Download 7211 Allied Health Sciences I - Public Schools of Robeson County

7211 Allied Health Sciences I
DETAILED CONTENT OUTLINE
A
Medical/Dental Terminology
1H01.01
Interpret medical word roots, prefixes and suffixes.
A. Word roots
1. aden
2. angio
3. arterio
4. arthro
5. carcin
6. cardio
7. cephal
8. cerebro
9. chem.
10. chole
11. colo
12. costo
13. cranio
14. cyan
15. cysto
16. cyte
17. derma
18. entero
19. epidemi
20. erythro
21. gastro
22. gingival
23. gloss
24. glycol
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
hepat
hemo
hydro
hystero
leuko
lingua
mamm, mast
myelo
myo
nephro, ren
neuro
ocul, ophthal
oophor
odont, dent
osteo
oto
ped, pod
phleb
pneumo, pulm
psych
rhin
salpingo
throac
trach
B. Prefixes
1. a,an
2. ab
3. ad
4. ante
5. anti
6. aut
7. bi
8. brady
9. circum
10. contra
11. di
12. diplo
13. dys
14. ecto
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
endo, intra
epi
hemi
hyper
hypo
inter
later
lipo
mal
mega, macro
micro
mono, uni
neo
ortho
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 1
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
peri
poly
post
pre
pro
pseudo
retro
C. Suffixes
1.
a, ac, al
2.
algia
3.
ase
4.
centre
5.
cide
6.
cente
7.
dipsia
8.
ectomy
9.
emesis
10. emia
11. esthesia
12. genesis, genic
13. gram, graph
14. ia
15. iasis
16. ism
17. itis
18. lysis
19. malacia
20. megaly
21. oid
1H01.02
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
semi
sub
tachy
tele
trans
ultra
ologist
ology
oma
orrhagia
orrhea
osis
ostomy
pathy
penia
phobia
plasty
plegia
pnea
ptosis
sclerosis
scope
stasis
toxic
trophy
uria
Analyze words commonly used in medical/dental care.
A. Interpret word combinations
B. Application
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 2
C.
Body Systems
1H03.01
Explain the structural units of the body.
A. Anatomy and physiology
B. Directions/position
1. Anatomical position
2. Anterior and ventral
3. Posterior and dorsal
4. Cranial and caudal
5. Superior and inferior
6. Medial and lateral
7. Proximal and distal
8. Superficial or external and deep or internal
C. Planes and sections
1. Sagittal plane
2. Coronal (frontal) plane
3. Transverse (cross section)
D. Cavities
1. Dorsal cavity
2. Cranial cavity
3. Spinal cavity
4. Thoracic cavity
5. Abdominal cavity
6. Pelvic cavity
E. Abdominal/pelvic regions
1. Epigastric
2. Umbilical
3. Hypogastric
4. Hypochondriac
5. Iliac (inguinal)
6. Lumbar
1H03.02
Analyze body tissues and membranes.
A. Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
a. Adipose
b. Cartilage
c. Tendons
d. Ligaments
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
B. Membranes (Epithelial)
1. Mucous membranes
2. Serous membrane
a. Parietal or visceral
b. Pleural membrane
c. Pericardial membrane
d. Peritoneal membrane
C. Organs and systems
1. Organs
a. Organ systems
b. Organelles
c. Organism
2. Systems
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 2
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
D.
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary (Excretory)
Nervous (Sensory)
Endocrine
Reproductive
Integumentary System
1H04.01
Explain the structure of the integumentary system.
A. Layers of the skin
1. Epidermis – outer layer
a. Stratum corneum
i. Outermost of three epidermal layers
ii. Contains keratin
b. Stratum germinativum
c. Melanocytes and melanin
d. Papillae
2. Dermis – inner layer
a. Connective tissue
b. Blood vessels
c. Nerve endings
d. Muscles
e. Hair follicles
f. Oil and sweat glands
g. Fat cells
3. Subcutaneous
a. Adipose
B. Appendages
1. Hair
a. Cortex and medulla
b. Root and shaft
c. Hair follicle
d. Papilla
e. Arrector pili muscle
2. Nails
a. Matrix
b. Keratin
3. Glands
a. Sudoriferous glands
i. Sweat = 99% water
ii. Location
iii. Pores
iv. Activated by heat, pain, fever and nervousness
b. Sebaceous glands
i. Sebum – protects and lubricates skin
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 3
1H04.02
Analyze the functions of the integumentary system.
A. Skin
1. Protection
a. Intact skin best protection
b. Skin generally too dry for microbial growth
c. Most skin bacteria associated with hair follicles or sweat glands
d. Best way to prevent spread of disease is handwashing
2. Regulation of body temperature
3. Manufactures vitamin D
4. Sensory perception
5. Storage
6. Sun screen
7. Absorption
B. Glands
1. Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
a. Perspiration is 99% water
b. Distributed over the entire skin surface, large numbers under the
arms, palms of hands, soles of feet and forehead
c. Perspiration excreted through pores
d. May be activated by heat, pain, fever and nervousness
e. Underarm odor caused by bacteria mixed with sweat
f. Ave fluid loss = 500 cc/day
2. Sebaceous glands
a. Sebum - oil
b. Protects and lubricates skin
1H04.03
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common skin
disorders.
A. Acne
1. Disorder of sebaceous glands
2. Sebum plugs pores and area fills with leukocytes
3. Also, blackheads, cysts, pimples and scarring
B. Albinism – absence of melanin
C. Alopecia – baldness
D. Athlete’s foot
1. Contagious fungal infection
2. Usually contracted in public baths and showers
3. Rx – antifungal agents
E. Dermatitis
1. Non-specific skin inflammation
2. Rash – reaction to soap, plants, etc.
3. Skin blotches – caused by stress
F. Herpes
1. Genital herpes
a. Viral blister in genital area
b. Spread through sexual contact
c. Periods of remission and exacerbation
d. Rx – Acyclovir
e. Can be passed to newborn during genital delivery
G. Skin cancer
1. Associated with exposure to sun (UV rays)
2. Most common type of cancer in people
3. Melanoma
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 4
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Malignant
Occurs in melanocytes
Metastasizes to other areas quickly
Brown or black irregular patch that occurs suddenly
Change in existing wart or mole may indicate melanoma
Rx – surgical removal of melanoma and surrounding area and
chemotherapy
H. Burns
1. First degree
1. Superficial, skin red and dry
2. Involves only epidermis
3. Rx – cold water
4. Heals in one week
2. Second degree
1. Epidermis and dermis
2. Pain, swelling, redness and blistering
3. Subject to infection
4. Rx – pain medication, dry sterile dressing
5. Healing within two weeks
3. Third degree
1. Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers (full thickness)
2. Loss of skin, blackened skin
3. May be life threatening
4. Rx – prevention of infection, fluid replacement, skin grafting
4. Rule of nines – method of measuring percent of body burned
E.
Skeletal System
1H05.01
Explain the structure of the bones.
A. Structure of long bones
1. Osteocytes
2. Fontanel
3. Structure
a. Diaphysis (compact bone)
b. Epiphysis
c. Medullary canal
d. Endosteum
e. Spongy bone
f. Periosteum
g. Articular cartilage
B. Parts of the skeleton
1. Axial skeleton
a. Skull
i. Parietal
ii. Frontal
iii. Occipital
iv. Temporal
v. Nasal bone
vi. Zygomatic arch
vii. Infraorbital foramen
viii. Mental foramen
ix. Mandible
x. Maxilla
xi. Vomer
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 5
xii. Mastoid process
xiii. Styloid process
xiv. External auditory meatus
xv. Suture
b. Spinal column/vertebra
i. Cervical vertebrae
ii. Thoracic vertebrae
iii. Lumbar vertebrae
iv. Sacrum
v. Coccyx
c. Ribs and sternum
i. Xiphoid process
2. Appendicular skeleton
a. Clavicle and scapula
b. Humerus, radius and ulna
c. Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
i. Thumb
ii. First through fourth digits
d. Pelvis
i. Ilium
ii. Ischium
iii. Pubis
e. Femur, patella, tibia and fibula
f. Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
g. Calcaneus
C. Joints
1. Ball and socket joints
2. Hinge joints
3. Pivot joints
4. Gliding joints
5. Suture
1H05.02
Analyze the function of the skeletal system.
