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Page 1 Lecture Note Guides Biology of Plants Bio 332 Three insert pages are required! Phylogeny Flowers Gymnocones 1 Gymnocones 2 Page 1 Science: ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Scientific Method: 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________ Biology: _____________________________________________ Properties of Life: 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ Levels of Organization: 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________ Page 2 Taxonomic Hierarchy 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________ 10. _____________________________________________ Plesiomorphies of Plants 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________ Photosynthesis: __________ ________ + ________ >>>>>>>>>>>> ________ + ________ __________ Why Study Plants? 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. __________________ 5. __________________ 6. __________________ 7. __________________ 8. __________________ 9. _________________ 10. ________________ 11. ________________ 12. ________________ 13. ________________ 14. ________________ 15. ________________ Page 3 Seed Parts: 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ Seed Germination: ____________________________________ _____________________________________________ Seeds Lacking Dormancy Need: 1. ________________ 2.______________________ If More Dormant: Feature Treatment needed Barley Seed Germination Labeled Sketch Example Page 4 Capsella Seed Longitudinal Section Seed Coat Embryo Endosperm Micropyle Lettuce Seed Germination Story: _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Page 5 Root Structure and Function 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________ Four Overlapping Areas Along Root Length 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ Three Primary (immature) Tissues 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ Root Cap Facilitates Penetration Three Ways 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ Gravitropism Mechanism 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________ Page 6 Water and Mineral Uptake 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ Sketch of Dicot Root Cross Section 1. _______________________ 2. _______________________ 3. _______________________ 4. _______________________ 5. _______________________ 6. _______________________ (7. _____________________ ) Monocot Cross Section Differs By 1. Having _____________________________________ 2. Having _____________________________________ 3. Lacking ____________________________________ Pericycle Functions 1. In all plants _________________________________ 2. In woody plants ______________________________ Root System Structure 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________ (among others!) Page 7 Stem Structure and Function 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ Sketch of Dicot Stem Cross Section 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. __________________________ 7. __________________________ Sketch of Monocot Stem Cross Section 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5.________________________ 6.________________________ 7.________________________ Sketch of Woody Dicot Stem Cross Section 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5.________________________ 6.________________________ 7.________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. __________________________ Page 8 Annual Growth Rings Spring wood cells are ___________________________ Cells get _______________ as the summer progresses Winter wood cells are ___________________________ The ring is perceived because ____________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ The study of growth rings is called ________________ . The oldest individual organism is _________________ . Their individual age may be _________________ years. Periderm Cambium differentiates between_________ _________ The cambium is called __________________________ The parenchyma derivative is called ________________ And is found towards the _________________________ The sclerenchyma derivative is called ______________ And is produced _______________________________ The dead cells accumulate the chemical ____________ The periderm can insulate against _________________ The periderm can also assist in ___________________ The three regions of a woody stem are 1. ___________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ When a sommelier (wine steward) presents you with the cork you should 1. ___________________________________________ 2. If _________________________________________ 3. If not ______________________________________ Page 9 Leaf Structure and Function 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________ Kinds of Leaves One blade per petiole: ________________________________ Multiple blade shapes per plant: ______________________ Multiple blades per petiole: ____________________________ At end of petiole: __________________________________ Along rachis (petiole): ______________________________ Sketch of “Typical” Leaf Cross Section 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4.________________________ 5.________________________ 6.________________________ 7. __________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. __________________________ Stomatal Function Guard cells possess this energy organelle ______________ . In light photosynthesis makes __________ in the guard cells. Water moves ________________________ the guard cells. The turgor pressure _________________ in the guard cells. The guard cells increase in _________________________ . The two cells are joined ____________________________ . The stoma between the cells ________________________ . Floating leaves likely have stomata ___________________ . Page 10 Epidermal hairs might be soft to __________________________ . In bright sun the layers of palisade mesophyll _______________ , And comprise _______________________ of the leaf thickness. In shade the palisade may be ____________________________ . In Connecticut shade is used to make _____________________ . Glandular hairs might produce __________________ for defense. Hairs might produce ___________________ to spring a pulvinus. Glandular hairs produce __________________ to mine