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Comparing and Contrasting the Impact of Industrialization WHAP/Napp
“The rising cities themselves were dirty, and most houses were small and lacked
facilities for washing more than hands and face. At the end of the century, in the
German city of Breslau, six or more persons were commonly living in one room. In
Vienna, which by 1900 was one of the five biggest cities of the world, nearly half of
the people lived in dwellings which consisted only of one room with perhaps a small
kitchen attached. Some of these houses, bereft of even an outside window, were
incubators of infection.
Even in 1850 most houses in some of the finest cities did not have access to clean
running water. Large cities usually lay beside a river, and water for cooking and
washing was fetched from the polluted river or from nearby wells. Most people
carried the water along the street to their house in a wooden pail or bucket. As
water was scarce the washing of clothes was infrequent. In any case the washing of
the naked body was believed to drain away essential oils and so allow disease to gain
a bridgehead in the body. People who wished to wash could visit public bathhouses,
but these baths were less plentiful and less popular than in ancient Roman cities of
much smaller size.
Sewage found its way to the rivers and, flowing downstream, polluted the water
used by the next city. Death-carrying infections were spread by poor sanitation.
Asiatic cholera had first appeared in eastern Russia in 1823, and nine years later a
fierce strain of it reached New York, filling the streets with apprehension. It came
again and again to Europe, filling the corners of many cemeteries about once in each
decade. Russia, one of the less sanitary countries, lost a quarter of a million people
through cholera in 1892, at a time when fatal epidemics were becoming less frequent
elsewhere.” ~ A Short History of the World
Main Points of Passage:
Notes:
I. Industrialization and the U.S.A.
A. Industrialization progressed differently in different places
B. U.S.A. its size coupled with natural resources, growing domestic market,
political stabilitybecame world’s leading industrial power by 1914
C. One-third of capital investment of U.S.A. growth came from Western Europe
D. Yet overall economic strength of U.S. was sufficient to avoid dependency
E. U.S. pioneered techniques of mass production, using interchangeable parts,
assembly line, and “scientific management” to produce for a mass market
F. Also generated a middle-class “culture of consumption”
G. But in 1892, entire National Guard of Pennsylvania was sent to suppress a
violent strike at the Homestead steel plant near Pittsburgh
H. Yet no major political party to represent interests of workersconservatism
American Federation of Labor only focused on skilled workers
I. Also religious, ethnic, and racial divisions of American society
J. And a higher standard of living for American workers than Europe made
socialism less attractive in U.S.
K. But Populists denounced banks, industrialists, monopolies, political parties –
saw as being controlled by the corporate interests – high point mid-1890s
L. After 1900, Progressivesremedy ills of industrialization through
reformsPresidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
II. Russia
A. Sole outpost of absolute monarchy
B. Tsar, answerable to God alone, ruled unchecked
C. In autocratic Russia, change was far more initiated by the state
D. Peter the Great (reigned 1689-1725) newly created capital of St.
Petersburg was to be Russia’s “window on the west”
E. Catherine the Great (reigned 1762-1796), continued Peter’s efforts to
modernize and westernize Russia  was an Enlightened Despot
F. Freeing of serfs in 1861, an action stimulated by military defeat at the hands
of the British and French in the Crimean War (1854-1856)
G. By the 1890s, Russia’s Industrial Revolution was launched
H. By 1900, Russia ranked fourth in the world in steel production
I. Although factory workers constituted only about 5 percent of Russia’s total
population, developed an unusually radical class consciousness
J. Until 1897, a thirteen-hour working day was common
K. Life in large and unsanitary barracks added to workers’ sense of injustice
L. In 1905, following Russia’s defeat in war with Japan, insurrection erupted
M. 1905 revolution was brutally suppressed  tsar was forced to make reforms
N. Constitution was granted, trade unions and political parties were legalized,
and election of a national assembly, called the Duma
O. In 1906-1907, Duma refused to cooperate with tsar’s new political system,
Tsar Nicholas II twice dissolved elected body and changed the electoral laws
P. World War I provided revolutionary groups an opportunity
Q. Hardships of the war, coupled with tensions of industrialization within an
autocratic political system, sparked Russian Revolution of 1917
R. Bolsheviks under the charismatic leadership of Lenin came to power
III. Other Regions
A. Beyond Europe and North America, only Japan during Meiji Restoration
(1868-1912) underwent a major industrial transformation
B. Part of that country’s response to threat of European aggression
(Commodore Perry’s arrival and the ending of isolationism in Japan)
C. Latin America became closely integrated into world economy driven by
industrialization in Western Europe and North America
D. New technology of steamship cut sailing time between Britain and Argentina
almost in half
E. Rapid growth of Latin American exports to the industrializing countries
F. In return for these primary products, Latin Americans imported textiles,
machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods of Europe and U.S.A.
