Download Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of
Breast Cancer
Isaac Cohen, LAc, OMD, Mary Tagliaferri, MD, LAc & Debu Tripathy, MD
This is part one of a series of five articles designed to explore the integration of traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of breast cancer. Part one will detail the results of
clinical trials from China. Part two will detail specific TCM and western medicine (WM)
treatments for early stage breast cancer. Part three will discuss secondary prevention of breast
cancer and part four will outline TCM pattern differentiation for breast cancer pathogenesis. The
series will relate what is known scientifically as well as the authors clinical experience and
current understanding of the disease. It will start with dry facts and culminate with the
experiential and speculative.
Abstract
Back to the Table of Contents
The treatment of breast cancer involves multiple disciplines, and current recommendations are
based on modern tenets of biology and pharmacology along with a growing body of evidence
based literature. Despite advances in screening, surgery, adjuvant radiation and systemic therapy
and novel biologically targeted therapies, there are limitations to their benefits, especially in
advanced disease. Complementary therapies including Oriental medicine have enjoyed a growing
popularity as a less intensive and more natural approach to achieving health or improving quality
of life. However, definitive literature in this area is scant and therefore has not been integrated
into the mainstream medical community. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may serve as a
useful model for scientific inquiry since there is a standardised system of diagnostics and
therapies, and this discipline is practised worldwide. Still, the holistic and individualised nature
of TCM presents challenges to rigorous clinical testing, and as a result, most published work in
this field is in the form of anecdotal reports or uncontrolled series. Among the components of
TCM, herbal or botanical agents possess complex biological activities that could affect many
aspects of carcinogenesis such as cell growth and proliferation, host-tumour interactions, immune
function and differentiation. Despite a fairly extensive series of laboratory studies detailing many
biological effects of botanical agents, few clinical trials have been completed to test specific
hypotheses regarding the mode of action of TCM. Most TCM therapies have been empirically
applied in a series of patients with descriptive results provided. The summaries of a few studies
highlighted in this review can provide some evidence of safety but generally do not possess the
design and results to verify clinical effectiveness. Nevertheless, the theory of TCM coupled with
laboratory studies and safety information can serve as the basis for the design of more definitive
trials of TCM for specific indications in breast cancer. There is increasing interest and growing
opportunities for investigative approaches that could ultimately verify or reject TCM and specific
botanical agents. Some of these initiatives in the area of breast cancer prevention and treatment
are outlined.
Introduction
Back to the Table of Contents
Many individuals with breast cancer seek alternative approaches to prevent recurrence and for the
treatment of metastatic disease. Alternative approaches to medicine are widely used in the United
States and throughout the world to treat a broad spectrum of conditions as well as to maintain
wellness. It is estimated that one in two (46.3%) Americans currently use alternative therapies
and make 629 million visits to alternative medicine practitioners each year. 1,2 Despite widespread
use, complementary and alternative medical approaches have not undergone rigorous clinical
testing to measure outcomes. Consequently, while more patients are seeking alternative medicine,
there is little in the medical literature to determine if these therapies can be used safely, improve
quality of life or provide a therapeutic benefit.
Botanical agents were once the most significant medicinal substances employed by physicians.
According to a WHO survey, 80% of the world population still rely on herbal medicine as their
primary source for therapy.3 In the Western world, approximately 25% of currently prescribed
drugs were first identified in higher plants4 and over half of the 50 most popular drugs today are
derived from plant material.5 Over 60% of chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of
cancer today are derived from natural substances6 and some of the most popular drugs are still
fractionated from plant material.7
Chinese medicine employed treatments for cancer for over two millennia. The book The Rites of
the Zhou Dynasty (1100- 400 BCE) refers to physicians specialising in the treatment of swellings
and ulcerations or necrosis and ulcerations. These terms are still utilised in the modern practice of
traditional Chinese medicine to denote the study and treatment of tumours that are both benign
and malignant.8
Early Chinese medical texts described different types of breast tumours and discussed their
clinical appearance, physiological origin and severity.8-11 Over 100 names were recorded for
tumours in early medical literature. Most of these terms represent conditions that would be
regarded as early cancerous conditions in the Western medical literature. The most frequently
cited term for breast cancer was breast rock12. In the Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal
Medicine (written circa 250 BCE), the first clinical picture of breast cancer was described. The
prognosis was estimated to be approximately ten years after diagnosis and the process of
progression, metastasis and death was detailed. 9
There are hundreds of anecdotal case reports of breast cancer cures using traditional Chinese
medicine (TCM) as a sole therapy.13-15 Chinese medicine is useful in all stages of the disease to
augment the benefits of conventional treatments, to prevent recurrence and metastasis in early
stages of breast cancer, and to promote health, improve quality of life and prolong life in
advanced stages.16-29
Method
Back to the Table of Contents
A wide literature search was conducted through the National Medical Libarary, the library of
Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the library of Beijing Medical
University. Key words used in the search were: breast cancer, TCM, acupuncture and herbal
medicine. The search was conducted for all citations in these categories from 1984-2000. Most
citations were either personal experiences and case reports of individual physicians, or of
laboratory experiments using herbal medicine. For this review we accepted only controlled
clinical trials or case controlled studies. Original sources were obtained mostly in the Chinese
language by our collaborator Li Ping Ping M.D., Director of TCM Research Center at the Beijing
Medical University, Cancer Research Institute, Beijing, P.R.C. and were translated by Shelley
Oachs, M.Sc., L.Ac., a professional medical translator and licensed acupuncturist in San
Francisco, California. Most of the studies reported in this review lack the accepted rigor required
by Western medical journals yet the results are compelling and deserve further attention.
Prevention: the treatment of breast cysts
Back to the Table of Contents
Although the number of cases of breast cancer has increased dramatically over the last decade in
China30 the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer or dying from breast cancer is still five
times higher in Western countries than in China.31,32 Some of the differences are attributed to
difference in body mass, age of onset of menstruation, length of menses and nutritional factors
such as soy and green tea consumption.33 There are many case reports from China detailing
effective treatments of breast disorders using herbal medicine and acupuncture. Some of these
disorders are considered to increase the risk of breast cancer incidence.
In the Western world 7% of women develop palpable breast cysts.34 Studies that included only or
mainly women with palpable breast cysts have shown that those women are at an increased risk
of developing breast cancer.35-38 The risk was age dependent but was independent of the type of
cyst found.39 Dixon et al. showed that the overall standardised incidence rate of breast cancer in
patients with palpable cysts was 2.81 (95%) when compared to the risk in the overall population.
For women under 45 years old, the risk for developing breast cancer was the greatest at 5.94
(2.97- 10.63), with significant trend for decrease in relative incidence rate with age. The
standardised risk was highest in the first year after aspiration of the cyst, 7.02 (3.73-12.00) but
was still raised after five years, 2.68 (1.84- 3.76). Though there is no study that correlates the
reduction or disappearance of palpable breast cyst with the reduction of breast cancer risk, one
can speculate such a correlation.
Five studies including 757 women (participation in the studies was as follows: n=389, 90, 50,
128, 100) aged 13-55 with a history of chronic fibrocystic breast disorder (FBD) and discrete
palpable lump treated with Chinese herbal medicine that were discovered in our literature search
are hereby summarised. FBD was defined by the presence of pain, cysts and distinct lumps, and
patients enrolled in the studies were treated for one to six months. The average total effective rate,
defined as complete resolution of lumps, pain and cystic changes for at least three months
following herbal treatment, was 68.4% (518 women). When the 159 women who had partial
effect defined by marked improvement of greater than 50% were included, the total effective rate
of the herbal treatment was 89.4% (677 women). The herbal formulas used in the trials varied
(see Table 2) and their therapeutic classification was defined according to TCM tenets.40
In a sixth trial, 120 women with discrete benign breast lumps were treated with traditional
Chinese herbs. Radiological assessment (X-rays, ultrasound, thermography) were used for
evaluation and diagnosis. Various herbal formulas (see Table 3) were administered according to
differentiation of symptoms and signs based on the diagnostic principles of TCM. The age range
was 20-62 years, with an average age of.41 Seven women were reported to be unmarried and 113
were married (denoting seven women were not sexually active). The patients were only permitted
to take herbs that were prescribed in the clinical trial. In order to standardise the dose, the herbs
were encapsulated and administered to the study subjects. A total of 46/120 (38.3%) women had
complete resolution of the lumps for at least 3 months; 56/ 120 (46.6%) had greater than 50%
reduction of the lumps, 12/120 (10%) had less than 50% reduction and 6 (5%) had no
improvement. One treatment course comprised three months of herbal therapy. Complete
resolution of symptoms after one course of treatment (three months) was experienced by 36/120
(30%) women and 10/120 (8.7%) had a complete resolution after 6 months. No adverse side
effects were experienced by the participants.41
Results from a clinical trial of 96 women with breast lumps showed acupuncture and herbal
medicine were effective in resolving the breast lumps and pain associated with fibrocystic
syndrome.42 The participants were prescribed a single herbal formula (Modified Er Xian Tang,
below) and they received acupuncture treatments at various locations on the Stomach and Liver
channels, and the Governing and Conception vessels. Of the 96 women, 58 (60.4%) had complete
resolution of the lumps after three months follow-up, and 17 (17.7%) were markedly improved.
The total effective rate of the trial was 78.1%. The selection of the acupuncture points was based
on combining points traditionally used for breast disorders and points that have shown to regulate
specific reproductive hormone levels. The authors noted that the serum hormone analysis before
and after the trial showed a regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitaryovarian axis. There was a
decrease in serum estradiol and an increase in serum progesterone and testosterone. The authors
speculate, on the basis of animal and human experiments, that acupuncture regulates hormonal
function via neurohormonal and nervous reflex effects. This theory implies that the insertion of
needles at specific acupuncture points can result in a secretion of neuro-chemicals or synaptic
stimulation that have a down stream effect on secretory glands and cellular hormone receptors. In
many of the clinical trials, modulation of oestrogen, progesterone and FSH were detected after
the stimulation of acupuncture points.
Modified Er Xian Tang
Xian Mao (Rhizoma Curculiginis Orchioidis) 10g, Yin Yang Huo (Herba Epimedii) 12g, Chai
Hu (Radix Bupleuri) 12g, Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) 15g, Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae
Lactiflorae) 10g, Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis) 10g, Lu Jiao Jiao (Colla Cornu Cervi) 15g,
Zhi Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparatae) 5g. One bag a day in water decoction. Thirty
bags to one treatment course.
Increased mammographic breast density is an important surrogate marker of increased breast
cancer risk. Increased breast density is seen more in younger, premenopausal women and women
who use HRT.43-46 Women who consume more soy products have lower overall mammographic
breast density.47 Mandelson et al.48 report that after adjustment for age at index mammogram (the
mammogram used for the study), menopausal status, use of HRT and body mass index (BMI) the
odds ratio (OR) for interval cancer (getting cancer within five years of dense mammogram)
among women with extremely dense breasts is 6.14 (95%) comared to women with extremely
fatty breasts. When only retrospective review of index mammogram were considered, without
adjusting to age, which is one of the most significant risk factors for breast cancer, the OR
increased to 9.47 (95%). A study of 460 women with benign breast lumps and increased breast
density treated with herbs reported a good effect on the resolution of lumps and reduction of
density. The women in the trial ranged in age from 19-58, with an average age of 38.5; 79.6%
were between the ages of 28-45 years and 20.4% were 46-58 years old. Among those enrolled in
the study, 206 of the women suffered from bilateral breast lumps and increased density, 148 had
the symptoms on the left only and 106 had symptoms on the right. All the patients were followed
for six months after the end of the treatment.
The patients were classified into three groups according to TCM pattern differentiation and were
given a single herbal formula (Xiao He Ling Formula, below). Of the 460 women, 108 (23.5%)
showed complete response. Complete response was defined as the complete disappearance of
lumps and shadows with X-ray and infra-red ray assessments. A total of 222/460 (48.3%) women
showed marked improvement (greater than 50% reduction) and 96/460 (20.9%) of women
showed some improvement (defined greater than 50% reduction of density but less than 50%
reduction of the mass).49
Xiao He Ling Formula Wu Gong (Scolopendra Subspinipes), Yan Hu Suo (Rhizoma Corydalis
Yanhusuo), Chuan Sha Jia (Squama Manitis Pentadactylae), Quan Xie (Buthus Martensi), Yu Jin
(Tuber Curcumae).
Unfortunately none of the above data has been directly correlated to a reduction in the incidence
of breast cancer. Patient follow-up was relatively short and no information about the incidence or
risk of breast cancer was reported.
