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Exam 3
BIOL 223
1) The body fluids of a marine osmoconformer would be __________ with its
__________ environment.
A) hyperosmotic; saltwater
B) hypoosmotic; saltwater
C) hyperosmotic; freshwater
D) isoosmotic; saltwater
E) isotonic; freshwater
2) Human sperm cells are produced in the
A) prostate gland.
B) vas deferens.
C) seminiferous tubules.
D) epididymis.
E) Sertoli cells
3) External fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization, but
internal fertilization offers the advantage that
A) it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species.
B) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction.
C) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount
of parental investment.
D) it permits the most rapid population increase.
E) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability
4) What is the purpose of the higher osmolarity of the renal medulla compared to the
renal cortex?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Allows the conservation of water
Allows the conservation of salt
Enables the removal of excess water
Enables the removal of excess salt
Maintains blood pH
5) The renal corpuscle consists of the
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
nephron and medulla
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
loop of Henle (nephron loop) and vasa recta
renal pelvis and ureter
glomerulus and Bowmans (renal) capsule
6) A cloaca is an anatomical structure found in many non-mammalian vertebrates, which
functions as
A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced by males
B) a common exit for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
C) a pouch for a developing embryo
D) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes
E) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening
7) An organism like a salmonid that is capable of adapting to a wide range of salinities in
its environment would be described as…
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
euryhaline
heterohaline
stenohaline
polyhaline
salty tasting
8) Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows
A) all types of asexual reproduction
B) all types of sexual reproduction
C) fission
D) fragmentation
E) parthenogenesis
9) Organisms which possess the reproductive organs of both genders are said to be…
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Androgenous
Polygendrous
Shemale
Hermaphrodites
Never lonely
10) An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of
A) the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte
B) the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct
C) the fimbrae guiding it to the cilia inside the oviduct
D) movement of the oocyte through the pulsing uterus into the oviduct
E) Peristaltic contraction of ovarian muscles
11) A saltwater fish has difficulty maintaining it’s levels of…
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
ions
water
oxygen
all of the above
none of the above
12) The narrow lower neck of the uterus is called the
A) fallopian tube
B) clitoris
C) oviduct
D) labia majora
E) cervix
13) Sperm cells are stored within human males in the
A) urethra
B) prostate
C) epididymis
D) seminal vesicles
E) bulbourethral gland
14) Which of the following is true of urea? It is
A) insoluble in water
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
15) The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
A) urea can be exchanged for Na+
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body
16) The testes are located in the scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity, because
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Sperm production requires a lower temperature than the body
Sperm production requires a higher temperature than the body
Sperm production produces a waste product that is toxic to the rest of the body
The greater distance of travel for the sperm helps their maturation process
It looks nice
17) Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the
A) vas deferens
B) urinary bladder
C) seminal vesicle
D) urethra
E) ureter
18) What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds?
A) ammonia
B) nitrate
C) nitrite
D) urea
E) uric acid
19) In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of
A) starch and cellulose
B) triglycerides and steroids
C) proteins and nucleic acids
D) phospholipids and glycolipids
E) fatty acids and glycerol
20) Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the
A) sperm cells
B) hypothalamus
C) Leydig cells
D) anterior pituitary gland
E) seminiferous tubules
21) The proximal convoluted tubule is primarily responsible for
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
secretion of wastes
reabsorption
filtration
blood pressure
global climate change
22) In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation
become
A) ovarian endometrium shed at the time of menses
B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall
D) swept into the fallopian tube
E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus
23) Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following
processes?
A) reabsorption
B) ultrafiltration
C) filtration
D) secretion
E) phagocytosis
24) In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ, in that
A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis
happens in embryonic development.
B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only
one functional spermatozoon.
C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.
D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before
birth.
E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis
is completed by the time a girl is born
25) A marine invertebrate such as the anemone is described as an…
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
osmoconformer
osmodictator
osmoregulator
osmomanipulator
osmosuppressor
26) Which group possesses excretory structures known as malpighian tubules?
