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Course Code: E-300 Course Name: English Language Literacy Tutor: Dr. Quadri Syed Shah Rahmatullah Weeks: 1-4 Part-1. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Janet Holmes What is Linguistics? What is sociolinguistics? Why should we study Sociolinguistics? Linguistics is the scientific study of any given language exploring the origin, changes, development and usage of the Language. Study of a language and its relation ship with the social and cultural factors is called sociolinguistics. We must study sociolinguistics to find the relation ship between Language and society to explore the social functions of language, meanings conveyed, and the social identity signaled by the people. Example: ( 1 ) Saad: Ali, you are late Ali: That stupid kept me again. Saad: Professor is there. Ali: I am sorry, Where’s he? ( 2 ) A: Good evening, sir. B: What are you doing with the projector at this time? A: Dr. Quadri gave us an assignment. So, we are kept in, sir. Guess the relation ship between the speakers. Different ways of speaking: Please tender exact fare and state the destination Give me the right money and tell me where you’re going. 1 Thus uses of language variety depends upon: Users of language Languages uses Social setting Function of interaction Social dimensions are of two types High solidarity Intimate: Friends or family members low solidarity Distant: Colleagues The status scale: Superior—Higher status Director of university and office secretary Subordinate—Low status Formality scale Formal---High Formality Royal family or political meeting Informal ---low formality Class mates or close friends Referential scale High information content Specific course or Project reports Low affective content Reasons for coming late Low information Content Personal or love Letters, chatting. Affective Scale High Affective content Marketing Advertisements 2 Language choice in Multi lingual communities: Example of a Zairian, Kalala, 16, an unemployed living in Bukavu, city, 220,000 population, multilingual and multicultural city, over 40 groups speaking different languages; uses Shy his dialect normally, with his own ethnic group, Swahili as lingua franca with other ethnic groups, Kingwana with younger children and elder people. But the Standard Zairian taught in school is used for official transactions is the best example of Multi lingual multicultural community choice. Anahina, a Tongan New Zealander living in Auckland is another example of bilingual domain of Language use. All conversation with parents and grand parents and during meals she uses Tongan language. But with elder sisters she uses English. Domain is a places or situation of speaking a particular dialect or language. Family, friend circle, religion, education, employment are some of the Domains of language. In Paraguay, Guarani, and Spanish are used in different official and social domains. Diglossia: two varieties of the same language is called Diglossia. Creoles: A language formed with the help of a European and a local language is called creoles. West Indians or Caribbeans are the best examples of it. According to changing situations or conditions people adopt the code switching, code mixing, situational switching, Metaphorical switching, or lexical borrowings. This leads us to study Language Maintenance and shift. 3 Migrant Minorities, Non migrant communities, Migrant majorities, and people try to shift or maintain their language. The reasons are as follows: Economic, Social, Employment And political. People coming to Saudi Arabia for employment, People going to America for higher learning and jobs opportunities, Keralites of India, and Pathans of Afgahanistan and Pakistan are the suitable examples. Demographic reasons also exist. Attitudes and values of ethnic groups are also responsible for the maintenance of a particular dialect, code or variety and language. Even minority languages can be maintained to treasure the cultural and ethnic values of the past of a particular community. |If every community and ethnic group is trying to value one’s own language then it gives rise to Multi lingual Nation(s) and creates linguistic varieties. USA and KSA are the best examples of it. But this fact distinctly defines Vernacular languages, Standard language, Lingua Franca Pidgins and creoles. Pidgins: Simplified language made up of parts of two or more languages, used as a communication tool between, speakers whose native languages are different. Juba Arabic spoken is Sudan borrowing words from other languages and Sudanese Arabic is the example of Pidgin. Page 86 to 88 can be referred from An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 4 Chapter 5For National languages and its establishment many factors are involved. Ex. Paraguay: Guarani and Spanish languages before independence. Reinaldo Decoud Larrosa, a great linguist scholar Studied and pointed out 14 indicative tenses, Rich grammar Vocabulary in agriculture, botany and Medical fields. Speakers: Guarani Spanish 90% 60% Lower class Upper class Solidarity-love –humour-poetry admin-Edu-businessInformal -low-lg Formal context High-lg Guarani is an indigenous Amn.