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Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-1: What is Classification? (p.188-192)
Classifying
- Classify means to group ideas, information or objects
based on similarities (items in a grocery store)
Early History of Classification
- 2000 years Aristotle developed a system to classify living
things
- Taxonomy – science of classifying and naming organisms
- Aristotle divided organisms into plant and animal
kingdoms
- Kingdom – largest of the taxonomic categories
- Aristotle further divided plant kingdom into 3 groups
based on size and structure
- Aristotle further divided animal kingdom into 3 groups
based on where they lived (air, land and water)
Scientific Naming
- Carolus Linnaeus created a classification system based on
similarities in: body structures and systems, size, shape,
color, and methods of obtaining food
- Binomial Nomenclature: 2 word name to every organism
* 1st word – genus: group of different organisms that
have similar characteristics
* 2nd word – specific name
* Species – smallest, most precise classification
category.
* organisms in the same species can mate
* Example: Canis familiaris
- 1st word (genus) capitalized
- 2nd word (specific name) lowercase
- both written in italics or underlined
- Latin meanings used (same around the world)
Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-2: Modern Classification (p.193-197)
Five-Kingdom System
- Scientists today look at other types of traits to classify
o chemical makeup, similarities in genes and body
structures, fossils, embryos
-Phylogeny – an organism’s evolutionary history
- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant and Animal
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Kingdom Monera – one-celled organisms, simple in
structure
o streptococcus and cyanobacteria (found in lakes
and ponds)
o Prokaryotic
- Prokaryote “before kernel” – unorganized nucleus
- Eukaryotes “true kernel” – true nucleus
- See Figure 7-4 on page 195 which shows the differences
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Groups Within Kingdoms
- think about going to buy a CD
- scientists classify organisms into groups
- phylum – the next smallest group
- in plant and fungi kingdoms, division is used instead of
phylum
- phylum or division – separated into classes
- classes – separated into orders
- orders – separated in to families
- genus – group within a family
- genus – can have one or more species
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
A Sixth Kingdom
- Aristotle – 2 kingdom classification
- late 19th century – Monera, plants, animals
- 1956 – Monera separated into 2 kingdoms (Monera and
Protista)
- 1959 – Kingdom Fungi (molds, yeasts, and mushrooms)
separated from plants
- some research indicates Monera could be further divided
into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
o Eubacteria – bacteria that cause disease and help
decay plant matter
o Archaebacteria – thrive under conditions that kill
other living things
Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-3: Diminishing Diversity (p.198-199)
Extinction Reduces Diversity
-What is species diversity?
o Great variety of plants, animals, and other organisms
o Ecosystem that has high species diversity is more stable
than one with fewer species
o Examples: rain forests and coral reefs
-How is species diversity changed?
o Farming
o Mining
o Cutting down trees
o Example: northern spotted owl (endangered species)
and Carolina parakeet (extinct)
Points of View
- People have a right to use forest resources
- Science cannot replace extinct species
Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-1: What is Classification? (p.188-192)
Classifying
- Classify means to group ideas, information or objects
based on ____________________ (items in a grocery store)
Early History of Classification
- 2000 years __________________ developed a system to
classify living things
- _________________ – science of classifying and naming
organisms
- Aristotle divided organisms into
__________________________________________
- Kingdom – _______________ of the taxonomic categories
- Aristotle further divided plant kingdom into
_____________ based on ________________________
- Aristotle further divided animal kingdom into
____________ based on ____________________ (air, land
and water)
Scientific Naming
- Carolus Linnaeus created a classification system based on
similarities in:
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
- _____________________: 2 word name to every organism
* 1st word – genus: group of different organisms that
have ___________________________________
* 2nd word – _____________________________
* Species – smallest, most precise classification
category.
* organisms in the same species can _________
* Example: Canis familiaris
- 1st word (genus) ________________
- 2nd word (specific name) _________________
- both written in _________________________
- Latin meanings used (same around the ________)
Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-2: Modern Classification (p.193-197)
Five-Kingdom System
- Scientists today look at other types of traits to classify
o chemical makeup, similarities in genes and body
structures, fossils, embryos
-Phylogeny – ___________________________________
- _____________________________________________
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Kingdom ___________ – one-celled organisms, simple in
structure
o streptococcus and __________________ (found in
lakes and ponds)
o _________________________
- Prokaryote “before kernel” – _______________________
- Eukaryotes “true kernel” – _________________________
- See Figure 7-4 on page 195 which shows the differences
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Groups Within Kingdoms
- think about going to buy a CD
- scientists classify organisms into ___________
- _________________ – the next smallest group
- in plant and fungi kingdoms, _____________ is used
instead of phylum
- phylum or division – separated into _______________
- classes – separated into _______________
- orders – separated in to _______________
- genus – group within a ________________
- genus – can have one or more _______________
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
A Sixth Kingdom
- Aristotle – _______________________ classification
- late 19th century – ________________________________
- 1956 – Monera separated into _______________ (Monera
and Protista)
- 1959 – Kingdom _____________ (molds, yeasts, and
mushrooms) separated from ________________
- some research indicates Monera could be further divided
into _____________________________________________
o ___________________ – bacteria that cause
disease and help decay plant matter
o ___________________ – thrive under conditions
that kill other living things
Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-3: Diminishing Diversity (p.198-199)
Extinction Reduces Diversity
-What is species diversity?
o Great variety of ________________________________
o Ecosystem that has high species diversity is more
__________ than one with ____________ species
o Examples: ____________________________________
-How is species diversity changed?
o
o
o Cutting down
o Example: northern spotted owl
(___________________) and Carolina parakeet
(_____________)
Points of View
- People have a ___________ to use forest resources
- Science cannot replace _______________________
Life Science Ch.7: Classifying Living Things
Section 7-4: Identifying Organisms (p.200-203)
Common Names and Scientific Names
Making and Using Dichotomous Keys
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