. Iran (1979-1980): American backed Shah removed from leadership, hostages taken @
US embassy in Tehran for 444 days
XXXIX. Domestic Policy & Society, 1981-1993
A.
1.
2.
a.
3.
Reagan
cuts spending on domestic programs by $39 billion
increased defense spending by $12 B
Strategic Defense Initiative dubbed “Star Wars”
Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981): reduced income tax by 25% over 3 yrs
4. Election 1984: Reagan beats Walter Mondale (Geraldine Ferrara= 1st female on
national ticket)
5. appointed Sandra Day O’Connor to the Supreme Court, first female
B. Bush—Elected 1988
1. Deficit @ $4T: raised taxes & cut spending
2. Election 1992: Bill Clinton defeats Bush (R) & Ross Perot (Ind)
C. Social & Culture
1. AIDS discovered (1981)
2. Labor Unions decline ~19%
XL.
Foreign Policy, 1981-1993
A. Reagan
1. Nicaragua (1981-188)US provided military aid to Contras who opposed leftist
Sandinistas; cease fire signed 1988
2. Grenada (1983): USA overthrew Cuban-backed regime
3. Iran-Contra (1985-86): arms sold to Iranians; profits diverted to Contras;
Congressional hearings
B. Bush, (41).
1. Cold War Ends (we hope!) – the Communist Block in Eastern Europe breaks apart,
Berlin Wall was torn down in later 1989/1990, Collapse of the USSR
2. Panama (1989-Jan 1990): US troops invaded & overthrew Noriega, who allegedly
sold drugs in US
3. Persian Gulf War (1990-91): Iraq invaded Kuwait; US troops ordered to Saudi
Arabia; Desert Storm used missiles & air attacks
XLI. Domestic Policies, 1992-present
A. Clinton
1. Clinton pushed for Universal Health Car – failed!
2. Abortion: overturned “gag” rule prohibiting federally funded clinics from discussing
abortion
3. Deficit: $496B reduction of deficit, balanced budget was signed in 1997, 2000 had a
$230B surplus
4. Taxes: raised for upper-& middle-class & on gasses
5. AmeriCorps: jobs for college students to .
college opportunities
6. Brady Bill: Gun control through waiting periods
7. Contract With America (1994): Sen. Gingrich proposed way to change Am—welfare
reform, tougher anti-crime, term limits, balanced budget—not passed
8. Oklahoma City Bombing (1995): Timothy McVeigh bombs Murrah Federal Building
killing 168
9. Impeachment (1998) over perjury
B. Growing Racial & Ethnic Diversity
1.
2.
3.
Affirmative Action
Bilingual education
Nativism
C. George W. Bush (43)
1. Election 2000: Gore won popular vote, Bush won electoral vote, disputed returns in
FL
2. Tax cuts, rebates, new energy plan, No Child Left Behind education plan, Federal
funding to faith-based programs
D. Barak Obama
1. Election of 2008: Obama, defeated John McCain, becoming the first African
American President
XLII. Foreign Policies, 1994-present
A. Clinton
1. Embassy bombings in Africa by terrorists
2. Haiti (1991): Un issued embargo & USA sent troops b/c democratically elected pres
was overthrown. Carter able to negotiate.
3. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): work to eliminate tariffs btw Mx,
USA, Canada
4. Bosnia (1995): Ethnic cleansing stopped by NATO & US troops.
5. Kosovo (1996): Albanians wanted to separate from rest of Serbia, NATO & US
troops intervene
B. Environment—Global warming, nuclear proliferation, ozone concerns
C. Bush—War on Terrorism
1. Sept. 11, 2001—Planes crash into WTC, Pentagon & PA field
a. Patriot Act
2. Conflict in Afghanistan (2001-Present): Military attack on al-Qaeda camps & Osama
bin Laden; removed the Taliban from power…
3. Conflict in Iraq (2003-Present): Military attack to remove Saddam Hussein from
power and establish a
democracy in Iraq… to be contined…
D. Obama—???
Supreme Court Cases to Know:
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 (both) – ended school segregation
Bush v. Gore, 2001-stopped the recount in FL, Bush won the Election
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 – stopped the New Hampshire from taking over a
private college
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857-overturned the compromise line of 1820, ruled that Congress had
no authority to outlaw slavery in the territories, ruled that slaves were property and not citizens
Engle v. Vitale, 1962 – first case to even mention “separation of church and state” – outlawed
teacher-lead pray in
schools.
Escobedo v. IL, 1964 – criminal suspects have a right to a lawyer during interrogations
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Congress has the power to regulate interstate navigation
Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 – Right to a lawyer in a criminal trial when tried in a state court
Korematsu v. US, 1944 – upheld Executive Order 9066 (Japanese Internment)
Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 – exclusionary rule – illegal evidence is impermissible in court
Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – established Judicial Review
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 – States cannot tax the Federal Government (ie the National Bank
of the US)
Miranda v. AZ, 1966 – one must be informed of their rights before questioning.
Munn v. IL – allowed states to regulate business (ie RR) within their border
Wabash v. IL – limited the power of the states to regulate the RR due to the “interstate” clause…
lead to the creation of the ICC
US v. EC Knight— filed to stop the forming of the sugar trust, but the sugar trust won because
the factory was within a state, Knight Sugar Company controlled 98% of market
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – established the doctrine of “separate but equal”
Regents of CA v. Bakke, 1978 – case of reverse discrimination, race cannot be the only factor
when determining college admission.
Roe v. Wade, 1973 – legalized abortion
Schenck v. US, 1919 – free speech can be limited during times of war or to protect public safety
Swann v. Charlotte Meck. School District, 1969 – forced bussing can be used to desegregate
(this was recently overturned)
Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 1969 – free speech applies to students so long as it does
not disrupt classroom instruction
New Jersey v. T.L.O. – schools need only “suspicion” in order to search a student
Texas v. Johnson, 1991 – flag burning was upheld under the courts interpretation of the first
amendment
US v. Nixon – presidents have “executive privilege” but only in matters of national security –
Nixon had to turn over the tapes…
Worcester v. GA – Cherokee’s were entitled to their land, however, Jackson refused to enforce
the ruling