A. Supports
B. Protects internal organs
C. Movement and anchorage
1. Abduction and adduction
2. Circumduction and rotation
3. Flexion and extension
4. Pronation and supination
D. Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
E. Hemopoiesis
1. White blood cells made in yellow marrow
2. Red blood cells made in red marrow
F. Bone formation
1. Embryo skeleton starts as osteoblasts, then change to cartilage
2. Ossification (bone replaces cartilage) starts at 8 weeks
3. Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head
4. Periosteum – tough covering of long bones, contains blood vessels,
lymph vessels and nerves
G. Vertebral column
1. Encloses spinal cord
2. Separated by pads of cartilage = intervertebral discs
H. Bones
1. 12 pairs of ribs = 7 true, 3 false, 2 floating
2. Femur is longest and strongest bone in body
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 6
I.
1H05.03
Joints
1. Synovial fluid - lubrication
2. Types of joints
a. Ball and socket joints – ball-shaped head, examp. Hip and shoulder
b. Hinge joints – move in one direction or plane, examp. Knees,
elbows, outer joints of fingers
c. Pivot joints – rotate on a 2nd, arch-shaped bone, examp. radius and
ulna
d. Gliding joints – flat surfaces glide across each other, examp.
vertebrae
e. Suture – immovable joint in skull
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common skeletal
disorders.
A. Trauma
1. Fracture – any break in a bone
a. Greenstick fracture – common in children, bone bent and splintered
but never completely separates
b. Closed reduction – cast or splint
c. Open reduction/internal fixation – surgical intervention with devices
such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bones in alignment
d. Traction – pulling force used to hold the bones in place, used for
fractures of long bones
2. Sprain – sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn
3. Strain – overstretching or tearing of muscle
3. Dislocation – bone displaced from proper position in joint
B. Arthritis – inflammation of one or more joints
C. Spinal defects – abnormal curvature
1. Kyphosis - hunchback
2. Lordosis - swayback
3. Scoliosis – lateral curvature
D. Arthroscopy – examination of joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens,
most knee injuries treated with arthroscopy
F.
Muscular System
1H06.01
Describe the structure of the muscles
A. Muscles
1. Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue
2. There are 650 different muscles in the human body
3. Muscles give shape and form
4. Muscles produce body heat
B. Types of muscles
1. Voluntary
a. Skeletal – muscles attached to bone
b. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane
2. Involuntary
a. Smooth (visceral) – found in internal organs
b. Cardiac – found in heart
3. Sphincter – circular muscles in openings between esophagus and
stomach, anus and urethra
C. Principal skeletal muscles
1. Biceps brachii
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 7
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
1H06.02
Brachioradialis
Buccinator
Deltoid
Diaphragm
External oblique
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Intercostal muscles
Latissiumus dorsi
Masseter
Pectoralis major
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus abdominus
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Soleus major
Sternocleidomastoid
Tibialis anterior
Trapezius
Triceps brachii
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Analyze the function of the muscular system
A. Responsible for:
1. Body movement
2. Posture
3. Body heat
B. Types of muscles
1. Voluntary
a. Skeletal – muscles attached to bone
b. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane
2. Involuntary
a. Smooth (visceral) – found in internal organs
b. Cardiac – found in heart
3. Sphincter – circular muscles in openings between esophagus and
stomach, anus and urethra
C. Characteristics
1. Contractibility – muscle becomes shorter and thicker causing muscle
movement
2. Excitability – respond to stimuli
3. Extensibility – ability to stretch muscles
4. Elasticity – ability to return to original length
D. Movement
1. Muscles move bones by pulling on them
2. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement
a. Motor unit – a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates
b. Neuromuscular junction – junction between the motor neuron’s fiber
which transmits the impulse, and the muscle cell membrane
c. Acetylcholine – chemical neurotransmitter, diffuses across the
synaptic cleft (carries impulse across synaptic cleft)
d. Muscle fatigue – caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the
muscles
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 8
e. Oxygen debt – after exercise, the amount of oxygen needed by the
muscle to change lactic acid back to glucose
3. Diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle, separates abdominal and thoracic
cavity, aids in breathing
E. Muscle tone – muscles slightly contracted and ready
F. Exercise and training
1H06.03
Identify characteristics and treatment of common muscle
disorders
A. Conditions
1. Atrophy – wasting away of muscle due to lack of use
2. Hypertrophy – an increase in the size of the muscle cell
B. Injury and overuse
1. Strain – muscle tear, symps are pain and swelling, Rx – ice packs
2. Muscle spasm (cramp) – sustained contraction of muscle
3. Myalgia – muscle pain
4. Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon
G.
Hematology
1H07.01
Explain the structure of the blood.
A. Adult = 8-10 pints
B. Composition
1. Plasma
2. Serum
3. Cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
C. Plasma
1. Straw colored
2. Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins, nutrients, etc.
D. Erythrocytes
1. Shape = biconcave discs, donut-shaped
2. Hemoglobin
a. Gives red color
b. Heme is iron, globin is protein
c. Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen
d. Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO 2
E. Leukocytes
1. May be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid
2. Larger than erythrocytes
3. Types of white cells
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
d. Lymphocytes
e. Monocytes
F. Thrombocytes
1. Platelets
2. Make the blood clot
3. Smallest solid components of blood
4. Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 9
1H07.02
Analyze the function of the blood.
A. Four main functions
1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and
hormones
2. Aids in distribution of heat
3. Regulates acid-base balance
4. Helps protect against infection
B. Plasma
1. Liquid part of blood
2. Plasma proteins
a. Fibrinogen – blood clotting
b. Albumin – osmotic pressure and volume
c. Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent
on Vitamin K
4. Reduction of Heparin
C. Erythrocytes
1. Contain hemoglobin
a. Transports O2 to tissues and CO2 away from cells
b. Red cells travel to lungs to get O2 and give up CO2, then to
tissues to deliver O2 and pick up CO2
2. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bone marrow
3. Life span
a. Red cells live 120 days
b. Old cells broken down by spleen and liver
4. Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood transfusion or
disease
D. Leukocytes
1. Fight infection
2. Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest harmful
bacteria
3. Basophils produce heparin – and anticoagulant
4. Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary walls into
neighboring tissues
5. Inflammation
a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma
b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can
cause infection
c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of
plasma in tissues (edema)
E. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
1. Synthesized in red marrow
2. Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process
F. Coagulation
1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump
2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of
thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen
3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and
plasma, creating a blood clot
4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting
5. Heparin is an anticoagulant
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 10
G. Blood types
1. Four major types, determined by presence or absence of an
antigen on the surface of the red blood cell
a. A
b. B
c. O
d. AB
2. Inherited from parents
3. Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign
substance that enters the body
a. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
b. Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
c. Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
d. Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies
4. Universal donor – O
5. Universal recipient – AB
6. Red cells may also contain Rh factor
1H07.03
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood
disorders.
A. Inflammation
1. Pus
2. Abscess
3. Pyrexia
4. Leukocytosis
5. Edema
B. Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs
C. Anemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCs
1. Iron-deficiency anemia
a. Usually women, children and adolescents
b. Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient hemoglobin
c. Rx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetables
2. Aplastic anemia
a. Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells
b. Cause – drugs or radiation therapy
3. Sickle cell anemia
a. Chronic, inherited blood disorder
b. RBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shape
c. Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
d. Occurs primarily in African Americans
D. Polycythemia – too many RBCs
E. Embolism – moving blood clot
F. Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a vessel
G. Hematoma
1. Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or space
2. Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to rupture
H. Hemophilia
1. Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to son
2. Missing clotting factor
3. Blood clots slowly
4. Rx with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
I. Thrombocytopenia
1. Not enough platelets
2. Blood does not clot properly
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 11
J.
H.
Leukemia
1. Malignancy
2. Overproduction of immature white blood cells
3. Research on cord blood
Circulatory System
1H08.01
Explain the structure of the heart.
A. Size, shape and location
1. Size of closed fist
2. In thoracic cavity
3. Apex
4. Four chambers
B. Layers
1. Pericardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
4. Septum
C. Structures to and from heart
1. Superior and inferior vena cava
2. Pulmonary artery and vein
3. Aorta
D. Chambers and valves
1. Atria (atrium)
2. Ventricles (ventricle)
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Aortic semilunar valve
1H08.02
Analyze the function of the heart.