G. Accompanying this commerce was large-scale investment of European
capital in Latin America
H. By 1910, U.S. business interests controlled 40 percent of Mexican property
and produced half of its oil
I. Much of this capital was used to build railroads, largely to funnel Latin
American exports to the coast
J. Vast majority of lower classes in rural areas working on haciendas (large
farms) where they suffered most and benefitted least from export boom
K. Yet only in Mexico did vast inequalities erupt into a nationwide revolution
Complete the Review Quilt Below (Place Key Points in Each Box):
“Culture of
Consumption”:
American
Federation of
Labor:
Contrasting Workers Populists and
in Europe and
Progressives:
U.S.A.:
Autocracy in
Russia:
Peter the Great:
Catherine the Great:
Enlightened
Despot:
Radicalization of
Workers in
Russia:
1905 in Russia:
Duma:
Causes of Russian
Revolution of
1917:
Utopian
Socialists:
Friedrich Engels:
The Communist
Theory of History:
The Cotton Gin:
Bolsheviks and
Lenin:
Latin America
after
Independence:
Foreign Control of
Mexico by 1910:
Causes of Mexican
Revolution:
Strayer Questions:
 What were the differences between industrialization in the United States and that in
Russia?
 Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States?
 What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the
beginning of the twentieth century?
 In what ways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global
economy of the nineteenth century?
 Did Latin America follow or diverge from the historical path of Europe during the
nineteenth century?
1. Which common trait helps to explain
4. Which pair of regional powers was
Russian and Japanese ability to
able, by 1914, to initiate substantial
modernize in the nineteenth
industrialization and resist Western
century?
domination?
(A) Extensive experience with
(A) Ottoman Empire and South
cultural imitation, Russia
Africa
imitating Byzantium and the
(B) Russia and Japan
West, Japan imitating China
(C) South Africa and Russia
(B) Prior adoption and variation of
(D) Ottoman Empire and Japan
Christian teachings, providing a
(E) Argentina and Ottoman Empire
basis for westernization
(C) Royal appreciation of the
5. Which of the following was
democratic tradition
experienced by Russia but not Japan
(D) Presence of abundant natural
by 1914?
resources, particularly coal and
(A) Mass revolutionary upheaval
iron ore deposits, within
(B) Rapid urbanization
traditional territorial confines
(C) State-directed industrial
(E) Preexisting traditions of
development
widespread public education and
(D) Expansion of educational
literacy
opportunity
(E) War for territorial acquisition
2. Which of the following was the main
reform put in place as a result of the
6. In which Latin American nation did
1905 Revolution in Russia?
indigenous people play the most
(A) Unions were legalized.
prominent political role during and
(B) Freedom of the press was
after the winning of independence?
established.
(A) Argentina
(C) A national representative
(B) Colombia
assembly, the Duma, was
(C) Brazil
created.
(D) Mexico
(D) Czarism was abandoned in favor
(E) Cuba
of representative democracy.
(E) Agriculture was collectivized.
3. Among settler societies, which
emerged as leading power by 1914?
(A) Australia
(B) The United States
Thesis Statement: Comparative: Impact of Industrial Revolution on U.S.A. and Russia
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