The Treatment of Breast Cancer
Back to the Table of Contents
Breast cancer is currently treated with surgery, adjuvant and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy of short
duration (3-6 months), local irradiation, biological agents and long-term hormonal therapy (up to
5 years). The effects of those treatments have been defined and characterised widely through
large randomised controlled clinical trials in the past decades. The use of clinical trials
methodology helped oncologists clarify the actuarial usefulness of the treatments employed and
therefore strategise the treatment in accordance with both clinical and molecular findings. The
use of adjuvant chemotherapy has shown a significant decrease in both the rate of recurrence and
in mortality. In their meta-analysis of breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy clinical trials, The
Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group reported that adjuvant chemotherapy produced
significant proportional reductions in breast cancer recurrence for both women under the age of
50 (35% reduction) and for women 50-69 years of age (20% reduction).
The recurrence reduction was chiefly observed in the first 5 years of follow-up. Mortality was
significantly reduced for women under 50 (27% reduction ) and among women 50-69 years of
age (11% reduction). The difference in survival grew throughout the first 10 years. For women
under 50 years old with node-negative disease the 10 year absolute survival benefit was 7% (from
71%-78%) while for women with nodepositive disease the 10 year absolute survival benefit was
11% (from 42%-53%). For women 50-69 years of age with node negative disease the 10 year
absolute survival benefit was only 2% (from 67%-69%) while for those women with nodepositive
disease the 10 year absolute survival benefit was 3% (from 46%-49%)50. Since most women
who are diagnosed with breast cancer are older than 50 years of age51 the mortality benefit is less
statistically significant for the majority of women diagnosed with breast cancer.
The current trend in China is to integrate, or combine, Western therapies with TCM in the
treatment of breast cancer. There are no available statistics on the proportion of women using this
approach. Our collaborators in China estimate that about 70%-80% of women diagnosed with
breast cancer in the metropolitan areas, where Western medicine (WM) is favoured, are using the
combined approach at some point during their treatment of breast cancer while a very small
fraction of women use TCM as a sole therapy (private conversations with Dr. Li Ping Ping and
Dr. Yu GQ, President emeritus of All China Society of Cancer Prevention and Treatment with
Integrated TCM and WM). The treatments employed by the TCM physicians are aimed at
controlling side effects and toxicities attributed to cancer therapies, improving quality of life,
preventing recurrence and prolonging survival.52-54
Conclusion
Back to the Table of Contents
The results reported in this survey are very compelling. A direct effect of integrated WM and
TCM on both recurrence- free survival and overall survival are noted. Though we tried to include
only well documented studies, they all suffer from many major methodological and reporting
flaws that leave many questions to a critical reader rather than clear answers. It has already been
noted by several researchers that clinical reports from China tend to produce only positive
results.67,68 Compared to trials published in England where 75% gave the test treatment superior
results to control, the results in China were 99% superior to controls.67 The reports generally
suffer from writers bias. Botanical/herbal medicine is one of the more popular complementary
and alternative medical approaches used by cancer patients. Chinese herbal therapy is a treatment
modality widely sought by breast cancer patients.69,70 Many women diagnosed with breast cancer
use Chinese herbal therapy both as anti-cancer agents as well as to alleviate the side effects of
chemotherapy and of the cancer itself. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is also well suited to
investigation using a Western clinical model because there is a high degree of conformity about
both diagnoses and treatments among practitioners, extensive texts exist to facilitate research, and
practitioners are licensed to dispense herbs in many US states. Therefore, it is essential that a
scientifically sound methodology be developed to evaluate the specific benefits and risks
associated with Chinese herbal therapy for breast cancer.
For reasons of space,this series has been extended to five parts. Part three will discuss the use of
Chinese medicine in the context of chemotherapy; part four will discuss secondary prevention of
breast cancer, and part five will outline the TCM differentiation for breast cancer pathogenesis.
(Part Two) Traditional Chinese Medicine in the
Treatment of Breast Cancer
Abstract
Back to the Table of Contents
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)is becoming increasingly popular in many medical contexts,
particularly among patients with cancer. TCM encompasses a range of modalities including
herbal medicine, acupuncture, medical qigong, dietary recommendations and meditation
(daoyin ). In contrast to standard chemotherapeutic and hormonal regimens used for the adjuvant
treatment of early stage breast cancer, very little data from controlled clinical trials has been
generated using TCM modalities in relationship to the outcomes of recurrence or survival,or even
overall quality of life and safety. As we previously reported 1 , the objectives of TCM modalities
are manifold - the reduction of therapeutic toxicity, improvement in cancer-related symptoms,
improvements in the immune system, and even a direct anti-cancer effect. The primary basis of
TCM rests upon empirical evidence and case studies, as well as its theoretical principles.In some
cases, laboratory or clinical data lend support to these modalities. Although TCM practices are
based on ancient medical tenets founded on centuries of experience, and documented through
oral and written texts, its direct relationship to breast cancer treatment in an integrative setting is
very young. There is still a paucity of evidence in the clinical setting, which limits firm
conclusions about the effectiveness or safety of most TCM approaches to breast cancer. This
review will summarise the application of certain TCM modalities in the therapy of early stage
breast cancer.
Introduction
Back to the Table of Contents
Cancer affects one in three individuals in the Unites States and most patients seek initial
evaluation and therapy in the modern conventional setting. Most oncologic therapies are based on
evidence from randomised trials showing improvements in outcomes, particularly survival.
However the use of TCM is becoming increasingly prevalent both where few conventional
therapeutic or ameliorative options exist and also because standard oncologic therapies have side
effects that can significantly affect patients' short and long term quality of life. A review of
surveys of cancer patients from around the world showed the average prevalence of
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use was 31%, with the most common types cited
being dietary treatments, herbs, homoeopathy, hypnotherapy, imagery/visualisation, meditation,
megavitamins, relaxation and spiritual healing 2 . In China many hospitals that have cancer wards
offer TCM treatments alongside Western treatments, although there is no formal study addressing
the use of TCM among cancer patients. Colleagues in China estimate that in rural areas almost all
patients take herbal medicine when treated for cancer,while in urban areas that number is
estimated to be 50%-60%, with increase of use in more advanced stages of the disease. A
population-based study conducted in San Francisco, California showed that 72%of women with
breast cancer used at least one form of complementary or alternative medicine,and one third used
two forms 3 . The types of approaches used included dietary therapies (26.6%, including
megavitamins), spiritual healing (23.7%), herbal remedies (12.9%),physical methods (14.2%),and
psycho- logical methods (9.2%).4 The use of herbal medicine among women with ovarian cancer
was 51% while only 12% of the women used trained herbalists for guidance. 5 Use of CAM was
more common in younger women, more educated individuals, and among women with advanced
stages of cancer; about half of the patients reported the usage of CAM modalities to their
physicians. The complete abandonment of conventional therapy accompanying the use of
alternative approaches is not very common despite the fact that conventional and alternative
medicine in the Western world are almost never administered in a coordinated fashion. 6 Most
formally trained medical oncologists tend to avoid making recommendations in the areas of
alternative medicine and are generally reluctant to integrate their treatment plan with a discipline
that is foreign to their training and not represented in the scientific literature. Yet at the same time,
increasing awareness of CAM,coverage by the lay press and intense presence through electronic
media, especially via the internet, has amplified cancer patients' interest in and pursuit of CAM.
A recent analysis of over 1,000 CAM studies for breast cancer published in the mainstream
biomedical literature however revealed few controlled,well designed studies with adequate
endpoints. 7
Several TCM modalities have been highlighted for discussion of their potential study and
applicability in the area of adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer. Of these, special
emphasis is placed on herbal medicine and acupuncture given their prevalent use in China and by
Western practitioners.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Back to the Table of Contents
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) serves as a useful yet complicated model of CAM therapy
in a variety of medical settings.TCM consists of herbal medicine that is usually administered as a
combination or formula,as well as acupuncture. Therapy is typically individualised on the basis
of a TCM diagnosis of imbalance of the body measured by various parameters including
yin,yang,qi,blood and body fluids. TCM diagnoses generally do not follow standard Western
pathophysiologic classifications of disease. The tradition of TCM has evolved and been passed
down for centuries and several well recognised texts and training institutions exist; hence, there is
a fair degree of standardisation of diagnostic and therapeutic practice. Furthermore, TCM
practice is licensed and regulated in most US states. Given the widespread use of TCM on the
West coast of the United States, our research program has focused on this modality for clinical
investigation in several settings for breast cancer. Although a significant body of research has
been conducted in China into the ability of TCM to treat cancer, many of the studies are of poor
quality, lack proper control groups, fail to describe the specific methods of the study and omit
information about the statistical significance of the results. An overview of both acupuncture and
herbal medicine studies in specific cancer-related settings is presented here as it applies to the
potential for the study of TCM in early stage breast cancer in conjunction with and following
chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
TCM intervention for surgery
Back to the Table of Contents
Surgery is by far the most effective treatment for early breast cancer and all women diagnosed
with early breast cancer will undergo surgery as the main treatment for the disease. Currently
women face several surgical options when encountering breast cancer diagnosis: lumpectomy
with or without axillary lymph node excision (axillary clearance) or sentinel node excision,or
modified radical mastectomy. Surprisingly there is no significant survival benefit to mastectomy
over lumpectomy followed by locoregional radiotherapy. In recent years women who are
diagnosed with large breast tumors, for whom lumpectomy is impractical for cosmetic reasons,
have undergone neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, prior to surgery, in order to attempt to reduce the
tumour size and conserve the breast. There is no significant difference in survival between
women who undergo neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and women who undergo
modified radical mastectomy 8-16 .
From a TCM point of view surgery is considered as an externally inflicted wound that results in
damage to the smooth flow of qi and blood, gives rise to qi deficiency and blood stasis and
results in both accumulation of blood in the vessels and in inability of the Spleen qi to contain qi
and blood. Anaesthesia disturbs the functions of the hun (ethereal soul) and po (corporeal soul)
in commanding the distribution and correct response of qi and blood. While under normal
circumstances the body would have reacted with pain and strong survival response elicited by a
combination of voluntary and involuntary reactions, the artificial disturbance of anaesthesia on
the the hun and po results in irregularity in the normal course of the flow of qi, resulting in shen
disturbance, qi deficiency and blazing of yin fire. The resulting symptoms such as pain, bruising,
immobility, nausea and vomiting are part of that syndrome.
Although chemotherapy may induce nausea and vomiting as well, the type of symptoms and the
duration of the symptoms encountered by women will be different. Post operatively the
symptoms of nausea and vomiting tend to be shorter in duration: from a few hours to 3 days. The
mechanisms of nausea and vomiting induction are not very clear. Many brain areas seem to be
affected (area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius and central pattern generator)and they are all
mediated by abdominal vagal afferents.
Pre-operative acupuncture
Several issues can be addressed by TCM pre-and post- operatively.In preparation to
surgery,acupuncture has been shown to reduce nausea and vomiting and pain. 17 Simple points
like Hegu L.I.-4, Taichong LIV-3, Zusanli ST-36 and Neiguan P-6 have been used successfully
for this purpose.
Contraindicated herbs with anaesthesia
Several anecdotal reports can be found in the literature of suspected negative interaction between
anaesthesia control and herbs 18-19 and suggest that some caution should be practised.The following
pharmacological categories are recommended to be used with caution:
Anticoagulants
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)
Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii)
Antithrombics
Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii)
Jiang Huang (Rhizoma Curcumae)
Yi Mu Cao (Herba Leonuri Heterophylli)
CNS stimulating effect
Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae)
Ma Huang (Herba Ephedrae)
Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng)
Coronary vasodilating and flow increasing
Bai Guo Ye (Folium Ginkgo Bilobae)
Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae)
Bu Gu Zhi (Fructus Psoraleae Corylifoliae)
Ji Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis Jixueteng)
Hypertensives
Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis Recens)
Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae)
Wu Yao (Radix Linderae Strychnifoliae)
Platelet aggregation inhibitors
Ge Gen (Radix Puerariae)
Shan Zhu Yu (Fructus Corni Officinalis)
Yan Hu Suo (Rhizoma Corydalis Yanhusuo)
Yin Yang Huo (Herba Epimedii)
Post-operative acupuncture
Back to the Table of Contents
Therapeutic and reconstructive surgeries bring on a variety of unwelcome conditions, including
pain, anaesthesia-induced nausea,short-term diminished mobility, bruising and fatigue. TCM can
be used to accelerate wound healing, increase peripheral blood circulation to aid the supply of
nutrients and blood cells to the wounded area, aid nerve regeneration, reduce scarring, enhance
the immune system and prevent lymphedema (swelling of the arm that can occur after the
lymphatic vessels are severed by surgery).
A preliminary study of post surgical nausea,vomiting and pain,conducted at Duke University 17
showed that acupuncture is slightly more effective than the most commonly used antiemetic,
ondansetron (Zofran).40 women undergoing breast surgery (augmentation, reduction or
mastectomy) requiring general anaesthesia were studied. The surgery lasted 2-4 hours. The results
can be summarised as follows:
Symptom
Placebo Zofran Acupuncture
Incidence of nausea at 2 hrs. post-op
69%
36%
23%
Incidence of vomiting at 2 hrs. post-op
23%
7%
7%
Incidence of nausea at 24 hrs. post- op
61%
57%
38%
Incidence of vomiting at 24 hrs. post- op
46%
28%
23%
Incidence of pain at 2 hrs. post-op
77%
64%
31%
On the surface the results seem more than slightly better for the acupuncture treatment, but the
number of women treated in this study was too small to derive a statistically significant
conclusion.