A. Four main functions of circulatory system
a. Pump
b. Blood transport system around body
c. Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries away waste
products
d. Lymph system – returns excess tissue fluid to general circulation
B. Heart
a. Ave. 72 beats per minute, 100,000 beats per day
b. Superior and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood to
right atrium
c. Cardiopulmonary circulation – circulation from the heart to the
lungs
d. Pulmonary artery takes blood from right ventricle to lungs
e. Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
f. Aorta takes blood from left ventricle to rest of body
g. Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction
C. Pump
a. Heart is a double pump
b. Right heart = right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle 
pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary artery  lungs (for
oxygen)
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 12
Left heart = Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium  mitral
valve  left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta 
general circulation
D. Heart sounds (lubb dupp)
E. Electrical activity
a. SA (sinoatrial) node = pacemaker, sends out electrical impulses,
spreads impulse over atria and makes them contract
b. AV (atrioventricular) node = carries impulse to bundle of His
c. Bundle of His = conducting fibers in septum, divides into right
and left branches in ventricles to Purkinje fibers
d. Purkinje fibers = cause ventricles to contract
c.
1H08.03
Analyze circulation and the blood vessels
A. Cardiopulmonary circulation – carries blood from heart to lungs
1. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
2. Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
B. General circulation
1. Coronary arteries
2. Aorta
3. Systemic circulation
C. Blood vessels
1. Arteries
a. Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
capillaries
b. Elastic, muscular and thick-walled
c. Transport blood under very high pressure
2. Arterioles
3. Veins
a. Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to heart
b. Less elastic and muscular than arteries
c. Thin walled, collapse easily when not filled with blood
d. Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to heart
4. Venules
5. Capillaries
a. Smallest blood vessels
b. Only seen with microscope
c. Connect arterioles and venules
e. Walls are one-cell thick, allow for selective permeability
6. Valves – permit flow of blood only in direction of heart
7. Capillaries
8. Jugular vein – located in neck
9. Carotid artery – carries blood to brain
D. Blood pressure
1. Systolic – ave = 120 (Systole is contraction phase)
2. Diastolic – ave = 80 (Diastole is relaxation phase)
E. Pulse – alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood
flows through it
1. Brachial
2. Carotid
3. Femoral
4. Pedal
5. Popliteal
6. Radial
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 13
1H08.04
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac
and circulatory disorders.
A. Heart diseases
1. Symptoms
a. Arrythmia (dysrrhythmia) – any change from normal heart
rate or rhythm
b. Bradycardia – slow heart rate (<60)
c. Tachycardia – rapid heart rate (>100)
2. Coronary artery disease
a. Angina pectoris – chest pain, lack of O2 to heart muscle,
treat with nitroglycerine
b. Edema – fluid in tissues, often caused by poor circulation
3. Myocardial infarction (MI, heart attack)
a. Lack of blood supply to myocardium
b. Symps – severe chest pain radiating to left shoulder, arm,
neck and jaw, nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea
c. Rx – bedrest, oxygen, medication
d. Morphine for pain
e. Anticoagulant therapy to prevent further clots from forming
f. Surgery may be necessary
B. Vascular diseases
1. Aneurysm – ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening
2. Arteriosclerosis – arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity
3. Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits form on walls of arteries and
block circulation
4. Hypertension
a. High blood pressure
b. Silent killer – usually no symptoms
c. Leads to strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure
d. Higher in African-Americans and post-menopausal women
e. Risk factors – smoking, overweight, stress, high fat diets,
family history
f. Treatment – relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight loss,
medication
5. Hypotension – low blood pressure, systolic <100
6. Embolism – traveling blood clot
7. Varicose veins
a. Swollen, distended veins
b. Heredity or due to poor posture, prolonged periods of
standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancy
C. Diagnosis and treatment
1. Electrocardiogram – electrical tracing of the heart
2. Coronary bypass – healthy vein from leg removed and attached
before and after the coronary obstruction, creating an alternate
route for blood supply to the myocardium
3. AED – automated external defibrillator
4. Defibrillation – electrical shock to bring the heart back to a
normal rhythm
5. CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation, used in presence of
cardiac arrest
6. Artificial pacemaker – when heart has conduction (electrical
impulse) defect, demand pacemaker fires when heart rate drops
below minimum, causes heart to contract
7. Angiogram – x-ray of blood vessel using dye
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 14
I.
Lymphatic System
1H09.01
Explain the structure of the lymphatic system.
A. Lymph
1. Straw-colored, similar to plasma
2. Interstitial fluid – in spaces between cells
3. Composed of H2O, lymphocytes, O2, digested nutrients, etc., but no red
cells or proteins (too large)
B. Lymph vessels
1. Closely parallel veins
2. Located in almost all tissues and organs that have blood vessels
3. Thoracic duct – largest lymph vessel
C. Lymph nodes
1. Tiny, oval shaped, size of pinhead to size of almond
2. Located alone or grouped
D. Tonsils
1. Get smaller as person gets older
2. Located in throat
3. Adenoids – tonsils on upper part of throat
E. Spleen
1. Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
2. Upper left abdominal cavity, just below diaphragm
F. Thymus – upper, anterior chest above the heart
1H09.02
Analyze the function of the lymphatic system.
A. Lymph – fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues
1. Carries digested food, O2, and hormones to cells
2. Carries wastes back to capillaries for excretion
3. Since lymphatic system has no pump, skeletal muscle action squeezes
lymph along
4. Lymph in tissues is interstitial fluid
B. Lymph vessels – transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system
1. Valves prevent backward flow
2. Lymph flows in only one direction – from body organs to heart
3. Closely parallel veins
4. Tissue lymph enter small lymph vessels which drain into larger lymph
vessesl (lymphatics) into two main lymphatics – the thoracic duct and
right lymphatic duct
C. Lymph nodes
1. Produce lymphocytes
2. Filter out harmful bacteria
3. If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed
D. Tonsils
1. Lymph tissue that produces lymphocytes
2. They get smaller as a person gets older
E. Spleen
1. Produce lymphocytes and monocytes
2. Filter blood
3. Blood reservoir – stores large amounts of RBCs, contracts during
vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs
4. Recycles old red cells – destroys and removes old or fragile RBCs
E. Thymus gland
1. Produces lymphocytes
2. Also considered an endocrine gland
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 15
F. Immunity – body’s ability to resist disease
1. Natural immunity – at birth, inherited and permanent
a. Unbroken skin
b. Mucus and tears
c. Blood phagocytes
d. Local inflammation
2. Acquired immunity – body’s reaction to invaders
a. Passive acquired immunity – from injecting antibodies, only lasts a
few weeks
b. Active acquired immunity – lasts longer
i. Natural acquired immunity – result of recovering from disease,
body manufactures own antibodies and person doesn’t get the
disease again
ii. Artificial acquired immunity – from being vaccinated
3. Immunization – antigen injected into a person to stimulate production of
antibodies
1H09.03
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common lymphatic
disorders.
A. Tonsillitis
1. In childhood, tonsils become infected and enlarged
2. Difficulty swallowing
3. Tonsillectomy in extreme cases
B. Lymphadenitis (adenitis)
4. Swelling (enlargement) of lymph glands
5. Occurs when infection present and body making WBCs to fight infection
B. Hodgkin’s disease
1. Cancer of lymph nodes
2. Painless swelling of lymph node early symptom
3. Rx – chemotheraphy and radiation
C. Mononucleosis
1. Caused by virus
2. Young adults and children
3. Spread by oral contact (kissing)
4. Symptoms – lymphadenitis, fever, fatigue,  leukocytes
5. Rx - bedrest
D. Hypersensitivity
1. Abnormal response to drug or allergen
2. Antibodies made in response to foreign material (allergen) irritate certain
body cells
3. Allergen – antigen that causes allergic response (Examp. Ragweed,
penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc.)
E. Anaphylaxis (Anaphylactic shock)
1. Severe or fatal allergic reaction
2. Antigen-antibody response stimulates massive secretion of histamine
3. Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood
pressure, stomach cramps, vomiting
4. Rx – Adrenaline
5. Those prone should wear medic alert bracelet
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 16
F. AIDS and HIV
1. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
2. Cause – HIV virus
3. Three responses to HIV infection:
a. AIDS – full disorder
b. ARC – AIDS-related complex
c. Asymptomatic infection
4. Screening test for HIV available
5. AIDS victim subject to opportunistic infections (cancer, infections) that a
healthy person would fight off but AIDS victim has compromised immune
response
6. Incubation period – 1 month to 12 years
7. Rx and prevention – advances being made
8. ARC – AIDS-related complex – HIV but not AIDS – less severe
symptoms
9. Transmission
a. Sex with someone HIV positive
b. Sharing needles with infected drug users
c. At birth from infected mother
10. Cannot be spread by casual contact, coughing, sneezing, shaking hands
and sharing eating utensils
11. Prevention – avoid risky behaviors and observe standard precautions
1H09.04
Apply standard precautions.