an insect. Page 11 Photosynthesis The energy is from __________________________________ The molecules put together are ________________________ The organic product is________________________________ The inorganic by-product is ____________________________ Photosynthesis in “one step” ______ + ______ ______ + ______ Photosynthesis Block Diagram ___ what ____ ___where ____ where ___ specif. ____ specif. what what ____ _____ where Light Wavelength from ____ to ____ ___ perceived as ________ . Energy sequence is Short/High ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Long/Low Presence of all visible wavelengths perceived as ________ . Absence of all visible wavelengths perceived as _________ . A green object absorbs _____________________________ . A green object reflects _____________________________ . Amplitude from ____ to ____ ___ perceived as _________ . Darkness is ____ ___ Living room is _____ ___ CT Winter day is _____ ___ Brightest Earth day is _____ __ Page 12 Sketch of Photosynthesis Action Spectrum Colors used effectively in PSN: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Color least effectively used in PSN: ___ Wavelengths not used in PSN at all: ___________________ Sketch of Light Dose Response The intensity where PSN=Resp is called _______________ At higher intensities ________________________________ At lower intensities ________________________________ A sun-loving has a_________________ compensation point. A shade-tolerant plant is _______________ efficient at PSN. Page 13 Light Reactions The light energy is absorbed ____________ by chlorophyll a. The reaction center pigments absorb at _____ wavelengths. These wavelengths have _____________________ energy. More pigments __ energy of other wavelengths to P680/700. Electrons for this come from the splitting of _____________ . The electrons and some protons are received by _________ . These electronic reactions occur in the ________________ of the ___________________________________________ . Besides the oxygen by-product, the two coupling products of the Light reactions are: ___________ and _____________ . Calvin Cycle Is a system of _____________________________reactions. It occurs in the ____________________________________ of the __________________________________________ . Its 3 phases:___________,___________, ______________ . The system requires the inputs:______, ______and ______ . The product removed from the cycle is _________________ . The rate-limiting step is catalyzed by __________________ . This enzyme is inefficient because ____________________ . C-4 Reactions Evolved an enzyme for fixation: ______________________ . This enzyme uses the substrate ______________________ . The first product of fixation is a ____________________acid. This is decarboxylated to swamp rubisco with ___________ . This avoids the competitive __________________________ . The C-4 fixation is in these cells ______________________ . The C-3 fixation is in these cells ______________________ . Which fixation cycle uses the most energy? _____________ . These cells have more light reaction capacity ___________ . The cost of C-4 reactions is _________________________ . In CAM, the C-4 and C-3 reactions are separated ________ . Page 14 Insert Phylogeny Flowers Here! Page 15 Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are in kingdom _________________________ They are _______-karyotic and so lack __________________ They and their kin evolved in the ___________________ time. The cyanobacteria dominated the ____________________ era. The cyanobacteria added ______________________ to the air. The cyanobacteria have been on this planet for _______ years. The inorganic by-product is ____________________________ Sketch of a Vegetative Cyanobacterial Cell The cell above reproduces by ______________________ Its cytokinesis is by ______________________________ The resulting cells are often joined by a ______________ When the cells clump the species is _________________ When the cells form chains the species is ____________ Chain branches held only by sheath are _____________ Chain branches held by cell contact are ______________ . . . . . . . Page 16 Division of labor may include__________and _________ . The cell responsible for nitrogen fixation: _____________ . The cell serving as hypnospore: ____________________ . Vegetative cells ___________________ endomembranes. Heterocysts do not carry out _______________________ . Heterocysts ________________________ endwall plugs. Cyanobacterial photosynthetic pigments include: _____________, _____________, and ______________ . The prochlorophytes uniquely use: __________________ . Prochlorophyte most-related to chloroplasts: _________ . Page 17 Plant Clade Green Algae, Bryophytes, and Vascular Plants ______ a clade. The unifying features, aka _________________________ , are: 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ Sketch of the Generic Life Cycle (with two shortcuts) If there is no multicellular haploid it is ________________ If there is no multicellular diploid it is ________________ With both multicellular haploid and diploid ____________ With no multicellular stage it is _____________________ Sketch of the three kinds of gametes . . . . Page 18 Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Cell Sketch Sketch of the Chlamydomonas Life Cycle The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ . Page 19 Sketch of the Ulva Life Cycle The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ . Sketch of the Codium Life Cycle The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ . Page 20 Sketch of the Oedogonium Life Cycle The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ . Page 21 Synapomorphies of Bryophytes with all Plants a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ c. _________________________________________ d. _________________________________________ e. _________________________________________ f. __________________________________________ g. _________________________________________ Three classes: ___________ ____________ __________ Sketches of the Thallose Liverwort Gametophyte Parts Sketches of the Thallose Liverwort Sporophyte Parts Page 22 Sketch of the Thallose Liverwort Life Cycle Sketch of the Leafy Liverwort Life Cycle Page 23 Synapomorphies of Moss with all Plants