Other than postoperative nausea,vomiting and pain, acupuncture is very useful to relieve
postoperative constipation. Points like Shangjuxu ST-37,Xiajuxu ST-39, Yanglingquan GB34,Zhigou SJ-6,Neiguan P-6,Tianshu ST-25, Qihai REN-6 and Qihaishu BL-24 seem to be very
effective, especially when stimulated strongly. Acupuncture can be complemented with some
herbs that stimulate bowel motility like Da Huang (Rhizoma Rhei)and Huang Lian (Rhizoma
Coptidis).20-22 Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction plus Peony)may also be
used. Post-operative herbal interventions to help wounds heal and stimulate platelet aggregation
herbs such as Huang Qi (Radix Astragali) are used 23 , whilst herbs that inhibit granulation,such as
Ba Ji Tian (Radix Morindae Officinalis)24 , should be avoided.
The application of herbal medicine after surgery takes into consideration the post-surgical
syndrome, as described above, as well as the disease itself and the opportunity to initiate
prevention of recurrence. Strengthening qi and fluids,regulating blood and reducing heat and
toxins are the therapeutic principles employed.
Breast Cancer Post-Operative Formula
Herb name
Dose in grams
Xia Ku Cao (Spica Prunellae Vulgaris)
15
Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
10
Zhu Ling (Sclerotium Polypori Umbellati)
15
Shan Ci Gu (Bulbus Shancigu)
6
Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae)
12
San Qi (Radix Pseudoginseng)
1.5
Huang Qi (Radix Astragali)
15
Tai Zi Shen (Radix Pseudostellariae Heterophyllae)
15
Gua Lou (Fructus Trichosanthis)
20
Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae Cocos)
15
Zi He Che (Placenta Hominis)
12
Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae)
10
Tian Men Dong (Tuber Asparagi Cochinchinensis)
15
Bai Hua She She Cao (Herba Oldenlandiae Diffusae)
15
Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng)
5
Zhi Mu (Radix Anemarrhenae Asphodeloidis)
12
TCM and radiation treatment
Back to the Table of Contents
Radiation is another prevention method for early breast cancer.The application of high energy
beams through the breast tissue and local lymph nodes reduces the probability of local recurrence.
25-28
Radiation exerts its cell inhibitive effect through the creation of a high concentration of free
radicals that create high local oxidative stress. The oxidative stress causes irreparable DNA
damage and results in cell death. Since the cell death caused by radiation is not selective to
cancer cells the whole radiated area is affected and the body responds to it with strong
inflammatory reaction. The main side effects of radiation are fatigue accompanied by agitation
and insomnia. TCM views radiation as an extreme external attack of heat and dryness which,as
with sun exposure, damages the yin fluids and the Spleen qi, with local accumulation of heat, fire
and toxins. Inhibition of the Spleen's ability to transform pure from impure and to propel the
vapour from food results in a complex picture of heat-fire dryness above,stagnation of heat toxins
locally and deficient damp-heat below.
In order to increase the cell killing effect of radiation and control its local side effects,one needs
to increase oxygenation to cells,and promote peripheral blood flow 29-34 .
Herbs that are commonly used during radiation
Anti-hypoxic effect (increase cell oxygenation):
Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae), Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii),
Bai He (Bulbus Lilii), Yin Yang Huo (Herba Epimedii).
Microcirculation improving effect:
Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii), Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis
Pilosulae), Pu Huang (Pollen Typhae), Yi Mu Cao (Herba Leonuri Heterophylli).
Antihistaminic effect (can reduce itching ,anti inflammatory effect can reduce swelling and
redness in the breast and skin):
Bai Zhi (Radix Angelicae),Qin Jiao (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), Jin Yin Hua
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis).
Radiation sensitizing effect:
Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Ling Zhi (Ganoderma Lucidum), Gui Pi Tang
(Restore the Spleen Decoction), Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii).
Two herbs [Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae Conquitae)and Rou Gui (Cortex
Cinnamomi assiae)]can inhibit radiation effect; when given to animals they increase their
survival 32
Burns and skin protection
To prevent radiation burns and rashes apply Aloe-Vera gel (fragrance-free,above 96%pure; fresh
Aloe juice or leaf is superior) on the skin 2-3 times a day. If an itchy, red, rough sensation starts
to develop apply Ching Wan Hung ointment, once or twice a day. Beware that it stains
everything. For more severe burns apply the following formula externally: Da Huang (Rhizoma
Rhei)30, Di Yu (Radix Sanguisorbae Officinalis)30, Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii)20,
Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii)15, Long Kui (Herba Solani Nigri)20, Han Shui Shi
(Calcitum) 12, Shi Gao (Gypsum)12. In cases of blistering and pus add Huang Bai (Cortex
Phellodendri).
Grind the above ingredients to very fine powder and mix with boiling water to make a light paste.
Apply to burns with gauze, twice a day and leave on the skin for 30-60 minutes.
Fatigue
From the TCM perspective, radiation-induced fatigue is due to accumulation of heat toxin
causing dryness and therefore disturbing the yin fluids. This in turn causes yin vacuity blazing
fire. The symptoms are extreme fatigue accompanied by agitation and insomnia. This usually
does not start until the third week into radiation therapy. Weekly acupuncture treatment relaxes
this sort of agitation and comprehensive herbal therapy attempts to counter the damage to the
fluids and the inflammation.
Scarring
Scarring from radiation is different from that of surgery. Since the radiation exposure covers a
large area, the beams pass through and scatter to areas in the interior of the body, mainly the
lungs and, if the cancer was in the left breast, to the heart. Though radiation technology has
improved significantly in the last decade, preventing heart and lung fibrosis is important. Again
the herbs we use are those that increase microcirculation, decrease collagen activity and promote
the breakdown of scars, protecting the body from pulmonary fibrosis caused by radiation: Dan
Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae),Yu Jin (Tuber Curcumae) and Ji Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis
Jixueteng).
(Part Three) Traditional Chinese Medicine in the
Treatment of Breast Cancer
Abstract
Back to the Table of Contents
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is becoming increasingly popular in many medical contexts,
particularly among patients with cancer. TCM encompasses a range of modalities including
herbal medicine, acupuncture, medical qigong, dietary recommendations and meditation (daoyin).
In contrast to standard chemotherapeutic and hormonal regimens used for the adjuvant treatment
of early stage breast cancer, very little data from controlled clinical trials has been generated
using TCM modalities in relationship to the outcomes of recurrence or survival, or even overall
quality of life and safety. As we previously reported1, the objectives of TCM modalities are
manifold - the reduction of therapeutic toxicity, improvement in cancer-related symptoms,
improvements in the immune system, and even a direct anti-cancer effect. The primary basis of
TCM rests upon empirical evidence and case studies, as well as its theoretical principles. In some
cases, laboratory or clinical data lend support to these modalities. Although TCM practices are
based on ancient medical tenets founded on centuries of experience, and documented through
oral and written texts, its direct relationship to breast cancer treatment in an integrative setting is
very young. There is still a paucity of evidence in the clinical setting, which limits firm
conclusions about the effectiveness or safety of most TCM approaches to breast cancer. This
review will summarise the application of certain TCM modalities in the context of chemotherapy,
enhancing immune function, and treating hematopoesis and peripheral neuropathy.
TCM and chemotherapy
Back to the Table of Contents
We previously reported the clinical benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of early
breast cancer.1-2 Although chemotherapy can be useful in the prevention of breast cancer
recurrence and in reducing breast tumour size, its toxicity causes many adverse and unpleasant
side effects which affect quality of life. The most common regimens that are in use in early breast
cancer adjuvant chemotherapy are Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) with Cyclophosphomide (Cytoxan)
[usually abbreviated to AC chemotherapy], Cytoxan, Methotraxate and 5- flourauracil (5-FU)
[usually abbreviated to CMF] and Paclitaxel (Taxol) or Docetaxel (Taxotere).
In recent years there has been a trend to integrate TCM treatment with standard western medicine
in an attempt to further optimise the treatment outcomes, minimise the side effects of surgery,
radiation and chemotherapy, increase immune function and improve survival. This form of
treatment is known as Fu Zheng Therapy(FZ) or Support the Normal Qi FZ therapy is a
comprehensive system of utilising traditional medical principles to affect the following goals:
i. Tumour load reduction or antineoplastic effect. TCM treatment principles of
antineoplastic action include: attacking, dissolving, moving, detoxifying, resolving
pathogenic factors, warming, and cooling down the tumours.
ii. Prevent the formation and development of cancer. TCM principles of treatment
with anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic action include harmonising and
strengthening nutritive and defensive qi and clearing pathogenic factors.
iii. Modulate the immune system and prevent immune suppression by tonifying qi,
blood, yin and yang, harmonising flow and distribution, and promoting production
and metabolism of body fluids.
iv. Enhance the regulating function of the endocrine system. Regulate the flow of
qi, invigorate the flow of blood and tonify yang.
v. Enhance and protect the structure and function of the organs. Tonify yin and
yang of the viscera and bowels.
vi. Strengthen the digestion and absorption of nutrients and improve metabolism.
Invigorate, tonify and strengthen the Stomach and Spleen.
vii. Protect bone marrow and haematopoietic function. Nourish and tonify essence.
viii. Increase effectiveness of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormonal
therapy with herbs that lower drug resistance and increase peripheral blood flow.
Harmonise the flow of qi, move and invigorate the flow of blood
ix. Prevent, ameliorate and control adverse side effects (such as nausea and
vomiting, fatigue, insomnia and pain) and diseases caused by cancer therapy (such
as cardiac toxicity and hepatic toxicity). Protect the viscera, regulate qi, redirect
the flow of qi and assist branch symptoms. 3-11
Many herbal decoctions have been designed to achieve the above-stated goals. The herbs are
chosen according to both their traditional use and to some modern pharmacological and clinical
research about them individually and in groupings.
The therapeutic goal is to tailor the formula to the specific cancer, the chemotherapy agents and
chemotherapy dose, whilst conforming with the individual's TCM diagnosis. As an example,
during AC chemotherapy regimen, usually given in twenty-one day intervals for 4 cycles, the
symptoms vary with individuals and with the progression of the therapy. Some women
experience more symptoms at the initiation of the treatment while others more towards the end.
Doses are monitored by weight, height and desired therapeutic purpose:
i. From days 1-6 of chemotherapy, most of the AC agents are metabolised in the body and
assume most of their cytotoxic activity. Erosion of epithelial mucous and serous membranes is
the most noticeable effect, creating dry mouth, bleeding gums, ulceration and sores in the mouth,
vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain and distention, cystitis,
skin rashes and palpitations. More severe reactions are stomatitis, oesophagitis, pancreatitis,
pericarditis, haemorrhagic cystitis and bleeding ulcers.
The function of the herbal formula at this stage is to increase blood and lymphatic circulation to
promote the distribution of the chemotherapy agents and to promote elimination of cell debris,
nourish the yin to protect the mucous membranes, control nausea and vomiting, promote
urination, direct the flow of qi downward, and promote appetite.
ii. From days 7-12, most of AC's cytotoxic activity is accomplished, and the damage to the bone
marrow and organs is at its peak. This stage is marked by fatigue, malaise, dizziness, insomnia,
fever, arthralgia, cognitive vagueness (what women call chemo-head) poor circulation,
alternating hot and cold sensations, unproductive cough, palpitations, tachycardia, bradycardia,
anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and in rare severe incidents, cardiac toxicity, hepatic
toxicity or renal toxicity. The role of the herbal formula in this stage is to tonify qi, blood, yin and
yang, nourish essence, protect and restore the vital functions of the organs and the bone marrow,
promote circulation, promote urination, enhance metabolism, harmonise defensive and nutritive
energy in order to increase immunity, and prevent infections.
iii. Days 12-21. At this stage the body is regenerating, eliminating and recovering its functions
and structure. The symptoms and signs at this stage are improvement and recovery from all
previous symptoms although fatigue, malaise, insomnia, joint pain, and cognitive vagueness may
still occur. New symptoms may also appear, such as alopecia, hyper pigmentation of nail beds,
and increased psychological and emotional reactions. The role of the herbal formula at this stage
is to tonify qi, blood, yin and yang to promote the recovery and regeneration of the cells, bone
marrow and organs, promote circulation and urination, and calm the spirit12 (see formulas).
Modifications to all formulas
13-16
Back to the Table of Contents
Constipation: Gua Lou (Fructus Trichosanthis), Da Huang (Rhizoma Rhei), Rou Cong Rong
(Herba Cistanches). Diarrhoea: Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis), Qin Pi (Cortex Fraxini), Hou
Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis).