A. Standard precautions
1. Used in patient care setting when there is contact with blood or body
fluids, mucous membrane or non-intact skin
2. Handwashing – single most effective way to prevent infection
a. Wash after touching body fluids, even if wearing gloves
b. Wash immediately after removing gloves and between patient
contacts
c. Use soap and friction
d. Wash for a minimum of 10 seconds
3. Personal protective equipment
a. Gloves – when touching blood and body fluids
b. Mask, goggles, face shield, gown – when patient care activities can
generate splashing or spray of blood, body fluids
4. Patient care equipment and linens
a. Handle with care
b. Don’t let it touch your clothing, clean or discard appropriately
B. Occupational health and bloodbourne pathogens
1. Beware of needles
2. Never recap used needles
3. Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in sharps container
4. Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or other ventilation devices as
alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
5. A patient who contaminates the environment should be in a private room
or relatively isolated area.
C. The AIDS patient
1. Sometimes treated as outcasts
2. Healthcare worker should be supportive
3. Use of gloves for normal patient contact is not necessary
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 17
J.
Respiratory System
1H10.01
Describe the structure of the respiratory system.
A. Nasal cavity (nose)
1. Nasal septum divides nose into R and L sides
2. Cilia – hairs that trap dirt and particles
B. Sinuses
1. Cavities in skull
2. Connected to nasal cavity by ducts
3. Lined with mucous membrane
C. Pharynx
1. Throat
2. 5” long
D. Larynx (voice box)
1. Triangular chamber below pharynx
2. Contains vocal cords
3. Adam’s apple
4. Epiglottis – covers larynx during swallowing
E. Trachea (windpipe)
1. 4 ½” long
2. Walls have bands of C-shaped cartilage
3. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
F. Bronchi and Bronchioles
1. Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus
2. Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as branches enter lungs
G. Alveoli
1. Clusters of thin-walled sacs made of single layer epithelial tissue
2. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant
3. Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
H. Lungs
1. Fill thoracic cavity
2. Upper part = apex
3. Lower part = base
4. Lung tissue porous and spongy, it floats
5. R lung larger and shorter, 3 lobes
6. L lung has 2 lobes
I. Pleura
1. Membrane that covers lungs
2. Double-walled sac
3. Space is pleural cavity
4. Pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction
J. Upper respiratory tract
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 18
1H10.02
Analyze the function of the respiratory system.
A. Cilia – hair in nose that traps dirt and particles
B. Sinuses
1. Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air
2. Give resonance to the voice
C. Pharynx
1. Common passageway for air and food
2. When food swallowed, epiglottis closes over opening to larynx,
preventing food from entering lungs
D. Larynx
1. Produces sound (voice box)
2. Made of cartilage fibrous plates
E. Trachea
1. C-shaped cartilage rings keep trachea open and more rigid
2. Coughing and expectoration get rid of dust-laden mucous
F. Bronchi and bronchioles – passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in lungs
G. Alveoli
1. Surfactant – keep alveoli from collapsing
2. O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between alveoli and capillaries
H. Pleura – pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction
I. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
1. Inspiration (inhalation)
a. Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward
b. Sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
c. This increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in
2. Expiration (exhalation)
a. Opposite action from inhalation
b. Passive process
J. Respiratory movements
1. 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
2. Normal adult = 14 – 20 respirations/min
3. Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases
4. Newborn resp = 40 – 60/min
5. During sleep – resps decrease
6. Emotion can change rate of respiration
7. Coughing – deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear
lower respiratory tract
8. Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis
9. Sneezing – air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract
10. Yawning – deep prolonged breath that fills lungs, increases blood O2
K. Control of breathing
1. Neural factors
a. Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata
b. Increase or decrease of O2 or CO2 in the blood will trigger respiratory
center
c. Phrenic nerve – stimulates diaphragm
2. Chemical factors
a. Depends on level of blood CO2
b. Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount
of blood O2
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 19
1H10.03
Identify characteristics and treatment of common respiratory
disorders.
A. Common Cold
1. Contagious viral, respiratory infection
2. Contributing factors – chilling, fatigue, poor nutrition, not enough sleep
3. Rx – stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
4. Good handwashing = best prevention
B. Pharyngitis – red, inflamed throat
C. Laryngitis
1. Inflammation of larynx
2. Symps – sore throat, hoarseness, loss of voice, difficulty swallowing
D. Bronchitis
1. Inflammation of mucous membranes of trachea and bronchi
2. Symps – cough, fever, substernal pain and rales (raspy sound)
3. Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, caused by cigarette smoking
E. Influenza (Flu)
1. Viral infection upper respiratory tract
2. Symps – fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme
exhaustion
3. Rx – symptomatic
F. Pneumonia
1. Infection of lung
2. Caused by bacteria or virus
3. Alveoli fill with thick fluid
4. Symps – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspnea
5. Diagnosis – x-ray and listening to lungs
6. Rx – oxygen and antibiotics
G. Tuberculosis
1. Infectious bacterial lung disease
2. Tubercles (lesions) form in lungs
3. Symps – cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night
sweats
4. Diagnosis – skin test, if positive, follow up with chest x-ray and sputum
5. Rx – antibiotics
H. Asthma
1. Inflammatory airway obstruction
2. Caused by allergen or psychological stress
3. 5% of Americans have asthma
4. Symps – difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
5. Rx – antinflammatory drugs, inhaled broncholdilator
I. Emphysema
1. Alveoli become distended, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may
eventually rupture
2. Air becomes trapped in alveoli, can’t exhale, forced exhalation required
3. Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
4. Rx – alleviate symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants,
prevent infections
Q. Related terms
1. Apnea
2. Dyspnea
3. Tachypnea
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 20
K.
Nervous System
1H11.01
Describe the structure of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
A. Neuron
1. Dendrite
2. Axon
3. Myelin sheath (neurilemma)
B. Brain
1. Coverings
a. Cerebral cortex
b. Meninges
2. Ventricles
3. Cerebrum
a. Convolutions and sulci
b. Lobes
i. Frontal
ii. Parietal
iii. Occipital
iv. Temporal
4. Cerebellum
5. Diencephalon
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
6. Brain stem
a. Midbrain
b. Pons
c. Medulla oblongata
C. Spinal cord
D. Nerves
1. Cranial nerves
2. Spinal nerves
1H11.02
Analyze the function of the nervous system.
A. Neuron function – transmit message from one cell to the next
1. Dendrites carry impulse to the cell body
2. Axons carry impulse away from cell body
3. Neurilemma (myelin sheath)
a. Covering that speeds up nerve impulse along axon
b. Fatty substance that protects axon
4. Synapse – space between neurons
5. Neurotransmitter – chemicals that carry an impulse across the synapse
6. Nerve impulse – A stimulus creates an impulse. The impulse travels into
the neuron on the dendrite(s) and out on the axon. At the end of the
axon, a neurotransmitter is released that carries the impulse across the
synapse, to the next dendrite.
B. Nervous tissue
1. Sensory neurons (afferent) – carry impulses from skin and sense organs
to spinal cord and brain
2. Motor neurons (efferent) – carry messages from brain and spinal cord to
muscles and glands
3. Associative neurons (interneurons) – carry impulses from sensory
neurons to motor neurons
C. Central nervous system
1. Brain
a. Brain tissue will die in 4-8 mins without oxygen
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 21
b. Meninges
i. Dura mater – tough, dense fibrous connective tissue
ii. Pia mater – covers brains surface
iii. Arachnoid – middle layer
iv. Subdural space – between arachnoid and dura mater
v. Subarachnoid space – between arachnoid and pia mater, filled
with cerebrospinal fluid, acts as liquid shock absorber and
source of nutrients for brain.
c. Ventricles – 4 cavities
i. Cerebrospinal fluid fills ventricles and acts as shock absorber
ii. Blood-brain barrier – prevents substances (like drugs) from
penetrating brain tissue, but also makes infections like meningitis
difficult to cure
iii. Choroid plexus – blood vessels that make cerebrospinal fluid
d. Cerebrum – responsible for conscious thought, judgment, memory,
reasoning, and will power
e. Diencephalon = Thalamus and hypothalamus
i. ANS control
ii. Temperature control
iii. Appetite control
iv. Emotional state
v. Sleep control
f. Cerebellum
i. Maintenance of balance
ii. Maintenance of muscle tone
iii. Control of muscle movements
g. Pons – Controls respiration
h. Midbrain – vision and hearing
i. Medulla oblongata – Controls heart rate and blood pressure
2. Spinal cord
a. Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid
b. Acts as reflex center
c. Conducts nerve impulses to and from brain
D. Peripheral nervous system
1. Cranial nerves
2. Spinal nerves
E. Autonomic nervous system – regulates visceral organs, no subject to
conscious control
1. Sympathetic system
a. Fight or flight – when the body perceives danger, SNS sends
message to adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and heartbeat
increases
2. Parasympathetic system – counters SNS, decreases heart rate
3. Reflex – unconscious and voluntary
a. Stimulus
b. Examples
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 22
1H11.03
Identify characteristics and treatments of common nervous system
disorders.