A) flatworms
B) earthworms
C) insects
D) vertebrates
E) cnidarians
27) The primary function of the corpus luteum is to
A) nourish and protect the egg cell
B) produce prolactin in the alveoli
C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has
occurred
D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands
E) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters
28) During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop
A) in the first trimester
B) in the second trimester
C) in the third trimester
D) while the embryo is in the oviduct
E) during the blastocyst stage
29) When my environment dries out I am capable of losing all the water from my body
and surviving in this dormant state for many years in the chance that water may
someday return. This unique trick I perform is called…
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
dessication
torpor
anhydrobiosis
autohydro resuscitation
bioaqueous estivation
30) Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of
A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) inhibin.
D) prolactin.
E) estradiol
31) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
A) is not affected by blood pressure
B) allows any size molecule to pass
C) does not normally include erythrocytes
D) is regulated by cell membranes
E) is the only opportunity to remove nitrogenous wastes from blood
32) Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the
A) ovary
B) uterus
C) vagina
D) oviduct
E) cervix
33) Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary
nephrons?
A) collecting duct
B) loop of Henle
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) glomerulus
34) This hormone (among others) is secreted directly from the hypothalamus in the brain
to the pituitary gland:
A) testosterone
B) estradiol
C) progesterone
D) follicle stimulating hormone
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
35) How do antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis?
A) ADH monitors osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates blood volume.
B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and
RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption.
C) ADH an RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption
during dehydration and RAAS removal of water when it is in excess in
body fluids.
D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone that increases both
blood volume and pressure
36) This hormone, produced by a developing embryo, maintains progesterone and
estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy:
A) luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) progesterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
37) Of the following, which is a characteristic that is unique to amphibians?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Urine in the form of ammonia
Nephrons with no DCT
Water is reabsorbed from the urinary bladder
Waste excreted as a paste
Their skin is too thin to get a tattoo
38) The secretion of follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary is reduced by
A) inhibin.
B) luteinizing hormone.
C) oxytocin.
D) prolactin.
E) vasopressin
39) What is unique about transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle in
humans?
A) Their membranes are impermeable to salt ions
B) They are not in contact with interstitial fluid
C) Their membranes are impermeable to water
D) They are stratified
E) They are not epithelium
40) Sexual reproduction
A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce during optimal conditions
B) produces diversity that enhances survival of a population in a changing
environment
C) yields more offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.
D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly
colonizing habitats.
E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring
41) Antiduretic hormone primarily affects what part of the nephron?
A)
B)
C)
D)
glomerulus
PCT
Loop of Henle
Peritubular capillaries
E) Collecting duct
42) The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that
A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is
reabsorbed but the shed endometrium is excreted from the body during
the menstrual cycle.
B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of
menstrual cycles.
C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycle than they do
on menstrual cycles.
D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual
cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation.
E) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles
43) Which of the following processes of osmoregulation by the kidney is the least
selective?
A) salt pumping to control osmolarity
B) secretion
C) reabsorption
D) H+ pumping to control pH
E) filtration
44) Which of the following is not properly paired?
A) seminiferous tubule-cervix
B) Sertoli cells-follicle cells
C) testosterone-estradiol
D) labia majora-scrotum
E) vas deferens-oviduct
45) Which structure passes urine directly to the renal pelvis?
A) loop of Henle
B) major calyx
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) glomerulus
Essay:
Answer only TWO of the following on a separate piece of paper. (5pts ea.)
1. Explain in terms of the regional osmolarity of the kidney, how the loop of Henle
(nephron loop) enables water conservation. Include the role of the vasa recta.
What would be the effect of an extra long loop?
2. Describe the relative timing of the events occurring in the ovarian and uterine cycles.
Include a time scale to show the approximate days when these events occur. A
legible diagram may be used.
3. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Be sure to include
explanations of when various steps of these process occur and how many
functional gametes result from each of these processes.
4. Trace the flow of water in blood plasma from the entry into a nephron through
deposition in the urinary bladder. Indicate whether the water may be, or cannot
be, reabsorbed within each structure. A legible diagram may be used.
BONUS! (2pts)(answer on essay answer sheet)
.
Why, when not washing your car for a long time, does bird poop eat the paint? (hint:
what is in it?)