Insomnia: Suan Zao Ren (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), Wu Wei Zi (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis),
Bai Zi Ren (Semen Biotae Orientalis), Mu Li (Concha Ostreae), Ye Jiao Teng (Caulis Polygoni
Multiflori).
Herbs to avoid in cases of insomnia: Ma Huang (Herba Ephedrae), Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti
Carmichaeli Praeparatae), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng) at night, Zhi Shi (Fructus Citri seu
Ponciri Immaturus), Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae).
Mouth sores and loss of sense of taste (used as a mouth rinse): Hu Lu Ba (Semen Trigonellae
Foeni-graeci), Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae).
Acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Back to the Table of Contents
There is a substantial amount of scientific literature that supports the efficacy of both acupressure
and acupuncture to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In 1997, the strength of the
scientific evidence for this application led the 12-member US National Institutes of Health (NIH)
consensus panel on acupuncture to conclude that needle acupuncture treatment is effective for
postoperative and chemotherapy nausea and vomiting17. This led to a special request for
applications (RFA) by the NIH for research projects in the area of acupuncture for indications
including pain due to cancer and nausea associated with chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting continues to be one of the most frequent, severe and
distressing side effects endured by cancer patients. In chemotherapy regimens used for early
stage breast cancer, 30-40% of patients still experience nausea and vomiting within 1 week of
chemotherapy administration, even with the use of newer seratonin receptor antagonists.18-19 In
some cases, these side effects make a difference in the choices patients and physicians make and
can also lead to early discontinuation or dose reductions of chemotherapy. Modalities such as
relaxation, visualisation and acupuncture have historically been used as an adjunctive to nausea
in many settings. Much of the scientific literature regarding acupuncture for nausea and vomiting,
including the setting of chemotherapy administration, has been published by J.W. Dundee and his
colleagues at the Queen's University of Belfast20-26. In his studies, Dundee evaluates the role of the
most widely used acupuncture point for nausea and vomiting, Neiguan P-6. Dundee's initial
comparative studies examined the antiemetic effect of Neiguan P-6 in 105 patients who had a
history of nausea and vomiting in a previous round of chemotherapy. This study reported a 63%
anti-emetic benefit from the acupuncture. Findings from a smaller, single blind, crossover study
provide evidence that the beneficial effects were limited to the specific acupuncture point
Neiguan P-6 when compared to a dummy or sham acupuncture point25. Subsequent wellcontrolled studies have similarly shown that acupressure or acupuncture applied to Neiguan P-6
provides a treatment benefit in 60-70% of patients compared to a 30% treatment benefit with
sham acupressure or sham acupuncture, implying that point location is an important determinant27.
In Chinese medicine nausea and vomiting are divided into subcategories according to traditional
differential diagnosis: cold vomiting (han ou), heat vomiting (ren ou), phlegm vomiting (tan ou),
food accumulation vomiting (shi ji ou tu), qi vomiting (qi ou), vomiting of clear water (tu qing
shui), bitter vomiting (ou ku), acid vomiting (tu suan), water counterflow (shui ni), vomiting of
phlegm-drool (ou tu tan xian). It is further divided into the following categories: stomach reflux
(fan wei), malign obstruction (e zu), ejection of foamy drool (tu xian mo) and nausea (e xin).
Acupuncture treatment for nausea and vomiting
Back to the Table of Contents
Basic treatment: Neiguan P-6, Zusanli ST-36, Gongsun SP-4, Zhongwan REN-12.
All nausea and vomiting is the clinical sign of Stomach qi ascending counterflow, which can
arise from a variety of Stomach disorders. Each of those conditions requires a different variation
of acupuncture point prescription. TCM holds that when the analysis of the condition is more
accurate, the practitioner has more choices to render a safer and more effective treatment.
Understanding the root cause of a condition and differentiation of branch symptoms can add both
to the practitioner's arsenal of treatment tools and to insight into the prognosis of the condition




Spleen-Stomach vacuity cold (pi wei xu han)
Signs include reduced food intake, vomiting of un-transformed food or of clear
water without acid taste that gives a sense of relief, cold limbs, fatigue, dizziness,
distention and fullness after eating. Tongue: pale, soft enlarged tongue, with thin
tongue coating. Pulse: forceless (mai huo da wu li), moderate (huan), fine (xi).
Add to basic treatment: Dadu SP-2 or Sanyinjiao SP-6.
Dual vacuity of Stomach qi and yin (wei qi yin xu)
Signs include dry lips and mouth, desire for fluids, inability to drink sufficient
amount of fluids, reduced food intake, dry bound stool, short voiding of scant
urine, sometimes hiccup and dry retching, heart palpitations, spontaneous
sweating, hot flushes. Tongue: red without coating or peeling tongue coating.
Pulse: Rapid (shu), vacuous (xu), fine (xi). Add to basic treatment: Zhaohai KID-6
and or Tianshu ST-25.
Liver- Stomach disharmony due to qi congestion (gan wei bu he)
Signs include pain in both ribs sides, belching, oppression and fullness in the
upper abdomen, stomach pain, swallowing of up-flowing acid, bloating,
indigestion, poor appetite, vomiting of acid fluid or food. Tongue: normal pink or
slightly purple, with moderate coating. Pulse: moderate (huan), slippery (hua).
Add to basic treatment: Taichong LIV-3 and Hegu L.I.-4 or Tianshu ST-25.
Phlegm-heat accumulation (tan re ji)
Signs include gurgling sounds in the stomach, heart palpitations, dizzy head,

flowery vision, vomiting of phlegm with or without bitter taste, oppression and
fullness in the chest. Tongue: red or purple tongue, yellow slimy tongue coating.
Pulse: rapid (shu), string-like (xian). Add to basic treatment: Yanglingquan GB-34.
Debilitation of the life gate fire (ming men huo shuai)
Signs include bright white complexion, aversion to cold, lack of warmth in the
extremities, dizziness, tinnitus, weak lower back and knees, profuse urination at
night or inhibited urination, vomiting of untransformed food, weakness, lassitude
of spirit, oedema. Tongue: pale enlarged tongue Pulse: fine (xi), sunken (chen).
Add to basic treatment: Taixi KID-3 or Sanyinjiao SP-6.
Differentiation according to clinical symptoms and signs






Vomiting and nausea with dryness in the throat and mouth: signs include dryness
in the mouth and throat, mouth sores, dry retching, thirst. Tongue: red, no coating
or peeling tongue coating, cracked tongue. Pulse: rapid (shu), vacuous (xu), fine
(xi). Add to basic treatment: Zhaohai KID-6.
Vomiting and nausea with bitter taste: signs include bitter taste in the mouth or
bitter vomiting, irritability, gurgling sounds in the stomach. Tongue: red or purple
tongue, yellow slimy tongue coating, or no tongue coating. Add to basic treatment:
Yanglingquan GB-34.
Nausea and vomiting of untransformed food: signs include vomiting of
untransformed food, sense of relief after vomiting, lack of desire to eat or drink,
fatigue, fullness after eating. Tongue: pale, soft enlarged tongue, with thin tongue
coating. Pulse: forceless (mai huo da wu li), moderate (huan), fine (xi). Add to
basic treatment: Dadu SP-2 or Sanyinjiao SP-6.
Nausea and vomiting with acid taste: signs include belching, acid foul taste in the
mouth, bloating, reduced desire to eat. Add to basic treatment: Taichong LIV-3
and Hegu L.I.-4 and/or Tianshu ST-25.
Vomiting of clear fluid without acid taste: signs include cold extremities, vomiting
on exposure to cold or long after eating, blue-green complexion. Tongue: pale,
sometimes enlarged, moist. Pulse: sunken (chen), fine (xi) pulse or sometimes
string-like (xian), slow (chi). Add to basic treatment: Dadu SP-2 and or Taixi
KID-3 and or Sanyinjiao SP-6.
Nausea and vomiting with pain in the throat
Any of the above types of nausea and vomiting with pain in the throat and neck.
Add to basic treatment: Hegu L.I.-4 and Binao L.I.-14.
Herbs for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Back to the Table of Contents
Scientifically proven antiemetic herbs13-14
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae), Di Yu (Radix Sanguisorbae Officinalis),
Lian Qiao (Fructus Forsythiae Suspensae), Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Officinalis Recens), Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae).
Additional herbs commonly used as antiemetics
Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis), Shi Di (Calyx Kaki Diospyri), Zhu Ru (Caulis
Bambusae in Taeniis), Ding Xiang (Flos Caryophylli), Xuan Fu Hua (Flos Inulae),
Chen Xiang (Lignum Aquilaria), Zhu Ling (Sclerotium Polypori Umbellati), Dao
Dou Zi (Semen Canavaliae), Gao Liang Jiang (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinari), Rou
Dou Kou (Semen Myristicae Fragranticis), Sha Ren (Fructus seu Semen Amomi),
Hong Dou Kou (Fructus Galangal).
Antiemetic formulas used in chemotherapy
Jia Wei Ban Xia Xing Tang
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae) 4 9, Zhu Ru (Caulis Bambusae in Taeniis) 4 9,
Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) 4 9, Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae Cocos) 4 9,
Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis Recens) 4, Dang Shen (Radix
Codonopsis Pilosulae) 12, Bei Sha Shen (Radix Glehniae Littoralis) 4 9, Bai Zhu
(Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) 4 9, Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae
Uralensis). 3
Wen Wei Zhi Ou Tang
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae) 4 9, Huo Xiang (Herba Agastaches seu
Pogostemi) 4 9, Ding Xiang (Flos Caryophylli) 4 6, Shi Di (Calyx Kaki Diospyri) 4 6,
Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) 4 9, Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Officinalis Recens) 4, Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis) 3, Da Zao (Fructus
Zizyphi Jujubae) 4 6, Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae) 10.
Liu Wei Tong Guan Tang
Xuan Fu Hua (Flos Inulae) 4 9, Dai Zhe Shi (Haematitum) 12, Fu Ling (Sclerotium
Poriae Cocos) 12, Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae) 15, Bai Zhu (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) 10, Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis) 3, Ban
Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae) 4 9, Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) 4 9,
San Qi (Radix Pseudoginseng) (ground and taken separately) 1.5, Bei Sha Shen
(Radix Glehniae Littoralis) 4 9, Ma Bin Lang (Semen Capparis) 4 6, Bai Hua She
She Cao (Herba Oldenlandiae Diffusae) 24, Shu Yang Quan (Herba Solani Lyrati)
24, Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae). 4 8
Acupuncture effects on haematologic, immunologic and hormonal function
Back to the Table of Contents
Decreased white blood cell (WBC) count due to chemotherapy induced myelosuppression is
commonly seen in cancer patients. Studies have suggested an effect of acupuncture in the
maintenance and restoration of WBC counts28-30. In a study of 48 patients with chronic leukopenia,
acupuncture stimulation to Zusanli ST-36 led to an increased WBC count in over 90% of
patients28. Markers of immune function, including IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 complement levels and
lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) were alsoelevated when compared to
pretreatment levels. The influence of acupuncture on specific immune function has been
examined in a number of studies. A second study of 121 patients with leukopenia who were
undergoing chemotherapy showed a significant increase in WBC counts following 5 days of
daily acupuncture and moxibustion treatment30.
In a review article, Wu et.al. summarise the immune modulatory effects of acupuncture among
patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiation. These include an increase in peripheral blood
counts of CD3 +, CD4 + and NK cells as well as an increase in the CD4 +/ CD8 + ratio and a decrease
in secreted IL-2 receptor. In addition, macrophage activity can be elevated by both acupuncture
and moxibustion31. The immune and hormonal levels of premenopausal women with benign
mammary hyperplasia were compared to normal women. After acupuncture, levels of CD8 + cells
rose significantly, CD4 +/ CD8 + ratio was reduced to match that of normal patients, Serum E2 and
Prolactin levels were lowered and levels of FSH were increased. Over 50% of the patients had
complete resolution of their nodules, while the other patients had very significant reduction. All
patients responded to the acupuncture treatment and had a measurable change in immune
function and endocrine effect32.
Climacteric symptoms are prevalent among female cancer patients as a result of early menopause
due to chemotherapy, stopping hormone replacement therapy or treatment with hormonal agents
like tamoxifen. Symptoms and conditions like hot flushes, night sweats, insomnia, dry skin and
vaginal dryness as well as an increase in bone mineral density loss and coronary artery disease
risk, are thought to be related to waning oestrogen levels. Acupuncture has been shown in several
studies to help control climacteric symptoms in over 90% of subjects.33-35 The effectiveness of
acupuncture appears to be lower if the duration of symptoms has been longer.