A. Disorders of the CNS
1. Meningitis
a. Inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord
b. May be bacterial or viral
c. Symps – headache, fever, stiff neck
d. In severe form, may lead to paralysis, coma and death
e. Diagnosis – lumbar puncture
f. If bacterial, treat with antibiotics
2. Epilepsy
a. Seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and
excessive electrical discharge from neurons
b. Cause – uncertain
c. Grand mal seizure – severe, convulsive seizure
d. Petit mal seizure – milder, seems to be staring or daydreaming
3. Alzheimer’s disease
a. Progressive disease, begins with problems remembering
b. Nerve endings in brain degenerate and block signals that pass
between nerve cells
c. Cause – unknown
d. First stage (2-4 years) confusion, short-term memory loss, anxiety,
poor judgement
e. 2nd stage (2-10 years) increase memory loss, difficulty recognizing
people, motor problems, logic problems, loss of social skills
f. 3rd stage (1-3 years) inability to recognize oneself, weight loss,
seizures, mood swings and aphasia
4. CVA (stroke)
a. Interruption of blood and oxygen to brain
b. Tissue death
c. Third leading cause of death in U.S.
d. Risk factors – smoking, hypertension, heart disease, family history
e. Cause – 90% blood clots, 10% ruptured blood vessels in the brain
f. Symptoms – hemiplegia, sudden severe headache, dizziness, loss of
vision in one eye, aphasia, dysphasia, coma, possible death
B. Paralysis – loss of power of motion or sensation
C. Hemiplegia – paralysis on one side of the body
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 23
L.
Sensory System
1H12.01
Explain the structure of the eye.
A. Eye
1. 1” in diameter
2. Protected by orbital cavity, eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids
3. Lacrimal glands – tears empty into nasal cavity
4. Conjunctiva – thin membrane lines eyelids
5. Wall of eye made up of three coats
B. Sclera
1. Outer layer
2. White of the eye
3. Tough coating, helps maintain shape of eye
4. Muscles responsible for moving eye attached to sclera = extrinsic
muscles
C. Cornea
1. Front of sclera (clear part) no blood vessels
2. Transparent so light rays can pass through
D. Choroid coat
1. Middle layer, contains blood vessels
2. Opening in front is pupil
3. Colored, muscular layer surrounding pupil is iris
4. Intrinsic muscles – change size of iris to control amount of light entering
through pupil
E. Lens
1. Crystalline structure located behind iris and pupil
2. Elastic, disc-shaped, biconvex
3. Situated between the anterior and posterior chambers
F. Anterior Chamber – filled with aqueous humor
G. Posterior Chamber – filled with vitreous humor
H. Retina
1. Innermost layer
2. Light rays focus image on retina
3. Image travels to the cerebral cortex via optic nerve
4. Rods – sensitive to dim light
5. Cones – sensitive to bright light and color
6. Optic disc – on retina, known as blind spot, nerve fibers that form optic
nerve
1H12.02
Analyze the function of the eye.
A. Eye
1. Protected by orbit, eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids
2. Lacrimal glands – tears empty into nasal cavity and clean the eyes
3. Conjunctiva – secretes mucous to lubricate eyes
B. Sclera
1. Tough coating, helps maintain shape of eye
2. Extrinsic muscles - responsible for moving eye attached to sclera
C. Cornea - Transparent so light rays can pass through
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 24
D. Choroid coat
1. Middle layer, contains blood vessels
2. Intrinsic muscles – change size of iris to control amount of light entering
through pupil
3. Pupil constricts – gets smaller – in bright light
4. Pupil dilates – gets larger – in dark light
E. Lens
1. Where light rays are refracted
2. Accommodation – change in the shape of the lens to allow for near and
distant vision
F. Retina
1. Light rays focus image on retina
2. Image travels to the cerebral cortex via optic nerve
3. Rods – sensitive to dim light
4. Cones – sensitive to bright light and color
5. Optic disc – on retina, known as blind spot, nerve fibers that form optic
nerve
G. Pathway of vision - Image travels through cornea, then pupil, through lens,
hits retina, picked up by rods and cones and carried to optic nerve where the
brain interprets image
1H12.03
Explain the structure and function of the ear, nose, and tongue.
A. Outer ear
1. Pinna (auricle)
a. Visible ear
b. Collects sound waves
2. External auditory canal – ear canal
3. Cerumen – ear wax, protects the ear
4. Tympanic membrane – ear drum, separates outer and middle ear
B. Middle ear
1. Cavity in temporal bone
2. Connects with pharynx by Eustachian tube - which equalizes pressure in
the middle ear with outside atmosphere
3. Bones - transmit sound waves from ear drum to inner ear
a. Malleus (hammer)
b. Incus (anvil)
c. Stapes (stirrup)
C. Inner ear
1. Cochlea - spiral shaped organ of hearing, contains a membranous tube,
the cochlear duct – which is filled with fluid that vibrates when sound
waves are transmitted by the stapes
2. Organ of Corti – delicate hairlike cells that pick up vibrations of fluid and
transmit them as a sensory impulse along the auditory nerve to the brain
3. Semicircular canals – three structures in inner ear that contain liquid set
in motion by head and body movements
4. Impulses sent to cerebellum to help maintain body balance (equilibrium)
D. Pathway of hearing – ear to external auditory canal to tympanic membrane to
ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) to cochlea to auditory nerve to brain
E. Nose
1. Smell accounts for 90% of taste
2. Tissue in the nose, olfactory epithelium, contains specialized nerve cell
receptors
3. Those receptors stimulate the olfactory nerve to the brain
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 25
F. Tongue
1. Mass of muscle tissue
2. Bumps on surface are papillae, they contain taste buds
3. Receptors in taste buds send stimuli through 3 cranial nerves to cerebral
cortex
1H12.04
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common sensory
disorders.
A. Disorders of the eye
1. Conjunctivitis (Pink eye)
a. Inflammation of conjunctival membranes in front of eye
b. Redness, pain, swelling and discharge
c. Highly contagious
d. Rx – antibiotic eye drops
2. Glaucoma
a. Excessive intraocular pressure causing destruction of the retina and
atrophy of the optic nerve
b. Caused by the overproduction of aqueous humor, lack of drainage,
or aging
c. Symps – develop gradually, mild aching, loss of peripheral vision,
halo around light
d. Tonometer – measures intraocular pressure
e. Rx – drugs or laser surgery
3. Cataracts
a. Lens of eye gradually becomes cloudy
b. Frequently occurs in people over 70
c. Causes painful, gradual blurring and loss of vision
d. Rx – surgical removal of the lens
4. Sty (hordeolum)
a. Abscess at the base of an eyelash in sebaceous gland
b, Symps – red, painful, swollen
c. Rx – warm, wet compresses
5. Eye injury - Glass or fragment in eye – cover eye and seek medical help,
do not remove the object
6. Color blindness
a. Cones affected
b. Genetic disorder that is carried by female and transmitted to males
B. Vision defects
1. Presbyopia
a. Lens loses elasticity, can’t focus on close or distant objects
b. Usually after age 40
c. Rx – bifocals
2. Hyperopia
a. Farsighted
b. Focal point beyond retina, eyeball too short
c. Convex lenses help
3. Myopia
a. Nearsighted
b. Eyeball too long
c. Concave lenses help
4. Astigmatism
a.. Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens, causing blurred vision or
eye strain
b. Rx – corrective lenses
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 26
5. Diplopia – double vision
6. Strabismus (cross-eyed)
a. Eye muscles to not coordinate their actions
b. Usually in children
c. Rx – eye exercises or surgery
7. Ophthalmoscope – instrument for viewing inside the eye
8. Snellen eye chart – chart that uses letters or symbols in calibrated
heights to check for vision defects
C. Disorders of the ear
1. Hearing loss
a. Hearing is fragile, loud noise over period of time can cause hearing
loss
b. Symps – tinnitus (ringing in ears) and difficulty understanding what
people are saying
2. Otitis Media
a. Infection of middle ear
b. Often complication of common cold in children
c. Rx – antibiotics
d. Myringotomy – tubes inserted through tympanic membrane to relieve
pressure
3. Otosclerosis
a. Chronic , progressive middle ear disorder
b. Stapes becomes spongy and then hardens, becoming fixed and
immobile
c. Rx – stapedectomy and total replacement of stapes
4. Tinnitus – ringing of ears from impacted wax, otitis media, loud noise,
etc.