-Indian Lg associated with Spanish fro 300 years. National and Official Languages: National language is used to express the unity of the nation, pride, and identity along with independence. Official language establishment is a political activity, used for the administrative, political and vote bank purpose, seeing the majority of the speakers, and foreign relations; if the country is a multilingual one. Ex. Vanuatu- Pacific Republic spread on 80 islands Before Independence-French After Bislama non European, English lexified Creole extracted from Melanesian plantation Pidgin According to Sociolinguists, National and Official languages are established under the context of effect, known as Ideological Instrumental Dimension 5 1. Political National Language: 2. cultural Unit Symbol of national unity 3. Social 1. Govt.affairs Official Language: 2. Utilitarian 3. Non symbolic Examples: Paraguay Guarani - National Language Spanish Official and National Language Tanzania Swahili-- National and Official Language English—Official Language Vanuatu Bislama—National and Official Language French and English—Official Languages In monolingual countries same language is National and Official Language where one language is unifying force. Multilingual countries: Country official language Tanzania Swahili Malaysia Malay Indonesia Indonesian Zaire French Ivory Coast French Chad French Israel Arabic Zaire Lingala, Tshiluba, Kikango and Swahili New Zealand Maori Te-ringa Mangu an activists group struggled for Maori in New Zealand, their leader delivered the speech in Maori in the court and declared as Official language in 1987. 6 What Price A National Language In countries like UK, France, Japan, Spain, till 15 the century One nation One Language notion kept the number languages very low In 19th Century Linguistic Nationalism in Europe increased the languages dramatically. 20th Century independence for many Asian and African and European countries from the colonial rule further added the languages. Ruling party in majority in any independent country is decisive power in case of National and official language. Philippines—National language is Pilipino Tagalog 12 million, Cebuana 10 million Ilocana 05 million Linguists Role in Language Planning Harmless drudge is done by Linguists with no powers to decide, mostly. They compile dictionaries (Lexicographer= dictionary Compiler) Lexicographer work Language Samuel John son 40,000 words Dictionary English Ivar Aasen composed Landsmal/ Nynorsk Norwegian Eliezer ben Yehuda Vernacularised Hebrew Francis Mihalic Grammar and Dictionary Tok Pisin st Harry Orsman 1 Dictionary on Historical basis Nzl English Codification of Orthography: Orthography is the system of spelling in a language. In Greece there was a complicated grammar, accent and writing system in practice since Alexander the great. It took 4500 hours for beginners to learn the language writing. So they introduced a system by name Monotony in 1982 which save money time printing material and energy. The other examples are New Zealand -Maori, -ing, sound Samoan-ng sound double vowel-aa; and in Hebrew lg. indigenous words choice, in developing vocabulary etc are the examples. 7 Chapter -6 Regional and Social Dialects The factors of variation id monolingual countries would be dealt from now onwards No two person of the same language dialect speak the same langue Variations are not only in choice of words but also in accent and pronunciation. Language speaking style because of its accent and pronunciation identify the region and class of the person also Scottish people speak’ r’ sound in between the words like Americans. Same changes come due to common errors, some due to tradition Regions are choosy in the choice of vocabulary New Zealanders: Dead, for Dad Americans: Guard for God, Ladder for Latter English Single parents---Nzl Solo parents Americans: do you have Britons: Have you got Gotten got Dove dived Did you eat have you eaten 8 There are social, regional, intra- national and intra- continental variation is seen in the same language, specially spoken English. That’s why the RP system was introduced. But its system is very rigid compared to the national langue which allows certain variations. Chapter-7 &8 Gender and Age ; Ethnicity and Social Net works Non-western communities are used to speak in more than one language if they are settled in European countries like an Indian woman living in Amazonian Basin talk to her children in Tuyuku to her children. But being from different tribe she speaks to her husband in Desamo but her husband replies her in Tuyuku. The health minister’s interview on radio did not allow the listener to identify the gender until the name Helen was announced. In Montana, the Gros Ventre American women call Kja’tsa and men dza’tsa for bread. Same is the case in Japanese language. Vocabulary, accent, grammar and voice along with the syntax the variety is seen in every language that exists on globe. Children born of parents from different nationality learn the language of the land very close to the native speakers. 9 Children learn language consciously putting their efforts in trusting their teachers. Teen-aged ones and young men & women make their own personal variations to sound smart and intelligent. Employment seekers speak cautiously to sound expert and learned. Middle aged men and women speak polished language to be models for their offsprings and community people. Old aged people because of loosing strength, stamina, and teeth or due to any ailment, lisp or shibboleth like variations are found in their speaking style. They speak using long sentences and detail for the fear of not getting opportunity to speak the youngsters very soon. Vocabulary does differ in terms of gender Accent is also different Syntax is also different Region wise and nationality wise, Black British citizens, Afro Americans, Eurasians, Indo British or Indo Americans do differ in syntax construction, pronunciation, accent and vocabulary. Arabs, French, Philippines, Malaysians, Jews, and Russians also differ in pronunciation and sentence structure building while reading, speaking and writing, especially English language. 10 11