Traditional Chinese herbal therapy aimed at enhancing immune function
Back to the Table of Contents
Patients with cancer often demonstrate depression of immune function that usually worsens as
the disease progresses. This is manifested as impaired humoral and cell-mediated responsiveness
as well as decreased nonspecific defense mechanisms (e.g. natural killer, or NK cells).36 In
advanced stages of breast cancer, defects in skin test responses, NK cell activity, T-cell
proliferative responses to mitogens or antigens and monocyte function, along with decreases in
IgG production, T-cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratios, have been noted. These immunological
defects become more pronounced with progression of disease and are compounded by
chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer leads to a
transient drop in phytohemaglutinin (PHA) response in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) at 6
months with recovery by 12 months, and in one study, a correlation between lower immune
function and subsequent risk of recurrence was seen.37 However, the effect of modulating the
immune system in early stage breast cancer remains unclear. An overview of trials of nonspecific
immune stimulation with agents such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for early stage breast
cancer did not show evidence of improved outcome.38 Whether or not newer techniques of tumour
specific immunostimulation such as using tumour specific antigens as immunogens, manipulating
cytokines and modulating co-stimulatory pathways can be effective in advanced or early stage
breast cancer is being tested in preclinical and early clinical studies. One of the intended
outcomes of Chinese herbal therapy is modulation of the immune system. In one study, patients
with stage III and IV stomach cancer receiving FAP (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cisplatin) or
FMP (5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and cisplatin) were randomly assigned to intravenous Ren
Shen (Radix Ginseng) and Mai Men Dong (Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici) herb extract or
placebo, and a significant increase in the CD4/ CD8 ratio and level of Th1 cells was seen in the
treatment group along with an increase in the overall T-cell count, compared to a drop in all these
indices in the control group. 39 Several herbs have been shown to have different effects on
immune effector cells and cytokine levels in laboratory, animal and human studies as shown in
the table, below. However, information on the influence of these therapies on recurrence and
mortality in early stage breast cancer remains scant.
Herbal agent
Immune modulatory effects reported*
Huang Qi (Radix
Astragali)
Increased CD4/CD8 ratio and phagocytic activity in patients with
gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Stimulation of lymphocyte
IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, TNFa and IFN-g
Dan Shen (Radix Salviae
Miltiorrhizae)
Increased T lymphocyte production and function
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma
Atractylodis
Macrocephalae)
Increased phagocytosis, lymphocyte transformation, rosette
formation, and serum IgG post chemotherapy
Fu Ling (Sclerotium
Poriae Cocos)
Increased monocyte GM-CSF production Enhanced recovery of
myelosuppression in mice after radiation. Increased spontaneous
rosette formation, lymphocyte transformation, and serum IgG
Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii
Chinensis)
Enhanced hematopoiesis, ameliorates lowering of number and
function of Tlymphocytes, CTL, and NK cells in mice after
cyclosphosphamide
Tian Men Dong (Tuber
Asparagi
Cochinchinensis)
Enhanced humoral and cellular immunity Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus
Evodiae Rutaecarpae) Increased production of IL-1b, IL- 6, TNFa
and GM-CSF in mononuclear cells in vitro
Xi Yang Shen (Radix
Panacis Quinquefolii)
Increased TNF production, reversal of suppression of cytokine
production in mice after cyclophosphamide. Increased IL-2 and IFNg by murine splenic lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo and IL-2
and IFN-g production in mice after cyclophosphamide
Shu Di Huang (Radix
Rehmanniae Glutinosae
Conquitae)
Increased DNA and protein synthesis in lymphocytes, IL-2
production, T- lymphocyte proliferation, and NK and CTL activity in
murine splenocytes. Reduced immunosupression effect in mice
caused by cyclosphosphamide and steroids
Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus
Ligustri Lucidi)
Lessened leukopenia due to chemotherapy or radiation
Liu Zhi (Radix Salix)
Improved regenerative capacity of bone marrow after chemotherapy
* In some cases, other herbs included in combination therapy25-26
Traditional Chinese herbs for hematopoeisis during chemotherapy
Back to the Table of Contents
Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners apply Fu Zheng, or supportive therapy, to benefit
patients during chemotherapy. As we stated above, one aim is to restore hematopoeitic function
to improve peripheral blood counts. A herbal formula used to improve leukopenia is Shi Quan Da
Bu Tang (All-Inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction) which is an ancient formula first introduced
during the latter Han Dynasty (25-220 C.E.). Shen et al. studied the effects of this formula on
improving white blood counts in 134 patients with cancer who had previously undergone
chemotherapy and radiation therapy that resulted in leukopenia. Following treatment, 113 of the
134 patients had an increase in WBC levels to normal40. In a study of 58 patients with
osteogenic sarcoma undergoing chemotherapy with either cisplatin and dexamethasone (CD) or
high dose methotraxate and vincristine (MV), patients receiving standard palliative care were
randomly assigned to a herbal regimen or observation. In the herbal therapy arm, improvements
in WBC and platelet counts were seen in the MV group and there was less transaminase enzyme
elevation in the MV group. Patients in the herbal therapy arm in both chemotherapy groups also
showed improvement in post therapy cardiac function (as measured by ECG reading), less
nausea and vomiting and fewer skin rashes41.
Herbs from the berberidaceae family can increase white blood cells. E Zhu (Rhizoma Curcumae
Zedoariae) and Rou Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae) have been shown in humans and in
animals to offset the bone marrow suppressive effect of chemotherapy.
Several herbs have been shown to have bone marrow stimulatory (hematopoietic) effects,
including Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis), Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and Ren
Shen (Radix Ginseng). The herbs Ji Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis Jixueteng) and Dang Gui (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) can also treat anaemia by increasing red blood cells13-14.
Peripheral neuropathy in TCM
Back to the Table of Contents
The induction of peripheral neuropathy is a common factor in limiting therapy with
chemotherapeutic drugs. Little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the development
of neuropathy. Depending on the substance used, a pure sensory and painful neuropathy (with
cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin) or a mixed sensorimotor neuropathy with or without
involvement of the autonomic nervous system (with vincristine, taxol, suramin) can ensue.
Neurotoxicity depends on the total cumulative dose and the type of drug used. In individual cases
neuropathy can evolve even after a single drug application. A general predisposition for
developing a chemotherapy-induced neuropathy has been observed in nerves previously damaged
by diabetes mellitus, alcohol or inherited neuropathy. The recovery from symptoms is often
incomplete and a long period of regeneration is required to restore function. Up to now, no drug
is available to reliably prevent or cure chemotherapy-induced neuropathy42.
In traditional Chinese medicine peripheral neuropathy was usually classified as wiltingimpediment syndrome (wei bi). As in modern medicine, it implies a vast array of disorders of the
nerves and muscles. The manifestations are many and it is difficult to diagnose and treat
accurately. In Chinese medicine nerves were not described in the literature until Chinese
medicine was exposed to Western medicine influences. Wilting-impediment syndrome was
mainly associated with the affect of various aetiologies on the channels (meridians). It was
classified and described from as early as the first major medical classic, the Yellow Emperors
Classic of Medicine (Neijing).
Studies have reported that acupuncture can be safe and effective in improving pain and the
clinical course of herpes zoster, a side effect encountered by patients undergoing chemotherapy. 43
Acupuncture has also shown a positive effect on the regeneration of nerve tissue as evidenced by
improved nerve conduction in patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy44-46, 47-48. The potential
to improve upon peripheral neuropathy symptoms encountered by the use of adjuvant paclitaxel
(Taxol) remains unstudied. The herbs Tian Ma (Rhizoma Gastrodiae Elatae) and Du Zhong
(Cortex Eucommiae Ulmoidis) show a nerve-regenerating effect in animal models . 49
The following is a traditional classification and treatment of wilting-impediment syndrome that
correspond to peripheral neuropathy induced by various chemotherapeutic agents:
Bone wilting (gu wei)
Symptoms: limp aching lumbar spine preventing normal movement, weak atrophying lower limbs
preventing the patient from getting out of bed, weak teeth and a somber dark facial complexion.
Hu Qian Wan (Hidden Tiger Pill) Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae
Conquitae), Gui Ban (Plastrum Testudinis), Huang Bai (Cortex Phellodendri), Zhi
Mu (Radix Anemarrhenae Asphodeloidis), Long Gu (Os Draconis), Suo Yang
(Herba Cynomorii Songarici), Huai Niu Xi (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), Dang
Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), Chen Pi
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), Gan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis), Yang
Rou (Lamb Meat).
Jin Gang Wan (Metal Strength Pill) Sha Yuan Ji Li (Semen Astragali Complanati),
Qian Shi (Semen Euryales Ferox), Lian Xu (Stamen Nelumbinis Nucifera), Su Zhi
Long Gu (Crispy Fried Os Draconis), Duan Mu Li (Calcined Concha Ostreae),
Lian Zi Rou (Semen Nelumbinis Nuciferae), Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi),
Gui Ban (Plastrum Testudinis)
.
Flesh wilting (rou wei)
Symptoms: numbness of the muscles, in severe cases inability to move the limbs.
Zhi Lian Er Chen Tang (Gardenia and Coptis Two-Cured Decoction)Ban Xia
(Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae), Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), Fu Ling
(Sclerotium Poriae Cocos), Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis), Zhi Zi
(Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis), Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis), Wu Mei
(Fructus Pruni Mume).
Vessel wilting (mai wei)
Symptoms: the joints in the four limbs are as if they are broken, inability to lift the limbs, and
weakness in the lower leg preventing the patient from standing.
Si Wu Tang (Four-Substance Decoction) Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae
Glutinosae Conquitae), Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Bai Shao (Radix
Paeoniae Lactiflorae), Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii).
Damp-heat wilting (shi re wei)
Symptoms: atrophy of the muscles of the limbs, slight swelling, and numbness of the lower limbs,
generalised sense of heaviness, oppression in the chest, difficult dark urination.
Jia Wei Er Miao San (Supplemented Two-Marvel Powder) Huang Bai (Cortex
Phellodendri), Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Huai Niu Xi (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae), Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis Lachryma-jobi), Huang Qin (Radix
Scutellariae Baicalensis).
Damp phlegm wilting (shi tan wei)
Symptoms: Atrophy and weakness of the limbs, lower legs and knees, fatigue.
Er Cheng Tang Jia Jian (Modified Two-Cured Decoction) In addition to Er Cheng
Tang: Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis), Huang Bai (Cortex
Phellodendri), Zhu Li (Succus Bambusae), Jiang Zhi (Ginger juice).
Dryness-heat wilting (zao re wei)
Symptoms: limpness of the extremities, movement is difficult and stiff, dry skin and hair, dry
mouth and parched lips.
Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang (Eliminate Dryness and Rescue the Lungs Decoction) Sang
Ye (Folium Mori Albae), Shi Gao (Gypsum), Mai Men Dong (Tuber
Ophiopogonis Japonici), E Jiao (Gelatinum Asini), Hei Zhi Ma (Semen Sesami
Indici), Ku Xing Ren (Semen Pruni Armeniacae), Mi Zhi Pi Pa Ye (Honey-fried
Folium Eriobotryae Japonicae), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Gan Cao (Radix
Glycyrrhizae Uralensis).
Blood stasis wilting (xue yu wei)
Symptoms: atrophy, limpness, and pain in the limbs, difficult movement
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (Four-Substance Decoction with Safflower and Peach Pit)
Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae
Glutinosae Conquitae), Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii), Bai Shao (Radix
Paeoniae Lactiflorae), Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii), Tao Ren (Semen
Persicae)
.
Blood impediment (xue bi)
Symptoms: numbness and pain in the limbs.
Dang Gui Tang (Tangkuei Decoction) Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Hou
Po (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis), Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis), Ban
Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Shan Jiao
(Zanthoxyli Piperati). or Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang (Astragalus and
Cinnamon Twig Five-Substance Decoction) Huang Qi (Radix Astragali), Gui Zhi
(Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae), Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis
Recens), Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), Da Zao.
Blood vacuity impediment (xue xu bi)
Symptoms: numbness of the skin and inabillity to lift the limbs.
Dang Gui Jian Zhong Tang (Tangkuei Decoction to Construct the Middle) Dang
Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Yi Tang (Saccharum Granorum), Gui Zhi
(Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae), Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), Zhi Gan
Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparatae), Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Officinalis Recens), Da Zao (Fructus Zizyphi Jujubae).
Qi vacuity impediment (qi xu bi)
Symptoms: inhibited movement of the joints, cold body and numbness in the limbs.
Si Jun Zi Tang (Four-Gentlemen Decoction) plus Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti
Carmichaeli Praeparatae) and Rou Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae).
Flesh impediment (rou bi)
Symptoms: pain in the muscles that may be accompanied by sweating all over the body, limp
atrophied muscles, numbness of the skin and clouded spirit.
Shen Xiao Huang Qi Tang (Wondrous Effect Astragalus Decoction) Huang Qi
(Radix Astragali), Yi Tang (Saccharum Granorum), Gui Zhi (Ramulus
Cinnamomi Cassiae), Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), Zhi Gan Cao (Radix
Glycyrrhizae Praeparatae), Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis Recens),
Da Zao (Fructus Zizyphi Jujubae), Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), Dang
Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis).
Bone impediment (gu bi)
Symptoms: pain and swelling of the joints, heavy sensation of the bones, aching of the bones and
bone marrow, difficulty in lifting the limbs.