5. Types of hearing loss
a. Conductive – sounds prevented from reaching inner ear
b. Sensorineural – problem with inner ear and auditory nerve
D. Disorders of the nose
1. Rhinitis
a. Inflammation of lining of nose with congestion, drainage
b. Cause – allergies, drugs, infection, odors, etc.
c. Rx – eliminate cause, antihistamine
M.
Digestive System
1H13.01
Explain the structure of the digestive system.
A. Alimentary canal
1. Digestive tract or GI tract
2. 30 ft. tube from mouth to anus
B. Accessory organs of digestion
1. Tongue
2. Teeth
3. Salivary glands
4. Pancreas
5. Liver
6. Gall bladder
C. Peritoneum
D. Mouth
1. Hard palate
2. Uvula
E. Salivary glands
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 27
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
1H13.02
1. Three pairs
2. Parotid – largest
Teeth
1. Gingiva - gums
2. Deciduous - 20
3. Adult mouth has 32 teeth
Esophagus
1. 10” long muscular tube
2. Connects pharynx and stomach
Stomach
1. Cardiac sphincter
2. Pyloric sphincter
3. Rugae
Small Intestine
1. Duodenum – 12” long
2. Jejunum – 8 ft. long
3. Ileum – 10 – 12 ft. long
Pancreas - Located behind stomach
Liver
1. Largest organ in body
2. Located below the diaphragm, upper right quadrant
3. Connected to gallbladder and small intestine by ducts
Gallbladder
1. Small, green organ
2. Inferior surface of liver
Large Intestine (Colon)
1. Approx 2” in diameter
2. Cecum
3. Appendix
4. Rectum
5. Anus
Analyze the function of the digestive system.
A. Digestion
1. Bolus – soft, pliable ball of semi-digested food
2. Peristalsis – wavelike motions that move food along esophagus,
stomach and intestines
3. Ptyalin – in saliva in mouth, converts starches to simple sugar
4. In stomach:
a. Gastric juices released
b. Stomach churns and mixes food and juice (chyme)
c. Small amounts chyme enter duodenum
d. Takes 2-4 hours for stomach to empty
5. In small intestine:
a. Digestion completed, absorption occurs
b. Addition of enzymes from pancreas and liver (via gallbladder)
6. In large intestine:
a. Large quantities of H20 absorbed back into bloodstream
b. Bacteria help break down undigested food
c. Gas formation (flatulence) from bacterial action
d. Feces – undigested semi-solid waste
e. Defecation – colon and rectal muscles contract, external anal
sphincter under conscious control
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 28
B. Enzymes – help in digestion
C. Functions of Digestive System
1. Physical breakdown of food
2. Chemical digestion of food into the end products of fat, carbohydrates,
and protein
3. Absorb nutrients into blood capillaries of the small intestine
4. Eliminate waste products of digestion
D. Mouth
1. Food enters digestive system through mouth
2. Inside mouth covered with mucous membrane
3. Roof of mouth is hard palate
4. Uvula – prevents food from going up nose when you swallow
E. Tongue
1. Attached to floor of mouth
2. Helps in chewing and swallowing
3. Made of skeletal muscle
4. Taste buds on surface
F. Salivary glands
1. Three pairs
2. Secrete saliva
3. Parotid – largest salivary glands, become inflamed during mumps
G. Teeth
1. Gingiva – gums that support and protect teeth
2. Mastication – chewing
3. Deciduous – baby teeth
H. Stomach
1. Cardiac sphincter
a. Circular layer of muscle
b. Controls passage of food into stomach
2. Pyloric sphincter – regulates entrance of food into duodenum
3. Rugae
a. Mucous coat lining
b. Folds when stomach empty
4. Muscular coat contracts (peristalsis) to push food into small intestine
I. Small Intestine
1. Three sections
2. Absorption
a. Digested food (nutrients) pass into bloodstream and on to body cells
b. Undigestible passes on to large intestine
J. Pancreas
1. Exocrine function – secretes digestive enzymes
2. Also has endocrine function
K. Liver
1. Manufactures bile
2. Produces and stores glucose in the form of glycogen
3. Detoxifies alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances
4. Manufactures blood proteins
5. Stores vitamin A, D and B complex
L. Gallbladder
1. Stores bile
2. When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder
M. Large Intestine
1. Chyme – semi-liquid food
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 29
1H13.03
Discuss characteristics and treatments of common digestive
disorders.
A. Heartburn
1. Acid reflux
2. Symp – burning sensation
3. Rx – avoid chocolate, peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods,
tomato products, stop smoking, take antacids, don’t lay down 2-3 hours
after eating
B. Gastroenteritis
1. Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
2. Common cause – virus
3. Symps – diarrhea and vomiting
4. Complication - dehydration
C. Ulcer
1. Sore or lesion that forms in the lining of the stomach
2. Gastric ulcers in the stomach, duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
3. Primary cause – H. pylori (bacteria)
4. Contributing factors – smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs
5. Symp – burning pain in abdomen between meals and early morning,
may be relieved by eating or taking an antacid
6. Diagnosis – x-ray, gastroscopy
7. Rx – H2 blockers (drugs) that block release of histamine
D. Appendicitis
1. When appendix becomes inflamed
2. If it ruptures, bacteria can spread to peritoneal cavity
3. Symps – RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting
4. Rx – appendectomy
E. Hepatitis A
1. Infectious hepatitis
2. Cause – virus
3. Spread through contaminated food and water
F. Hepatitis B (Serum hepatitis)
1. Caused by virus found in blood
2. Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck by contaminated needle
(drug user)
3. Health care workers at risk should be vaccinated
4. Use standard precautions for prevention
G. Cirrhosis
1. Chronic, progressive disease of the liver
2. Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
3. 75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption
H. Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gall bladder
I. Cholelithiasis (gall stones)
1. Can block bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders
2. Small ones may pass on their own, large ones are surgically removed
3. Surgical removal of the gallbladder = cholecystectomy
J. Diarrhea
1. Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces pass through
colon too rapidly
2. Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or food
irritants
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 30
K. Constipation
1. When defecation is delayed, feces become dry and hard
2. Rx – diet of cereals, fruits and vegetables (roughage), drinking plenty of
fluids, exercise and avoid tension
L. Jaundice – yellow color the skin
N.
Nutrition
1H14.01
Analyze the function of nutrients.
A. Water
1. Essential nutrient
2. 55 – 65% of body weight
3. Water loss through evaporation, excretion, and respiration
B. Carbohydrates
1. Main source of energy
2. Excess carbs converted to fat
3. Calorie
a. Unit measuring amount of energy contained within the chemical
bonds of different foods
b. Empty calories – foods like candy with no nutritional value
4. Roughage – indigestible part of carbs (cellulose)
C. Lipids (Fats)
1. Source of energy – twice as many calories as same amount of carb or
protein
2. Body fat cushions internal organs, insulates against cold
3. Fats carry fat-soluble vitamins
4. Cholesterol
a. Animal fat found in meat, cheese, eggs
b. Excess can build up in artery walls causing atherosclerosis
c. Recommended blood level under 200 mg/dl
d. HDL – High density lipoprotein – “good”, removes excess
cholesterol from cells to carry back to liver to be broken down
and eliminated
e. LDL – Low density lipoprotein – carry fat to cells
D. Proteins
1. Many functions:
a. Enzymes
b. Source of energy
c. Muscles, hormones, clotting, antibodies all depend on proteins
2. Amino acids are building blocks of proteins
3. Complete proteins contain all amino acids – milk, eggs, cheese
4. Incomplete proteins – do not contain ALL amino acids – vegetables,
beans, wheat
5. Body can’t store amino acids
6. Adults in US eat too many proteins, putting extra burden on kidneys and
liver to excrete
E. Minerals
1. Inorganic compound needed for human growth and maintenance
2. Most important:
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. Iron
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 31
3. Trace elements – present in small amounts, toxic levels close to healthy
levels
4. Most minerals present in average adult diet
5. Fluorine – in drinking water, for bones and teeth
6. Iodine – in fish, shellfish, iodized salt, needed to make thyroid hormones
7. Iron – liver, lean meats, needed to make hemoglobin
F. Vitamins
1. Biologically active organic compound
2. Function as coenzyme for normal health and growth, some behave like
hormones
3. A, D, E and K – fat soluble, can be stored in the body
4. B vitamins and Vitamin C are water soluble, can’t be stored, excess
excreted
G. Fiber
1. Found in plant foods like whole grain breads, cereals, beans, peas, other
vegetables and fruit
2. Important for proper bowel functioning, may lower risk of heart disease
and some cancers
1H14.02
Analyze dietary guidelines.