a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ c. _________________________________________ d. _________________________________________ e. _________________________________________ f. __________________________________________ g. _________________________________________ Sketches of the Moss Gametophyte Parts Sketches of the Moss Sporophyte Parts Page 24 Spores germinate into a filamentous gametophye showing how ________________recapitulates______________. In difficult conditions the chloronema can form_________ . The "leaf" of the moss is known as a ________________ . The leaf arrangement is __________________________ . The stem _________________________ conducting cells. These are known as ____________ and _____________ . The photosynthetic tissues are ____________ cell(s) thick. The male gametangium is called ___________________ . The female gametangium is called __________________ . Sperm move to egg by ___________________________ . Sperm have this shape _______ and swim with_________. Sperm chemotaxis is chemistry from _____________ cells. The calyptra over the moss capsule is from ___________ . The three sporophyte parts: _______ _______ ________ The sporophyte gets its energy from ________________ . The spores are dispersed by ________________ in most. The spores are shed to this vector when the air is ______ . Other species that colonize ____are dispersed by ______ . Their spores must be ____________________________ . Page 25 Hornwort Gametophyte wm Hornwort Gametophyte cs Hornwort Antheridium ls Hornwort Archegonium ls Hornwort Zygote (hypothesis) Hornwort Sporophyte wm Hornwort Sporophyte ls Hornwort Sporangium cs Page 26 Critical Apomorphies of Hornworts 1. _____________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________ Sketches of the Hornwort Life Cycle Page 27 Spore-Producing Vascular Plants Psilotum sporophyte features 1. Stem ________________________________________ Branching Pattern ____________________________ Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________ Xylem maturation _____________________________ Stele type ___________________________________ 2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________ 3. “Root” anchorage ______________________________ Mineral and water uptake ______________________ 4. Sporangium __________________________________ Number of sporangia __________________________ Position of sporangia __________________________ Spores are vectored by ________________________ Psilotum gametophyte features 1. Thallus ______________________________________ Anchorage __________________________________ Nutritional Mode______________________________ 2. Antheridia ____________________________________ Sperm release is by ___________________________ 3. Archegonia ___________________________________ Fossil genera similar to Psilotum:_________, __________ These plants dominated the landscape in the __________ Page 28 Club moss sporophyte features 1. Stem ________________________________________ Branching Pattern ____________________________ Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________ Xylem maturation _____________________________ Stele type ___________________________________ 2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________ Leaf arrangement ____________________________ 3. “Root” anchorage ______________________________ Mineral and water uptake ______________________ 4. Sporangium __________________________________ Number of sporangia __________________________ Position of sporangia _______________ of _________ Sometimes collected into a terminal ______________ Spores are vectored by ________________________ Club Moss gametophyte features 1. Thallus ______________________________________ Anchorage __________________________________ Nutritional Mode______________________________ 2. Antheridia ____________________________________ Sperm release is by ___________________________ 3. Archegonia ___________________________________ Fossil genera similar to Club Moss:_________, ________ Similar plants were present later in the _______________ Page 29 Equisetum sporophyte features 1. Stem ________________________________________ Branching Pattern ____________________________ Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________ Xylem maturation _____________________________ Stele type ___________________________________ 2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________ Leaf arrangement ____________________________ 3. Root anchorage _______________________________ Mineral and water uptake ______________________ 4. Sporangium __________________________________ Number of sporangia __________________________ Position of sporangia _______________ of _________ Sporangiophores are in a terminal _______________ Spores are vectored by _______ facilitated by_______ Equisetum gametophyte features 1. Thallus ______________________________________ Anchorage __________________________________ Nutritional Mode______________________________ 2. Antheridia ____________________________________ Sperm release is by _________ facilitated by _______ 3. Archegonia ___________________________________ Fossil genus similar to Equisetum:_________, _________ The largest horse-tail is___________ _______________ Page 30 Ferns Fern sporophyte features 1. Stem ________________________________________ Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________ Xylem maturation _____________________________ Stele type ___________________________________ 2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________ Leaf is often _________________________________ 3. Root anchorage _______________________________ Mineral and water uptake ______________________ 4. Sporangia clustered in_________on _______________ Number of sporangia __________________________ Spore release _______________________________ Spores are vectored by ________________________ Fern gametophyte features 1. Thallus ______________________________________ Anchorage __________________________________ Nutritional Mode______________________________ 2. Antheridia ____________________________________ Sperm release is by ___________________________ 3. Archegonia ___________________________________ Chemotaxis of sperm is by _____________________ Page 31 Selaginella Selaginella sporophyte features 1. Stem ________________________________________ Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________ Xylem maturation __________ Stele type___________ Endodermal cells are called ____________________ 2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________ Dorsiventral flattening leads to __________________ 3. Root anchorage _______________________________ Stem suspended above soil by __________________ 4. Sporangia clustered in_________on _______________ Kinds of sporangia ____________________________ Kinds of spores ______________________________ Spore release _______________________________ ____spores are vectored by ____________________ Selaginella gametophyte features 1. Male thallus is__________composed of an __________ Sperm release is by ___________________________ 2. Female thallus location __________________________ Anchorage __________________________________ Nutritional Mode___________ and source__________ 3. Embryo has a stalk called a ______________________ 4. Embryo + gametophyte + spore wall ≈ “ ____________ ” 5. A heterosporous close relative is __________________ Page 32 Cycads Ovule = ________________________________ in_____ That the ovule is exposed makes for a ________________ Cycad sporophyte features 1. Leaf is __________because ______________________ Veination in the leaflet is _______________________ 2. Stem ________________________________________ 3. Root anchorage _______________________________ Root endosymbiont ___________________________ 4. Strobili called _________on _________________ plants 5. M-sporangia called ________in________on _________ 6. µ-sporangia in groups on ________________________ µ-sporangiate cone sheds ______________________ These are known as _______ vectored by _________ Destination is _____________ of ________________ Cycad µ-gametophyte features 1. Tube cell ___________________________________ 2. Sperm are __________________________________ Cycad M-gametophyte features 1. Surrounded by ___________and ________________ 2. Thallus is__________ _________________________ 3. Archegonium ________________________________ Cycad Seed Features _____________________________ Embryo includes a crushed ________________________ Page 33 Ginkgo Ginkgo sporophyte features 1. Leaf is __________with a ___________________ shape Veination in the blade is _______________________ First-year leaves have characteristic ______________ 2. Stem is____________with _________________ growth Stem has both__________and ____________ shoots 3. Root anchorage _______________________________ 4. µ-strobili is a ___________cone shedding ___________ 5. M-strobilus is reduced to just two __________________ In the end of each is an opening called a ____________ The ________ captures the________vectored by_____. Ginkgo Sperm are ______________________________ Ginkgo M-gametophyte features 1. Surrounded by ___________and ________________ 2. Thallus is__________ _________________________ 3. Archegonium ________________________________ 4. Syngamy occurs _____________________________ 5. Zygote becomes an _______ with_______ phyllotaxis Ginkgo Seed Coat fleshy_______ produces ___________ Stony layer of seed coat contains______,______, _____ The storage tissue is the ________________________ . Page 34 Insert syngamy gymnocones page here Page 35 Insert seed formation gymnocone page here Page 36 Flower Structure How do the terms… …relate to this diagram? Pistil_________________________________________________________ Superior_________________________________________________________ Perfect_________________________________________________________ Complete_________________________________________________________ Monoecious_________________________________________________________ Pollination_________________________________________________________ Pollen Tube Growth_________________________________________________________ Syngamy_________________________________________________________ Embryo_________________________________________________________ Seed_________________________________________________________ Fruit_________________________________________________________ Page 37 Pollen Grain (provide both name and function) Embryo Sac (provide both name and function) Page 38 Aftermath of Syngamy: After syngamy these disintegrate ________________________ __________________________ After syngamy these flower parts may abscise_______ _______ _______ ________ __________ After syngamy the egg is called a __________ which divides by ________ to become an _____ . After syngamy the central cell is called the ____________ which divides by ____________ to become the ______________________________________ . After syngamy the integument and nucellus become the _______________________________ . After these changes, the ovule becomes a ___________________________________________ . Hormones from the ovules cause the ovary wall to become a ____________________________ . Three Fruit Classification Schemes Origin # Flowers Composition Description # Pistils # Fruits Flower parts involved Name Feature Examples Examples Examples Page 39 Plesiomorphic State Character floral axis arrangement of parts symmetry number of parts fusion of parts perianth size pollinator gender perianth position ovary position grouping of flowers inflorescence organization Apomorphic State Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Version 2 Two Angiosperm Phylum Synonyms:_______________________ ________________________ Three Protoanthophyte Orders:_______________ ________________ _____________________ Three Class-Level Group Names:______________ ______________ ______________________ Four Magnoliid Orders:_____________ _____________ _____________ __________________ Two Basal Monocot Orders:____________________________ __________________________ Crown Monocot Super Order: _____________________________________________________ Two Basal Eudicot Orders:___________________________ ____________________________ Two Major Core Eudicot Subclasses:_______________________ ________________________ Two Basal Eurosid Orders:_________________________ ______________________________ Example of each Eurosid SuperOrder:______________________ ________________________ Two Basal Euasterid Orders:___________________________ ___________________________ Example of each Euasterid SubOrder:______________________ _________________________