Wu Bi Tang (Five Impediment Decoction) plus Long Gu (Os Draconis), Du Huo
(Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) at least 30g, Rou Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae),
Niu Xi (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), Huang Qi (Radix Astragali) and Bei Xie
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae): Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Du Huo
(Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae), Qin Jiao
(Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), Hai Feng Teng (Caulis Piperis), Sang Zhi
(Ramulus Mori Albae), Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Chuan Xiong
(Radix Ligustici Wallichii), Mu Xiang (Radix Saussureae seu Vladimirae), Ru
Xiang (Gummi Olibanum), Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis), Fang Feng
(Radix Ledebouriellae Sesloidis), Wei Ling Xian (Radix Clemetidis Chinensis),
Cang Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis).
Each of the above has a specific traditional aetiology, or underlying pattern, associated with it.
Generally speaking the pattern is identified by determining whether it is internal or external in
origin, yin or yang in nature, and whether it exhibits signs of repletion or vacuity and is
characterised by wind, cold, damp or heat symptoms. The complexity of the pattern and the
identification of the specific disorder create a variety of treatment principles. It is further
complicated by the fact that each patient may report differences in their subjective symptoms and
signs. That will create a mixture of the treatment principles that make the treatment quite
individualised. In the case of iatrogenic peripheral neuropathy, caused by the use of paclitaxil
(taxol) the definitions of external and internal are hard to clarify, and yin and yang can be mixed
in their manifestations. Therefore, careful observation of the symptoms and signs is required.
Standard acupuncture point selection
Points from the standard point selection for peripheral neuropathy can be utilised
at each treatment depending on the limbs and the side the neuropathy is
experienced. Hegu L.I.-4, Waiguan SJ-5, Zusanli ST-36, Jiexi ST-41,
Yanglingquan GB-34, Xuanzhong GB-39.
Indications for additional acupuncture point selection
Heat in the Lung: Chize LU-5
Damp heat: Pishu BL-20, Yinlingquan SP-9
Liver and Kidney essence vacuity: Ganshu BL-18, Shenshu BL-23
Vessel wilting impediment: Ganshu BL-18, Shenshu BL-23
Bone wilting impediment: Taixi KID-3
Flesh wilting impediment: Mingmen DU-4
Sinew wilting impediment: Taichong LIV-3
Shoulder and elbow involvement: Jianyu L.I.-15, Quchi L.I.-11
Hip involvement: Biguan ST-31, Huantiao GB-30
Addendum: The use of docetaxel (Taxotere) in early stage breast cancer
Back to the Table of Contents
Several clinical trials have explored the efficacy of docetaxel (Taxotere) as primary
chemotherapy for breast cancer. Two large, randomised phase III trials have demonstrated
significant improvements in clinical and pathologic response rates with the sequential addition of
docetaxel to an anthracycline-containing preoperative regimen. A trial conducted in the United
Kingdom demonstrated that docetaxel sequential to CVAP (cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan,
Neosar], vincristine, doxorubicin [Adriamycin], prednisolone) produced a higher overall clinical
response rate (94% vs 66%, P = .001) and pathologic complete response rate (34% vs 18%)
compared to additional cycles of CVAP as primary chemotherapy. This translated into a survival
advantage for docetaxel-treated patients, whose 3-year disease-free and overall survival were
significantly improved (97% vs 84%; 90% vs 77%, P = .03). The results of the National Surgical
Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) protocol B-27 demonstrated that primary
doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel significantly increased the clinical
complete response (65% vs 40%, P < .001) and pathologic complete response rates (25.6% vs
13.7%, P < .001) and decreased the rate of positive axillary nodes (40.5% vs 48.5%, P = .01).
Final analysis of NSABP B-27 may also potentially demonstrate improved disease-free and
overall survivals. Additional phase II and phase III randomised trials have compared
docetaxel/anthracycline combinations with standard anthracycline-based regimens. In the BCIRG
001 trial comparing TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) with FAC 5- fluorouracil,
doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) in the adjuvant treatment of node positive breast cancer (BC)
patients, the interim analysis after 33 months of follow up TAC shows statistically significant
improvements in disease free survival (DFS) (32% risk reduction) and overall survival (OS) in
patients with 1-3 positive lymph nodes (54% risk reduction). Women on this trial suffered more
febrile neutropenia (24% vs. 2%) and severe infections (2.8% vs. 1.3%) with TAC. Other
significant side effects to TAC were severe asthenia (11%) and stomatitis (7%). Final analysis
will be available in three years when 5 years of follow up will be concluded. Due to the fact that
the interim analysis shows such promising benefit at this time many oncologists offer TAC to
women with even earlier disease. Unfortunately jumping to such conclusions may prove
ineffective especially in lieu of the excitement paclitaxel (taxol) created in its early adjuvant trials
of the mid 1990's.50-52
Taxotere can cause severe bone marrow suppression in women with breast cancer (neutropenia
98.5%, leukopenia 98.6%, thrombocytopenia 9.2%, anemia 93.6% and febrile neutropenia
12.3%). It can also cause hypersensitivity reactions (any 17.6%, severe 2.6%) with flushing,
localised skin irritations and acute fluid retention. Generally patients are premedicated with the
corticosteroid dexamethazone (decadron) in order to prevent severe hypersensitivity events. Fluid
retention occurs in 59.7% of women, neuropathy in 58.3%, skin irritations in 47%, stomatitis in
51.7%, hair loss in 74.2%, fatigue in 66.3% muscular pain in 21.1%, joint pain in 8.2%, nausea in
42%, vomiting in 23.4%, diarrhoea in 42.6%53. The caveat with diarrhea or abdominal pain with
women undergoing taxotere chemotherapy is that they may develop severe colitis with possible
bowel perforation. This symptom should be taken seriously if encountered.54
Various TCM treatments can help prevent and treat many of the above symptoms. The difficulty
is addressing all the possible symptoms at once. From a TCM point of view taxotere seems to
damage the jing and yin fluids, causing severe bone marrow suppression with deficient heat
symptoms and possible acute separation of yin and yang causing hypersensitivity reaction, severe
oedema, bowel perforation and septic death (1.4%).
The inclusion in the Formula during Taxotere chemotherapy of the heat clearing herbs Pu Gong
Ying (Herba Taraxaci Mongolici cum Radice), Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and
Sheng Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae), as well as the increased dose of He Shou Wu
(Radix Polygoni Multiflori), is to address these possible dangers. In older women Bie Jia
(Carapax Amydae Sinensis) and Bai Hua She She Cao (Herba Oldenlandiae Diffusae) can be
considered as well. Bu Gu Zhi (Fructus Psoraleae Corylifoliae) is very significant in this formula
since it can reduce hypersensitivity reactions as well as prevent neuropathy and myalgias.
Stomatitis
Symptom: heat, pain, increased flow of saliva, bad breath (rancid smell usually), restlessness,
sometimes fever, loss of appetite.
Rinse mouth with Green tea (3 grams) + Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae)
(10 grams). Steep with boiling water for 3-5 minutes. An alternative to this rinse is
Xuan Shen (Radix Scrophulariae Ningpoensis) (10 grams) prepared and
administered in the same way.
Skin Rashes
Add to the main formula:
Sheng Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae) increase to 30- 60 grams
Shan Zhu Yu (Fructus Corni Officinalis)
Mu Dan Pi (Cortex Moutan Radicis)
Rou Cong Rong (Herba Cistanches) Although messy an external wash can be
prepared with:
Ku Shen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) 30 grams
Huang Bai (Cortex Phellodendri) 30
Bai Xian Pi (Cortex Dictamni Dasycarpi Radicis) 15
Boil with 4 cups of water for 60 minutes and apply to affected areas with a wet
gauze for 60 minutes.
Conclusion
Back to the Table of Contents
From the limited scientific research and empirical evidence, TCM therapies hold the potential to
play an important role in ameliorating the many toxic side effects of chemotherapy and radiation
for early stage breast cancer as well as in improving long term outcome. Very sparse and
conflicting data currently exists on the mechanisms and clinical benefits of these therapies.
Moreover, the practice of TCM modalities is highly individualised rather than standardised. The
current literature reflects the heterogeneity of the therapies studied, and conclusions are usually
limited by inadequately described outcome measures and statistical methods. Nevertheless, these
approaches enjoy tremendous interest and use worldwide given their historical and natural appeal.
The lay press, media, and even many books and articles aimed at women with breast cancer
provide extensive coverage of these modalities and even recommendations for their use, yet there
has been very little dissemination of scientific critiques of these therapies. This may be due to a
commonly held belief that TCM modalities are not amenable to the same types of analytical
studies inthe laboratory and clinic that are reserved for biomedical innovations. Though the
practice of TCM has been modified over time, some empirically derived observations may be
clinically useful, even if the physiologic basis remains unclear. We hypothesise that certain
traditional Chinese medical disease categories may in fact relate to modern molecular and cellular
biology classifications. Just as necessary vitamins and cofactors are derived from plants, so
possibly are substances that may be useful in certain disease states. Furthermore, it is plausible
that in some cases, the biological effects of herbs in higher organisms require several components
whose presence in the plant may have evolved over time. There are examples of biological
activity of herbal extracts that cannot be replicated with any single pure compound isolated and
purified from the extract. On the other hand, many modern drugs originated from single plantderived molecules.
In order to validate the usefulness of TCM for women with breast cancer, there is a need for
safety and feasibility studies followed by controlled studies with well defined and clinically
relevant endpoints and with adequate statistical power. Given its purported activities in symptom
control, immunological effects and anti-tumour activity, TCM is an attractive modality to study
in the adjuvant setting. Several difficulties remain in conducting such trials, however. A method
for prioritising agents for study needs further refinement given the discordance in the literature
and the numerous herbs used. In some cases, it may be difficult to separately evaluate modalities
that are commonly used together - for example, herbal agents and acupuncture. Assessing safety
may be difficult in patients receiving chemotherapy or in those with other co-morbid problems.
Innovations in trial design such as cross-over schemes or 2:1 randomisations may improve
accrual. Interpreting data from pilot trials is difficult because of weaker conclusions from
multiple datapoint and other exploratory analyses. The ultimate demonstration of benefit will
require large randomised studies, and so far, few funding mechanisms exist for such large-scale
trials.
Formularies for Traditional Chinese Medicine in the
Treatment of Breast Cancer
Formula for AC Chemotherapy
Back to the Table of Contents
Herb (name)
Dose (grams)
Huang Qi (Radix Astragali)
30
Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)
15
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
12
Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae Cocos)
15
Ze Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis Plantago-aquaticae)
10
Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis)
15
Huang Jing (Rhizoma Polygonati)
15
Tian Men Dong (Tuber Asparagi Cochinchinensis)
12
Mai Men Dong (Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici)
12
Ji Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis Jixueteng)
20
He Shou Wu (Radix Polygoni Multiflori)
12
Bei Sha Shen (Radix Glehniae Littoralis)
15
Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis Recens)
10
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae)
10
Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae)
15
Shi Di (Calyx Kaki Diospyri)
20
Xi Yang Shen (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii)
12
Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae Conquitae)
12
Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi)
15
Qian Shi (Semen Euryales Ferox)
10
Formula for CMF Chemotherapy
(to be taken throughout the treatment and modified according to symptoms)
Back to the Table of Contents
Herb (name)
Dose (grams)
Huang Qi (Radix Astragali)
30
Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae)
12
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
10
Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae Cocos)
10
Ze Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis Plantago-aquaticae)
10
Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis)
15
Huang Jing (Rhizoma Polygonati)
15
Mai Men Dong (Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici)
10
Ji Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis Jixueteng)
20
He Shou Wu (Radix Polygoni Multiflori)
10
Bei Sha Shen (Radix Glehniae Littoralis)
15
Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Officinalis Recens)
8
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae)
10
Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae)
10
Shi Di (Calyx Kaki Diospyri)
10
Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae Conquitae)
12
Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi)
15
Qian Shi (Semen Euryales Ferox) 10 Yu Jin (Tuber Curcumae)
10
Wu Yao (Radix Linderae Strychnifoliae)
10
Formula During Taxol Chemotherapy
(to be taken throughout the treatment and modified according to symptoms)
Back to the Table of Contents
Herb (name)
Dose (grams)
Huang Qi (Radix Astragali)
30
Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae)
12
Bu Gu Zhi (Fructus Psoraleae Corylifoliae)
15
Gu Sui Bu (Rhizoma Gusuibu)
15
Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii)
15
Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)
15
Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi)
15
Ji Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis Jixueteng)
30
He Shou Wu (Radix Polygoni Multiflori)
10
Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis)
15
Huang Jing (Rhizoma Polygonati)
15
Tai Zi Shen (Radix Pseudostellariae Heterophyllae)
12
Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae Cocos)
10
Ze Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis Plantago-aquaticae)
10
Bei Sha Shen (Radix Glehniae Littoralis)
15
Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae Conquitae) 12
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
10
Chun Gen Bai Pi (Cortex Ailanthi Altissimae)
15
Formula During Taxotere Chemotherapy
(to be taken throughout the treatment and modified according to symptoms)
Back to the Table of Contents
Herb (name)
Dose (grams)
Huang Qi (Radix Astragali)
30
Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae)
12
Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Wallichii)
15
Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)
15
Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi)
15
Ji Xue Deng Xin Cao (Medulla Junci Effusi)
30
He Shou Wu (Radix Polygoni Multiflori)
15
Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis)
15
Huang Jing (Rhizoma Polygonati)
15
Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae Cocos)
10
Ze Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis Plantago-aquaticae)
10
Bei Sha Shen (Radix Glehniae Littoralis)
15
Sheng Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae)
12
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
10
Chun Gen Bai Pi (Cortex Ailanthi Altissimae)
15
Pu Gong Ying (Herba Taraxaci Mongolici cum Radice)
20
Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae)
15
Bu Gu Zhi (Fructus Psoraleae Corylifoliae)
10
Tables and Studies - Traditional Chinese Medicine in
the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Table1: Commonly Prescribed Herbs for Prevention of Breast Cancer
Back to the Table of Contents
Pinyin
name
Chai
Hu
Botanical name
and family
Traditional
indications
Radix Bupleurum
chinensis DC.