A. Metabolism
1. Metabolism is the rate of the use of nutrients by the body to produce
energy
2. Basal metabolic rate = amount of energy needed to maintain life when
body is at rest.
B. Recommended daily dietary allowances (RDA) – chart that lists
recommended intake of vitamins and minerals
C. Food Guide Pyramid
1. Orange – grains
2. Green – vegetables
3. Red – fruits
4. Blue – milk and dairy
5. Purple – meats, beans, fish and nuts
6. Yellow – oils
7. Focus on exercise and being physically active
8. Healthy diet
a. Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat
milk and milk products;
b. Includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts; and
c. Is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and
added sugars.
D. Nutrition labeling
1. Serving size
2. Servings per container
3. Calories
4. Grams of fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbs, fiber, and protein
5. Vitamins and minerals
6. Lists recommended daily allowances of nutrients
E. Diet therapy
1. Regular diet
2. Liquid diet
3. Low cholesterol diet
4. Sodium restricted diet
5. Bland diet
F. Healthy diet
1. Eat a variety of foods
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 32
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1H14.03
Maintain desirable weight
Avoid too much fat, saturated fat (animal fat) and cholesterol
Eat foods with adequate starch and fiber (roughage)
Avoid too much sugar
Avoid too much sodium
Don’t drink alcohol
Identify characteristics and treatment of common eating disorders.
A. Obesity
1. Most common nutritional disorder
2. 15% over optimal weight
3. Affects physical and mental health
B. Anorexia Nervosa
1. Serious mental disorder
2. Mostly teenage girls
3. Criteria for diagnosis
a. Intense fear of getting fat, even when losing weight
b. Distorted body image
c. Loss of 25% of original body weight
d. Refusal to maintain normal weight
e. No known physical illness
f. Amenorrhea
C. Bulimia
1. Episodic binge eating followed by purging
2. Usually women, older than teens
D. Anorexia – loss of appetite
E. Malnutrition – poor nutrition due to diet or illness
F. Deficiency diseases
1. Fluorine = Tooth Decay
2. Iodine = Goiter (Enlarged Thyroid)
3. Iron = Anemia
O.
Urinary System
1H15.01
Describe the structure of the urinary system
A. Kidney
1. Bean-shaped
2. Located between peritoneum and the back muscles (retroperitoneal)
3. Renal pelvis – funnel-shaped structure at the beginning of the ureter
4. Medulla
a, Inner, striated layer
b. Striated cones are renal pyramids
c. Base of pyramids empty into cuplike cavities called calyces
5. Cortex – composed of millions of microscopic nephrons
B. Nephron – functional unit of kidney
1. Bowman’s capsule
2. Glomerulus
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4. Loop of Henle
5. Distal convoluted tubule
6. Collecting tubule
C. Ureters
1. One from each kidney
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 33
2. Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane lining
D. Urinary bladder
1. Hollow, muscular organ
2. Made of elastic fibers and involuntary muscle
3. Stores urine – about 500 cc
E. Urethra
1. Connects bladder with urinary meatus
2. Urinary meatus is opening to body
1H15.02
Analyze the function of the urinary system
A. Four main functions
1. Excretion – removing nitrogenous wastes, certain salts and excess water
from blood.
2. Maintain acid-base balance
3. Secrete waste products in the form of urine
4. Eliminate urine from bladder
B. Nephron – functional unit of the kidney – for urine formation
1. Filtration
a. First step in urine formation
b. Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus
c. Blood pressure in glomerulus forces fluid (filtrate) to filter into
Bowman’s capsule
d. Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins or RBCs – they’re too big
2. Reabsorption
a. Water (90%) and useful substances are reabsorbed
b. If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose, amino acids,
vitamins, sodium) then those substances will NOT be reabsorbed
3. Secretion
a. Opposite of reabsorption
b. Secretion transports substances from blood into collecting tubules
c. Electrolytes are selectively secreted to maintain body’s acid-base
balance
C. Urinary output
1. Ave = 1500 ml/day
2. Urinalysis – examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells,
bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity and physical characteristics
D. Ureters
1. Carry urine from kidney to bladder
2. Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters
E. Urinary bladder
1. Stores urine – usually about 500 cc
2. Emptying urine (voiding) is involuntary but controlled through nervous
system (voluntary)
F. Control of urinary secretion
1. Chemical control
a. Reabsorption of H2O in distal convoluted tubule controlled by ADH
(antidiuretic hormone)
b. Secretion and regulation of ADH controlled by hypothalamus
c. Diuretics inhibit reabsorption of H2O
2. Nervous control
a. Direct control through nerve impulses on kidney blood vessels
b. Indirect control through stimulation of endocrine glands
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 34
1H15.03
Analyze characteristics and treatment of common urinary
disorders.
A. Renal calculi (kidney stones)
1. Made of calcium and uric acid crystals
2. Gradually they get larger until they block ureters
3. First symptom – severe pain
4. Other symps – nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
5. Diagnosis – by symptoms, ultrasound or x-ray
6. Rx – increase fluids, medications, lithotripsy
B. Lithotripsy
1. Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
2. Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up
3. Done on outpatient basis
C. Nephritis – infection or inflammation of the kidney
D. Cystitis
1. Bladder infection, usually caused by E. Coli bacteria
2. Symps – dysuria (painful urination) and frequency
3. More often in females (shorter urethra)
4. Rx - antibiotics
E. Incontinence – involuntary urination
F. Dialysis (hemodialysis)
1. Treatment for kidney failure
2. Involves the passage of blood through a semipermeable membrane
3. Dialysis serves as substitute kidney
4. Can be done at home or in clinic
5. Usually takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week
G. Kidney transplant
1. As a last resort to treat kidney failure
2. Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system
3. Main complication - rejection
H. Terminology and Treatments
1. Enuresis – bedwetting
2. Glycosuria – sugar in urine
3. Nocturia – frequent urination at night
4. Polyuria – large amounts of urine
5. Pyuria – pus in urine
6. Anuria – no urine
7. Dysuria – painful urination
8. Hematuria – blood in urine
9. Diuretic – a drug or substance that increases the amount of urine
secreted
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 35
P.
Endocrine System
1H16.01
Explain the structure of the endocrine system.
A. Pituitary gland
1. Tiny structure size of grape
2. Located at base of brain
3. Connected to hypothalamus
4. Divided into anterior and posterior lobes
B. Thyroid gland
1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue
2. On either side of larynx, over trachea
3. H-shaped
C. Parathyroid glands
1. Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice
2. Attached to posterior thyroid
D. Thymus
1. Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ
2. Located behind sternum, above and in front of heart
3. Begins to disappear at puberty
E. Adrenal glands - located on top of each kidney
F. Gonads
1. Ovary in female
2. Testes in male
G. Pancreas
1. Located behind the stomach
2. Endocrine and exocrine functions
1H16.02
Analyze the function of the endocrine system
A. Types of glands
1. Endocrine
a. Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
b. Ductless
2. Exocrine
a. Secrete substance through a duct
b. Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas
B. Function of endocrine system
1. To secrete hormones
2. Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target
cells and organs
C. Hormone control
1. Negative feedback – drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction
a. Blood level of hormone falls
b. Brains gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland
c. Gland secretes more hormone
d. When blood level of hormone increases, brain hormones stop
2. Nervous control – in some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes
direct release of hormone from gland (for example, when stress causes
the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)
D. Pituitary gland
1. The master gland
2. Anterior pituitary lobe
a. Growth hormone – GH (somatotropin) responsible for growth and
development
b. Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk
after childbirth
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 36
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
1H16.03
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone – TSH – stimulates thyroxine
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone – ACTH – stimulates adrenal
cortex
e. Follicle-stimulating hormone – FSH – stimulates growth of
graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in
males
f. Luteinizing hormone – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of
corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females
3. Posterior pituitary lobe
a. Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the
bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve
H2O in the body
b. Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing contractions of the
uterus
Thyroid gland
1. Main hormone, thyroxine, is controlled by secretion of TSH
2. Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism
3. Calcitonin, another hormone that controls calcium ion concentration
in the body, prevents hypercalcemia
Parathyroid glands – produce parathormone which helps control blood
calcium, prevents hypocalcemia
Thymus
1. Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ
2. Located behind sternum, above and in front of heart
3. Begins to disappear at puberty
Adrenal glands
1. Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and
sex hormones
2. Androgens – male sex hormones
3. Adrenalin – hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac
stimulant, “fight or flight” hormone
Gonads
1. Estrogen – development of female reproductive organs, secondary
sex characteristics
2. Progesterone – plays a part in the menstrual cycle
3. Testosterone – male reproductive organs and secondary sex
characteristics
Pancreas
1. Islets of Langerhans – insulin production
2. Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells
Prostaglandins – tissue hormones
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common endocrine
disorders.
