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CHAPTER 3 – STUDY GUIDE
OBJECTIVES
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Learn the names and symbols for some elements
Learn about the relative abundance of some elements
Learn Dalton’s theory of atoms
Understand the law of constant composition
Learn how a formula describes a compounds composition
Understand Rutherford’s experiment and its impact on atomic structure
Describe important features of subatomic particles
Learn about isotope, atomic number, and mass number
Understand the use of the symbol
Learn the various features of the periodic table
Learn the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
Describe the formation of ions from their parent atoms
Predict which ion a given element forms by using the periodic table
Describe how ions combine to form neutral compounds.
SECTION 3.1 – THE ELEMENTS
KEY TERMS:
Element symbols
At present, about _________ different elements are known. _______ of these
occur naturally. The rest are _______________.
The most abundant elements in the earth’s crust, oceans and atmosphere are
___________, ______________, and ______________.
The most abundant elements in the human body are ______________,
_______________, and ________________.
_____________________ was a Irish scientist who insisted that science should
be firmly grounded in _________________.
When discussing elements, we can refer to them in the microscopic, macroscopic
or generic sense. Tell the difference.
Microscopic elements refer to
Macroscopic elements refer to
Generically, we discuss elements as
Trace elements are present in ________________ amounts.
Traces of ________________ are necessary for the proper functioning of the
thyroid.
_________________ is responsible for the production of red blood cells.
Names and Symbols of the Most Common Elements
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
H
Aluminum
Iron
Sb
Helium
Iodine
Ar
C
Pb
Sodium
Chlorine
Sulfur
Boron
Potassium
Nitrogen
Ca
Oxygen
Mg
Mercury
P
Li
Si
Bromine
F
Neon
Symbol
Ag
Gold
SECTION 3.2
KEY TERMS
Law of Constant Composition
Dalton’s atomic theory
Atoms
Compounds
Chemical formula
__________________________ explains important observations such as the
law of constant composition.
The main ideas of this theory are:
1. _________________ are made up of tiny particles called ________.
2. All atoms of a given element are ___________.
3. The atoms of a given element are ______________ from those of any
other element.
4. Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of another element to
form ____________. A given ______________ always has the same
relative ____________ and _____________ of atoms.
5. Atoms are ________________ in chemical processes. This means atoms
are not _____________ or _____________ in chemical reactions. A
chemical reaction changes the way the atoms are
___________________________.
The law of constant composition states that a given _____________ always
contains ___________ in exactly the same proportion by _________.
A ________________ is a substance made of two or more different
___________ joined together in a specific way.
In a _____________________, the atoms are indicated by the
_____________________________ and the number of each type of atom is
indicated by a ________________, that appears to the _____________ of
the symbol for the element.
SECTION 3.3 – ATOMIC STRUCTURE
KEY TERMS
Electrons
Nucleus
Neutron
Atomic Number
Nuclear atom
Proton
Isotopes
Mass number
The Structure of the Atom
Over the last 200 years the model of how we think of atoms has changed
significantly four times.
In 1897 an British physicist __________________________introduced the first
model of the atom to include negatively charged particles called
______________________.
note: (Later, a different Thompson named ___________________ Thompson
reasoned that the atom might be a uniform positively charged
"___________________" like form with electrons scattered around like
the way raisins were distributed in plum pudding.)
In 1909 ____________________________________, at
physicist originally from New Zealand, showed the atom had
a dense region with a positive charge. The region was called
the ____________________.
Rutherford's Experiment
Ernest Rutherford studied, among many other things, __________________ (α)
particles. Alpha particles are made of two_____________________ and two
______________________. They can be emitted by radio active material and
fly through the air. In Rutherford's experiment he bombarded a thin foil of
_______________ with these α particles. Alpha particles are invisible to the
human eye but Rutherford surrounded gold foil with a screen that
__________________ alpha particles. He found that most alpha particles passed
through the gold foil but some were mysteriously deflected by something in the
gold. Rutherford concluded there must be a ___________________
____________________ in the center of the gold atoms that deflected the
alpha particles.
Rutherford's experiment showed that atoms had a __________. Later
Rutherford also theorized that a nucleus is made of two particles:
1. ______________________ - a positive particle with an equal but opposite
charge of an electron. Also significantly more massive than an electron.
2. ______________________ - a particle with no charge but similar in mass
to a proton.
Introduction to the Modern Atomic Structure
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
symbol
charge
mass compared
to the mass of
one electron
location
neutrons
protons
electrons
cloud
1
Element Symbol
A
ZX
Atomic Number (Z) - the number of ____________________
 identifies the element (all atoms of the same element have the same number
of ______________)
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found on the _______________ ____________- (look in the back cover
of your book)
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equal to the number of _____________________ in a neutral atom
Mass Number (A) - the sum of the __________ and _________
What accounts for most of the mass of an atom? ______________________
What accounts for most of the volume of an atom? ____________________
Are all atoms of the same element identical?
_________________________________.
Isotopes - Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
__________________. They have identical atomic numbers but
different ________________ numbers.