(Umbelliferae)
Reducing
fever, soothing
the liver and
upper GI, cures
organ ptosis.
Modern research
CNS effects
(antipyretic effect,
sedative effect,
analgesic and
antitussive effect.)
Anti-inflammatory
effect. GI effect
Chemical constituents
Triterpene saponins:
saikosaponins a, b1- b4,
c, d, e and f. Essential
oils: bupleurmol,
spinasterol, stigmasterol
(hepato-protective
and choleretic effect,
prevents gastric ulcer.
Hypolipemic effect.
Antimicrobial effect,
protects from renal
damage.
Dang
Gui
Radix Angelica
sinensis (Oliv.)
Diels
(Umbelliferae)
Enriching the
blood and
activating
blood
circulation.
Regulating
menstruation
and relieving
menstrual pain.
Used for
constipation.
Different fractions
can both inhibit and
stimulate uterine
contractions.
Endometrial
proliferation without
direct oestrogenic
effect was found.
Decreases contraction
magnitude and
frequency of heart
muscle. Significantly
dilates and increases
coronary flow.
Decreases artery
pressure while
reducing arterial
resistance and
increasing arterial
flow. Inhibits platelet
aggregation and
serotonin release.
Decreases blood
lipids and reduces
arteriosclerosis.
Analgesic effect.
Antiasthmatic effect.
Essential oils:
ligustilide, ferulic acid,
n-butyli-denephthalide,
nvalero- phenone-Ocarboxylic acid.
Novolatile: brefeldin A,
sitosterol, stigmasterol,
sitosterol-D-glucoside,
vitamin A, B12 and E.
Bai
Shao
Radix Paeonia
lactiflora Pall.
(Ranunculaceae)
Supplements
blood, controls
pain, alleviates
sudden onset of
disease,
subdues
hyperactive
liver, controls
excessive
sweating.
Antispasmodic and
analgesic effect by
lowering muscle
tonicity. Sedative
effect, inhibits gastric
secretions and inhibits
gastric ulceration.
Antibacterial effect.
Protects from
myocardial ischemia
and from platelet
Paeoniflorin, paeonol,
paeonin, albiflorin,
oxypaeoniflorin,
benzoylpaeoniflorin and
paeoniflorigenone.
Benzoic acid, sitosterol,
gallotannin,
pedunculagin.
Polysaccharide: peonan
SA. Acidic
polysaccharide: peonan
Chen
Pi
Pericarpium
Regulating the
Citrus reticulata
flow of qi and
blanco (Rutaceae) invigorating
digestive
function.
Eliminating
damp and
resolving
phlegm.
Inhibits GI
smooth muscle
movement.
Wang Semen Vaccariae
Bu Liu pyramidata
Xing
Medic.
(Caryophyllacea)
Moves blood,
regulates
menses,
increases
lactation,
disperses
swelling
carbuncles,
promotes
healing of
incised
wounds.
aggregation. Causes
coronary and
peripheral
vasodialation.
SB, peonan PA and
Triterpenoids.
Inhibits gastric
ulceration without
inhibition of gastric
secretions.
Expectorant and
antitussive effect.
Anti-inflammatory
and antiallergic effect.
Relaxes uterine
muscle contraction.
Essential oil: dlimonene, citrol.
Monoterpenes: pinene,
pinene, camphene,
myrcene, 3-carene,
phellandrene,
phellandrene, terpinene.
Flavones, alkaloids,
synephrine and Nmethyltyramine.
Stimulates uterine
contraction.
Saponins: vacasegoside,
isosaponarin. Starch, fat,
alkaloids, cyclic
peptides.
Table2: Formulas Commonly Used in the Trials
Back to the Table of Contents
Formula Name
TCM Differentiation
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao San (Moutan and Gardenia Rambling Powder) plus
Yi Huang Tang (Change Yellow Discharge Decoction) plus San Miao Liver qi depression with
San (Three Wonders Powder ) with Xiang Fu (Rhizoma Cypery
damp heat pattern
rotundi)
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao San (Moutan and Gardenia Rambling Powder) plus
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (Persica and Carthamus Four Materials
Liver qi depression with
Decoction) plus Qing Pi (Pericarpium Citri reticulatae viridis), Yan
blood stasis pattern
Hu Suo (Rhizoma Corydalis) and Yu Jin (Rhizoma Curcuma)
Dan Shen Gui Pi Tang (Salvia Restore the Spleen Decoction) plus
Xiang Fu (Rhizoma Cyperi rotundi) and Yu Jin (Rhizoma Curcuma)
Liver qi depression with
heart/ spleen vacuity
pattern
Table 3: Formulas Used in Sixth Breast Cancer Prevention Trial
Back to the Table of Contents
1. For Liver QI Depression and Binding
Pattern
2. For Irregularity of the Chong and Ren
Pattern
Chai Hu (Radix Bupleuri)
Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae
Conquitae)
Dang Gui (Radix Angelica Sinensis)
Shan Yao (Radix Dioscoreae Oppositae)
Chi Shao (Radix Paeoniae Rubrae)
Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii Chinensis)
Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae)
Shan Zhu Yu (Fructus Corni Officinalis)
Tao Ren (Semen Persicae)
Lu Jiao Jiao (Colla Cornu Cervi)
Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii)
Tu Si Zi (Semen Cuscutae)
Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)
Xia Ku Cao (Spica Prunellae Vulgaris)
Xiang Fu (Rhizoma Cyperi Rotundi)
Hai Zao (Herba Sargassii)
Xia Ku Cao (Spica Prunellae Vulgaris)
Kun Bu (Thallus Algae)
Lian Qiao (Fructus Forsythiae Suspensae)
Hong Hua (Flos Carthami Tinctorii)
Chuan Lian Zi (Fructus Meliae Toosendan)
Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae)
Gua Lou Ren (Semen Trichosanthis)
Chen Pi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae)
Yan Hu Suo (Rhizoma Corydalis Yanhusuo)
Chuan Sha Jia (Squama Manitis
Pentadactylae)
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae)
Hai Zao (Herba Sargassii)
Kun Bu (Thallus Algae)
The herbs were made into capsules and given 6 capsules 3 times a day for formula 1, and 4
capsules 3 times a day for formula 2.
Table 4: Herbs Commonly Prescribed with Chemotherapy, and Chinese
Anticancer Agents
Back to the Table of Contents
Botanical name
and family
Traditional
indications
Huang Qi
Radix Astragalus
membranaceus
(Fisch.) Bge.
(Leguminosae)
Supplements
qi, increases
yang,
consolidates
the surface,
increases
resistance to
disease,
controls
sweating,
delivers
fluids,
disperses
swelling,
discharges
pus.
Increased CD4/CD8
ratio and
phagocytic
activity in patients
with gastric cancer
undergoing
chemotherapy.
Stimulation of
lymphocyte IL-2,
IL-3, IL-6, TNFa
and IFN-g.
Diuretic effect and
antinephrotoxic
effect.
Antiinflammatory
effect.
Hepatoprotective
effect.
Saponins:
astragalosides I-VIII,
acetylastragaloside I.
Flavones: kaempferol,
quercitin, isorhamnetin,
rhamnocitin,
formononetin,
calycosin.
Polysaccharides:
astragalans I,II,III.
Glucans: AG-1 and
AG- 2.
Bai Zhu
Rhizoma
Atractylodis
macrocephalae
Koidz.
(Compositae)
Replenishes
qi and
reinforces the
spleen.
Harmonises
the spleen
and stomach,
relieves
fatigue.
Induces
diuresis and
eliminates
damp. Arrests
excessive
perspiration
and
spontaneous
Increased
phagocytosis,
lymphocyte
transformation,
rosette formation,
and serum IgG
post
chemotherapy.
Increases body
weight and
endurance.
Potentiates
reticuloendothelial
system. Diuretic
effect,
antiulcerative
effect,
Essential oil:s
atractylon. Lactones:
atractylenolides II,III.
Vitamin A.
Sesquiterpene and
furfural.
Pinyin name
Modern research Chemical Constituents
sweating.
hypoglycaemic
effect.
Anticoagulant
effect.
Hepatoprotective
effect. Lowers
blood pressure and
dialates blood
vessels.
Ling Zhi
Ganoderma
lucidum (Leyss.
Ex Fr.) Karst.
(Basidiomycetes)
Nourishes,
tonifies,
supplements
qi and blood.
Removes
toxins,
astringes
essence and
disperses
accumulation.
Relieves
fatigue and
subdues
deficiency
insomnia.
Antitussive effect.
Expectorant
effect.
Hypotensive
effect.
Hepatoprotective
effect.
Antibacterial
effect. Sensitises
radiation effect.
Protects from
radiation damage.
Immune
stimulating effect.
Ergosterol, coumarin,
mannitol,
polysaccharides,
organic acids, resins.
Dang Shen
Radix
Codonopsis
pilosula
(Franch.) Nannf.
(Campanulaceae)
Tonifies qi,
increases
body
resistance,
promotes
digestion &
absorption of
nutrients.
Increases
secretion of
body fluids.
Promotes
digestion and
metabolism.
Stimulates the
CNS: decreases
monoxidase-B
(MAO-B) activity
in the brain.
Hematopeiteic.
Hypotensive
effect.
Significantly
decreases
erythrocyte
electrophoretic
time and
fibrinogen.
Enhances cardiac
function and
increases
tolerance to cold
Phytosterols and
triterpenes: spinasterol
and Dglucopyranoside,
7-stigmasterol, 5,22stigmasterol, taraxerol,
taraxeryl acetate and
friedelin. Phenols:
syringaldehyde, vanillic
acid, syringin,
tangshenoside I.
Essential oils: methyl
palmitate, octadecane,
nonadecane,
heptadecane, carboxylic
acid.
without increasing
body weight and it
elevates activity of
superoxide
dismutase (SOD).
Increases
phagocytosis.
Promotes
leukocyte
production.
Increases
haemoglobin
levels, antagonises
insulin induced
hypoglycaemia,
but was
ineffective with
phagocytosis and
the transformation
of lymphocytes. It
also inhibited type
II allergic
reactions and
stimulated the
adrenal cortex
Inhibits
transplanted
sarcoma 180 in
mice.
Fu Ling
Sclerotium Poria
cocos (Schw.)
Wolf
(Polyporaceae)
Induces
diuresis and
excretes
dampness.
Invigorates
the spleen
function.
Tranquillises
the mind.
Increased
monocyte GMCSF production
Enhanced
recovery of
myelosuppression
in mice after
radiation.
Increased
spontaneous
rosette formation,
lymphocyte
transformation,
and serum IgG.
Diuretic effect.
Sedative effect.
Antitumour
Polysaccharide: pachyman. Triterpene:
pachymic acid,
tumulosic acid,
eburicoic acid, pinicolic
acid.
promotion effect.
Increases cardiac
contractility.
Antineoplastic
agents
Pu Gong Ying
Herba
Taraxacum
mongolicum
Hand.- Mazz.
(Compositae)
Removes
toxic heat.
Removes
swelling and
nodulation.
Relieves
dysuria.
Antimicrobial
effect. Immune
stimulating effect:
increases
peripheral
lymphoblast
transformation
rate. Choloretic
effect and
hepatoprotective
effect.
Taraxasterol,
taraxacerin, taraxicin,
choline, inulin and
pectins.
Jin Yin Hua
Flos Lonicera
japonica Thunb.
(Caprifoliaceae)
Removes
toxic heat.
Dispels wind
heat.
Antimicrobial
effect. Antiinflammatory
effect,
antilipaemic
effect. Decreases
pregnancy rate
after mating.
Antispasmodic
effect. Diuretic
effect.
Chlorogenic acid.
Inositol and flavonone.
Essential oils: 2,6,6trimethyl-2-vinyl-5hydroxytetrahydropyran
and linalool.
