Download WHAP Teacher Copy Comparing and Contrasting Industrialization

Comparing and Contrasting the Impact of Industrialization
WHAP/Napp
Objective: To compare and contrast the impact of
industrialization on diverse regions
Do Now: Cite significant effects of the Industrial
Revolution on Western Europe
Cues:
Notes:
I. Industrialization and the U.S.A.
A. Industrialization progressed differently in different places
B. Size of U.S.A. coupled with ready availability of natural resources, growing
domestic market, and relative political stability combined to make U.S.A.
the world’s leading industrial power by 1914
C. But one-third of capital investment that financed U.S.A. growth came from
Western Europe
D. Yet overall economic strength of U.S. was sufficient to avoid dependency
E. U.S. pioneered techniques of mass production, using interchangeable parts,
assembly line, and “scientific management” to produce for a mass market
F. Also generated a middle-class “culture of consumption”
G. But class consciousness and class conflict were intense in the industrial
America of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
H. In 1892, the entire National Guard of Pennsylvania was sent to suppress a
violent strike at the Homestead steel plant near Pittsburgh
I. But no major political party emerged in U.S.A. to represent the interests of
working classconservatism of major American union organizations,
especially the American Federation of Laborfocused on skilled workers
J. Also religious, ethnic, and racial divisions of American society contrasted
sharply with the more homogeneous populations of Europe
K. And a higher standard of living for American workers than their European
counterparts experienced  made socialism less attractive in U.S.
L. But Populists denounced banks, industrialists, monopolies, political parties
–saw as being controlled by the corporate interests – high point mid-1890s
M. After 1900, Progressivesremedy the ills of industrialization through
reformsPresidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
II. Russia
A. Sole outpost of absolute monarchy
B. Tsar, answerable to God alone, ruled unchecked
C. In autocratic Russia, change was far more initiated by the state
D. Peter the Great (reigned 1689-1725) newly created capital of St.
Petersburg was to be Russia’s “window on the west”
E. Catherine the Great (reigned 1762-1796), continued Peter’s efforts to
modernize and westernize Russia  was an Enlightened Despot
F. Freeing of serfs in 1861, an action stimulated by military defeat at the hands
of the British and French in the Crimean War (1854-1856)
G. By the 1890s, Russia’s Industrial Revolution was launched
H. By 1900, Russia ranked fourth in the world in steel production
Summaries:
Cues:
I. Although factory workers constituted only about 5 percent of Russia’s total
population, developed an unusually radical class consciousness, based on
harsh conditions and absence of any legal outlet for grievances
J. Until 1897, a thirteen-hour working day was common
K. Life in large and unsanitary barracks added to workers’ sense of injustice
L. In 1905, following Russia’s defeat in war with Japan, insurrection erupted
M. 1905 revolution was brutally suppressed  tsar was forced to make reforms
N. A constitution was granted, trade unions and political parties were legalized,
and the election of a national assembly, called the Duma, was allowed
O. In 1906-1907, Duma refused to cooperate with tsar’s new political system, Tsar
Nicholas II twice dissolved elected body and changed the electoral laws
P. World War I provided revolutionary groups an opportunity
Q. Hardships of the war, coupled with the tensions of industrialization within an
autocratic political system, sparked the Russian Revolution of 1917
R. Bolsheviks under the charismatic leadership of Lenin came to power
III. Other Regions
A. Beyond Europe and North America, only Japan during Meiji Restoration
(1868-1912) underwent a major industrial transformation
B. Part of that country’s response to threat of European aggression
(Commodore Perry’s arrival and the ending of isolationism in Japan)
C. In Latin American, political instability after independenceconservatives
favored status quo and liberals sought modest reforms
D. Conflicts between these factions, often violent, enabled military strong men
known as caudillos to achieve power
E. Yet Latin America became closely integrated into world economy driven by
industrialization in Western Europe and North America
F. New technology of the steamship cut the sailing time between Britain and
Argentina almost in half
G. Rapid growth of Latin American exports to the industrializing countries
H. In return for these primary products, Latin Americans imported textiles,
machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods of Europe and U.S.A.
I. Accompanying this commerce was large-scale investment of European
capital in Latin America
J. By 1910, U.S. business interests controlled 40 percent of Mexican property
and produced half of its oil
K. Much of this capital was used to build railroads, largely to funnel Latin
American exports to the coast
L. Vast majority of lower classes in rural areas working on haciendas (large
farms) where they suffered most and benefitted least from export boom
M. Yet only in Mexico did vast inequalities erupt into a nationwide revolution
N. Overthrew dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911)
O. Huge peasant armies under charismatic leaders such as Pancho Villa and
Emiliano Zapata helped oust Díaz
P. When the dust finally settled, Mexico had a new constitution (1917) that
proclaimed universal suffrage
Summaries:
Strayer Questions:
 What were the differences between industrialization in the United States and that in
Russia?
 Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States?
 What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the
beginning of the twentieth century?
 In what ways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global
economy of the nineteenth century?
 Did Latin America follow or diverge from the historical path of Europe during the
nineteenth century?
1. Which common trait helps to explain
4. Which pair of regional powers was
Russian and Japanese ability to
able, by 1914, to initiate substantial
modernize in the nineteenth century?
industrialization and resist Western
(A) Extensive experience with
domination?
cultural imitation, Russia
(A) Ottoman Empire and South
imitating Byzantium and the
Africa
West, Japan imitating China
(B) Russia and Japan
(B) Prior adoption and variation of
(C) South Africa and Russia
Christian teachings, providing a
(D) Ottoman Empire and Japan
basis for westernization
(E) Argentina and Ottoman Empire
(C) Royal appreciation of the
democratic tradition
5. Which of the following was
(D) Presence of abundant natural
experienced by Russia but not Japan
resources, particularly coal and
by 1914?
iron ore deposits, within
(A) Mass revolutionary upheaval
traditional territorial confines
(B) Rapid urbanization
(E) Preexisting traditions of
(C) State-directed industrial
widespread public education and
development
literacy
(D) Expansion of educational
opportunity
2. Which of the following was the main
(E) War for territorial acquisition
reform put in place as a result of the
1905 Revolution in Russia?
6. In which Latin American nation did
(A) Unions were legalized.
indigenous people play the most
(B) Freedom of the press was
prominent political role during and
established.
after the winning of independence?
(C) A national representative
(A) Argentina
assembly, the Duma, was created.
(B) Colombia
(D) Czarism was abandoned in favor
(C) Brazil
of representative democracy.
(D) Mexico
(E) Agriculture was collectivized.
(E) Cuba
3. Among settler societies, which
emerged as leading power by 1914?
(A) Australia
(B) The United States
Excerpt from phschool.com
Bolshevism: Communist doctrine based on the theories of Karl Marx as formulated by
Lenin. These theories were outlined at the second congress of the Russian Social
Democratic Labor Party held in London in 1903. The divergent viewpoints of the delegates
to the congress crystallized into two factions, the more radical faction being led by Lenin.
He advocated a unified party of active, professional revolutionary members, willing to use
any means to establish a Communist society. His opponents, on the other hand, proposed to
admit all who declared general sympathy with the aims of the party, regardless of active
participation. On this point the congress supported the latter plan, but on other matters
and in the final vote that elected the party leadership, the congress favored Lenin. The
faction led by Lenin was thereupon called Bolshevik (from the Russian word for
"majority"), and the opposition, Menshevik (from the Russian word for "minority"). The
names clung, although the Bolsheviks were not always thereafter the dominant group in
the Russian revolutionary movement.
The essential differences between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks appeared more
clearly in subsequent years, when an apparent agreement on a Marxist program—the
overthrow of czarism, the establishment of constitutional government, and, finally, the
overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a Communist society—resulted in wide
variations in practice. The Bolsheviks supported the immediate objectives only insofar as
they led in the direction of the final revolutionary aim. The Mensheviks, however, believing
that Russia was not ready for revolution, placed the emphasis on reform, especially the
establishment of constitutional government. Neither faction played a dominant role in the
revolution that followed the defeat of Russia in the war with Japan in 1905. The workers'
soviets (legislative bodies) were formed spontaneously, and Lenin failed at first to realize
their importance. Leon Trotsky, who, as chairman of the St. Petersburg Soviet, was the
active leader of their revolution, was neither Bolshevik nor Menshevik, but stood between
the two factions, striving to unite them…
As a result of increasing differences, a final split between the two factions occurred in
1912. Thereafter the two parties, together with others, competed for the leadership of the
anticzarist revolution. The Bolsheviks used both legal and underground tactics to advance
their program, building a membership, in accordance with Lenin's original specifications,
of about 45,000 by March 1917, and 240,000 by July of that year. The Bolsheviks opposed
World War I as an imperialist conflict in which socialists should have no part, but the
Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, placing national before class interests, supported
and eventually attempted to take leadership in the Russian war effort. As a result of the
collapse of the Russian armies and the growing awareness of the inefficiency of the
government, a revolution broke out in February (March, New Style) 1917, resulting in the
abdication of the czar and the introduction of parliamentary government…The Bolsheviks
seized state power in October (November New Style) 1917. In 1918, under the new name of
the Communist (Bolshevik) Party adopted from an earlier organization led by Marx, they
began their career as the dominant, and later, by decree, the sole political organization in
the USSR. The subsequent history of the theory and practice of bolshevism is
indistinguishable from that of communism.
Thesis Statement: Comparative: Impact of Industrial Revolution on U.S.A. and Russia
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