A. Gigantism
1. Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone
2. In preadolescence – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive
tallness
B. Dwarfism
1. Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
2. Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal
3. Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone
C. Hyperthyroidism
1. Overactive thyroid gland
2. Too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 37
3. Symps – consuming large quantities of food but lose weight
4. Goiter – enlargement of gland
5. Exophthalmos – bulging of eyeballs
6. Rs – partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation
D. Hypothyroidism
1. Not enough thyroxine
2. May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
3. Symps – dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps
at night
E. Tetany
1. Hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves
2. Symps – convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the
respiratory muscles
3. Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone
F. Diabetes Mellitus
1. Cause – decreased secretion of insulin
2. Symps – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and
possible diabetic coma
3. If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and secreted in
urine (glycosuria)
4. If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia)
and person can develop insulin shock
5. Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent – most common, usually
familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet
6. Test for diabetes – blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is 80-100
mg
Q.
Reproductive System
M1H17.01
Describe the structure of the male reproductive system.
A. Testes
1. Found in scrotum
2. Size of small egg
3. Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled seminiferous tubules
B. Epididymis
1. Collection of tubes above the testes
2. Connect the testes with the vas deferens
C. Vas Deferens
1. Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
2. Seminal vesicles connect to vas deferens
3. Ejaculatory duct connects vas deferens with urethra
D. Scrotum – sac of skin that contains testes
E. Penis
1. Contains erectile tissue
2. End covered by foreskin – loose fitting skin
F. Prostate Gland
1. Surrounds beginning of urethra
2. Size and shape of chestnut
G. Bulbourethral glands – located on either size of prostate below prostate
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 38
1H17.02
Analyze the function of the male reproductive system.
A. Testes
1. Produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
2. Produce male sex hormone – testosterone
3. Inside, each lobule contains coiled seminiferous tubules where
sperm develop
4. In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen and during the last 3
months, migrate into scrotum
B. Epididymis – where sperm are stored
C. Vas Deferens – serves as a passageway for sperm from epididymis
to ejaculatory duct
D. Scrotum – serves as container for testes
E. Penis
1. Contains erectile tissue
2. Organ of copulation
3. Tip of penis covered with foreskin, which is often removed during
circumcision
F. Prostate Gland – secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility and
adds fluid to semen
G. Bulbourethral glands – add alkaline secretion to semen that helps
sperm live longer
H. Erection and ejaculation
1. Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semen
2. Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
3. Ejaculation expels semen
4. Impotence – unable to copulate (hold an erection)
I. Infertility – lack of conception due to fallopian tube damage, low
sperm count, hormone imbalance, and other disorders
1H17.03
Describe the structure of the female reproductive system.
a. Ovaries
1. In lower part of abdominal cavity
2. About the size of an almond
3. Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs
b. Fallopian tubes
1. 4” long – not attached to ovaries
2. Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into uterus
c. Uterus
1. Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ
2. Lies behind urinary bladder and in front of rectum
3. Fundus – bulging upper part of the uterus
4. Cervix – narrow neck of uterus that extends into vagina
5. Uterine wall
a. Outside thick muscular layer is myometrium
b. Inside mucous lining is endometrium
d. Vagina – smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining
e. External genitalia
1. Vulva – external organs of reproduction
2. Labia – folds of skin that surround the entrance to the vagina
3. Perineum – area between vagina and rectum
f. Accessory organs
1. Breasts (mammary glands)
2. Areola – darkened area that surrounds the nipple
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 39
1H17.04
Analyze the function of the female reproductive system.
A. Ovaries
1. Primary sex organs of the female
2. Produce ova (female gamete) and manufacture female sex
hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
3. During the reproductive years, a single follicle in the ovary
matures every 28 days with an ovum inside
4. Reproductive ability begins with menarche (first menstrual cycle)
during puberty
B. Ovulation
1. Mature ovum is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks before
menstrual period begins
2. After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube
3. Fertilization takes place in fallopian tube, usually within two days
of ovulation
4. Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus
5. Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by
LH
B. Fallopian tubes – smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into
uterus
C. Menstrual cycle
1. Occurs every 28 days, divided into 4 stages
2. Follicle stage – FSH from pituitary  ovary, stimulates follicle
with ovum to mature  releases estrogen and prepares uterine
lining, lasts 10 days
3. Ovulation stage – Pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day
– follicle ruptures and mature ovum released
4. Corpus luteum stage – Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. If
ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone,
which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining,
lasts 14 days
5. Menstruation stage – If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves 
progesterone  and uterine lining breaks down and is
discharged, 3-6 days
6. Menopause
a. When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
b. Approximately age 50
c. Symptoms include hot flashes, dizziness, headaches and
emotional changes
D. Conception and pregnancy
1. Gametes are produced by gonads
a. Female gonad = ovary
b. Female gamete = ovum (ova)
c. Male gonad = testes
d. Male gamete = sperm
2. Chromosomes
a. Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair
of sex chromosomes – XX
b. Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of
sex chromosomes - XY
3. Fertilization – when games combine to form a zygote (fertilized
egg cell)
a. One sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum
b. Zygote has 46 chromosomes
c. Zygote cells divide and multiply as it travels down fallopian
tube and implants in uterus
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 40
d. At 7 days, zygote becomes an embryo
e. At 3 months it becomes a fetus
4. Pregnancy
a. Gestation = prenatal period or pregnancy
b. Normal pregnancy = 40 weeks or 280 days or 3 months
c. Quickening – first recognizable movement of fetus in 4th – 5th
month
d. Miscarriage – spontaneous abortion
1H17.05
Analyze characteristics and treatment of common
reproductive disorders.
A. Reproductive procedures
1. Laparoscopy – tube inserted though small incision in abdominal
wall
2. Mastectomy – surgical removal of breast
3. Mammogram – breast x-ray to detect tumors, usually
recommended for women over age 40
4. Vasectomy – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas
deferens
5. Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin
B. Male reproductive disorders
1. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
a. Enlarged prostate
b. Common in men over age 60
c. Prostate enlarges and clamps down on urethra
d. Symps – Urinary frequency
e. Rx – prostatectomy, sometimes laser surgery or no Rx
C. Female reproductive disorders
1. Mastitis – infection in breast
2. Endometriosis
a. Endometrial tissue outside of uterus and abnormal patches
in uterus
b. Results in internal bleeding, formation of scar tissue,
dysmenorrheal, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding
c. Cause - unknown
3. Cervical cancer
a. Detected by Pap (Papanicolaou) Smear – sample of cell
scrapings taken for microscopic study
b. Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and
radiation
4. Toxic shock syndrome
a. Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus
b. Symps – fever, rash, hypotension
c. Cause – use of tampons
d. Rx - antibiotics
D. Contraception – methods of preventing pregnancy
1. Male sterilization – vasectomy
2. Female sterilization – tubal ligation
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 41
R.
Analyze the health care professions.
1H18.01
Analyze medical/health professions and related employment
opportunities.
A. Medical professions
1. Physician
2. Physicians Assistant
3. Chiropractor
B. Other health professions
1. Nursing
2. Therapist
3. Diagnostics
C. Employment opportunities
1. Trends
2. Projections
3. Where to look
1H18.02
Identify preparation and credentials needed in medical/health
professions.
A. Preparation
1. High school/secondary
2. Post secondary
3. Professional
B. Credentials
1. Certification
2. Licensure
3. Registration
1H18.03
Analyze professional/ethical characteristics of medical/health
professionals.
A. Professional characteristics
1. Appearance
2. Attitude
3. Actions
B. Ethical considerations
1. Definition of ethics
2. Codes of conduct
3. Confidentiality
4. Professional ethics
1H18.04
Revise personal career development plan.
Summer 2005  AHS I Content Outline  Page 42