Shan Ci Gu
Bulbus
Cremastra
variabilis
(Blume) Nakai
(Orichidaceae)
Reduces heat.
Removes
toxins,
disperses
accumulation,
dissipates
swelling.
Antineoplastic
Tulipine, colchicines.
effect. Cardiotonic
effect. Antiviral
effect.
Huang Yao Zi
Rhizoma
Dioscorea
bulbifera L.
(Dioscoreaceae)
Resolves
phlegm.
Controls
cough.
Disperses
goitre and
controls
bleeding.
Antibacterial
effect. Antifungal
effect. Increases
uterine
contraction.
Terpenoids: diosbulbin
A,B,C,D. 2,4,6,7tetrahydroxy-9,10dihydrophenanthrene,
2,4,5,6- tetrahydroxyphenanthrene. Tannin.
Bai Hua She
She Cao
Herba
Oldenladia
diffusa (Willd.)
Roxb.
(Rubiaceae)
Removes
toxic damp
heat, clears
abscesses,
infections
with fever.
Increases
phagocytosis,
lowers fever,
arrests growth of
spermatogonia
and empties
convoluted
seminiferoous
tubules.
Iridoid glycosides:
oldenlandosides Aand
B. hentriacontane,
stigmasterol, ursolic
acid, oleanolic acid, b
sitosterol, sitosterolDglucoside, p-coumaric
acid and flavonoid
glycosides.
Table 5: Histology and Chinese Medical Syndrome Classification
Back to the Table of Contents
Chinese Medical Differentiation
Type
Classification
Invasive
Non-Invasive
Stage
Sim;
Ad
Sc
Med
Ecz
DCIS
LCIS
Liver
Spleen
Stasis
Def
1
16
19
2
2
1
37
7
40
22
4
II
21
22
3
2
6
37
33
1
1
III
15
21
2
17
15
2
19
IV
22
18
8
11
2
19
Total
74
80
7
4
7
37
7
102
81
9
24
%
34.3
37.0
3.2
1.9
3.2
47.3
37.5
4.2
11.1
Sim= Carcinoma; Ad=Adenocarcinoma; Sc= Scirrhous; Med= Medullary carcinoma; Ecz= Eczematoid cancer;
DCIS= Presence of Ductal Carcinoma In-situ; LCIS= Lobular Carcinoma In-situ; Liver= Liver Stagnation
(Depression) Qi Stagnation Type; Spleen= Spleen Deficiency with Phlegm and Damp Type; Stasis= Stasis and
Toxin Type; Def= Blood and Qi Deficiency Type
Table 6: Five Year Survival Rates for 216 Cases of Breast Cancer
Back to the Table of Contents
Stage
Total
N of survivors
% of survivors
N of Deaths
% of Deaths
I+ DCIS, LCIS
66
65
98.5
1/td>
1.5
II
72
71
98.6
1
1.4
III
38
30
78.9
8
21.1
IV
40
4
10.0
36
90.0
Total
216
170
78.7
46
21.3
Table 7: Relationship Between Five Year Survival Rates and Age
Back to the Table of Contents
Age
Under 30
31-40
41-50
51-60
Over 60
Survivors
170
2
13
95
47
13
Deaths
46
0
6
16
17
7
Total
216
2
19
111
64
20
Of the 216 patients, 8 received Chinese herbal medicine as sole therapy; the remaining patients
received a combination of TCM and WM treatment. The herbs were administered daily from
between 5 years and 3 months to 17 years. Between 1970-1980 CMF (Cyclophosphamide,
Methotraxate and 5-Fluorouracil) chemotherapy was used and since 1980 adriamycin or
mitoxanthrone replaced cyclophosphomide. The dose and schedule of chemotherapy were similar
to common oncological practice.
The overall 5 year survival rate was 78.7% (170/216) for all stages. The 5-year survival rate was
related to age and histological classification as follows. The highest percentage of 5-year
survivors (86%) was in the 41-50 year old population (see tables 6 & 7). In terms of histological
classification, highest survival rates were observed in patients with adenocarcinoma (91.3%).
An analysis of the TCM classifications reveals that prognosis varies according to traditional
pattern differentiation with qi and blood deficiency type being the worst prognosis (see table 8).
Table 8: Relationship Between Five Year Survival Rates and Pattern
Differentiation in Chinese Medicine for 216 Cases of Breast Cancer
Back to the Table of Contents
Results of
Follow-up
Survey
Number
Liver depression
and Qi
Stagnation Type
Spleen Deficiency
with Phlegm and
Damp Type
Stasis and
Toxin
Type
Qi and Blood
Deficiency
Type
Surviving
170
87 (85.3%)
73 (90.1%)
5 (55.6%
5 (20.8%)
Deaths
46
15 (14.7%)
8 (9.9%)
4 (44.4%)
19 (79.2%)
Total
216
102
81
9
24
Table 9: Fact Protocol Kang Lai Te Comparative Ratios of Treatment
Effectiveness for Breast Cancer
Back to the Table of Contents
CR
PR
NR
CR+PR
(%) of CR+PR
Experimental Group
4
6
5
10
(66.7)
Control Group
.2
6
9
8
(47.1)
CR- complete remission; PR- partial remission (>50% of tumor load reduction); NR- No response (<50% of tumor
load reduction)
Based on the TNM (tumour-node-metastasis) classification, 16 cases were stage two, 48 cases
were stage three, 12 cases were stage four, and one case was not classified due to incomplete
records. The diagnoses were all confirmed by clinical histological and pathological tests.
All of the subjects chosen for Teng Huang (Resina Garciniae) met one of the following criteria: i.
did not receive prior therapy, ii. the cancer progressed on prior therapy, or, iii. had metastatic
recurrence after treatment.
Teng Huang (Resina Garciniae) preparations were provided by the Jiang Xi Medicinal
Processing Plant. Intravenous preparations contained 100 mg. One dose equalled 100-200 mg of
Teng Huang in a 5% glucose solution. A 500 ml intravenous drip was administered to the patient
twice per week and 60-90 mg were administered orally (30mg pills) 2 to 3 times per day. A soft
plaster containing 5% concentration of Teng Huang was applied topically to the breast tumours
and changed 2-3 times per week.
In general, the subjects received the herbal preparations before surgery. One month constituted
one treatment cycle. After one or two treatment cycles, surgery was performed. Those for whom
surgery was contraindicated, and those who refused surgical treatment, could complete multiple
treatment cycles. Based on standard evaluation of tumour response, the results were as follows:
markedly effective (tumour shrinkage greater than50%):15 cases (19.4%); effective (tumour
shrinkage less than 50%): 44 cases (57.1%); ineffective (no change or increase in tumour size):
18 cases (23.3%).
The overall effectiveness rate was 76.60%. The rate for marked effectiveness was 19.5%. For all
groups the period of effective remission was between 3 to 18 months (no median is provided).
During the course of treatment no bone marrow suppression was observed, and no cardiac,
hepatic or renal toxicities observed. However, leakage from the intravenous drip caused soft
tissue oedema. This was avoided by ensuring that there was no leak.
Study 1
Back to the Table of Contents
76 women diagnosed with breast cancer were treated post surgically with herbal medicine in
addition to chemotherapy and radiation. Herbal treatment was given once daily for two to eight
years. The age range was 33-76 years, with 80% of the women aged 45-65. According to cancer
staging, 22 were diagnosed stage I, 48 stage II, and 6 stage III. Of the 76 women who entered the
trial, 8 dropped out and the remaining 68 were evaluated, providing an 89% follow-up. The
duration of observation was 2-8 years. All patients were able to complete their therapy; 28
women resumed work and the rest were able to manage their daily life. Among the 68 cases, 3
women (4.4%) had recurrence of disease during the follow-up time period and two of these died
during the study. Overall survival was 97.1% and overall disease free survival was 95.6%.
Unfortunately, the researchers do not report tumour size, the nodal status, ER status, median
follow-up, 5 year analysis, the stage of the women who recurred and description of the type and
dose of chemotherapy and radiation used in the trial.55
Study 2
Back to the Table of Contents
A retrospective study evaluating the clinical outcome of 216 cases of breast cancer treated with
integrated TCM and WM from 1970-1988 was conducted at Guang An Men Hospital in Beijing.56
211/216 (97.7%) patients were women and 5/ 216 (2.3%) were men. The subjects ranged in age
from 28-73; 175 (81.0%) were 41-60 years of age. The stage distribution was DCIS + LCIS: 44
(20.3%), stage I: 22 (10.1%), stage II: 72 (33.3%), stage III: 38 (17.6%), stage IV: 40 (18.5%)
(see table 5).
Study 3
Back to the Table of Contents
In a randomised controlled neoadjuvant trial, 32 patients with breast cancer were treated with a
combination of FACT (5-FU, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen) and Kang Lai Te
Injection or FACT alone. 57 Kang Lai Te (KLT) is a lipid emulsion from the seed of wild barley
(semen Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf (Gramineae). The ingredients in the
seed that show anticancer activity are composed of four free fatty acids. 58 KLT has been shown to
reverse adriamycin resistance in cell cultures.59 KLT is currently in clinical trials in the US in the
treatment of Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).
The women in the trial were 27-66 years of age with an average age of 52. All patients had a Fine
Needle Aspirate (FNA) to confirm diagnosis. All patients had Karnofsky scores above 80% (a
performance scale for rating a persons usual activities; used to evaluate a patients progress after a
therapeutic procedure). A total of 18 patients were ER positive and 14 were ER negative. 3
patients were diagnosed stage I + DCIS, 5 at stage Iia, 8 at stage Iib and 16 at stage IIIa.
The treatment protocols for the two groups were as follows. The experimental group received
Cytoxan 800 mg and Adriamycin 50 mg IV on the first day. 5-Fu was administered as an
intravenous drip (for a minimum of six hours) daily for 5 days. A 200 ml dose of Kang Lai Te
injection was administered by intravenous drip, once per day, for 10 days. A total of 20 mg of
tamoxifen was given twice a day for pre-menopausal women and 10 mg of tamoxifen twice a day
was prescribed for post-menopausal women. In accordance with standard treatment protocol,
Metoclopromide and Dexamethasone were prescribed prior to treatment to reduce nausea and
vomiting. Due to the possible side effects of phlebitis from Kang Lai Te intravenous drip, the
drip was inserted into the subclavicular vein. The control group did not receive Kang Lai Te, but
all other medications were similar for both groups. The patients received two cycles of treatment.
The tumour was measured using double diameter area measurement. Ultrasound measurements
were recorded before treatment and one week after both cycles of treatment were completed.
The overall effective rate for all 32 cases was 56.2% (complete remission and partial remission
(>50%) of the tumors). The experimental group had an effect rate of 66.7%, with complete
remission (CR) of 26.7%. The control group had an effect rate of 47.1%, with a CR of 11.8% (see
table 9). No tumour progression was observed in either group. Surgical excision was performed
approximately two weeks after two cycles of chemotherapy were completed. All surgical margins
were clear. Subjects in both groups experienced grade I and grade II bone marrow toxicity
(primarily lowered WBC) and gastrointestinal toxicity. With supportive therapy, blood counts
returned to normal and the GI distress was relieved. Toxicity experienced during the trial did not
influence the administration of the second cycle of chemotherapy or the timely performance of
surgery. In the experimental group, 86.7% of subjects had stable or improved Karnofsky scores.
This was markedly better than the 52.9% in the control group.
Study 4
Back to the Table of Contents
Many herbs have been tested in China for their anticancer activity in the past decades, and several
drugs currently in use or in clinical trials were developed from the herbs60. In-vitro
antiproliferative assays on a panel of breast cancer cell lines treated with Chinese herbs
traditionally used for breast cancer revealed that a high proportion of the herbs tested were highly
active in vitro61. A clinical trial evaluating the anti-cancer effect of a single herb was conducted
at Jiang Xi Province. The study included 77 women with breast cancer62. All 77 subjects were
females between the ages of 20 and 86. The average age was 41.7.
Study 5
Back to the Table of Contents
Another study of locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer was conducted on 14 women63.
All subjects were premenopausal women between 34-52 years of age (average 43 years). All
subjects underwent pathological confirmation of diagnosis. Based on 1978 UICC staging: T2 N3
M0: 4 cases; T3 N3 M0: 3 cases; T 4 N3 M0: 3 cases; T3 N3 M1b: 2 cases; T4 N3 M1b: 2 cases.
There was one case of bilateral breast cancer with bilateral axillary and subclavicular lymph
nodes metastasis. There were also five cases of ulcerated tumours that were developing severe
fungal infection. All of these patients were receiving treatment for the first time, as follows:
All 14 subjects first received 2 cycles of CMF chemotherapy. After the second cycle of
chemotherapy was finished, Co staged fractional radiotherapy was administered. After
conclusion of the first stage of radiotherapy, a cycle of CMF was administered. This was
followed by radiation boost administered with direct fields to breast, subclavicular, and axillary
nodes. In between radiotherapy and chemotherapy a Chinese herbal formula was administered
daily. The formula above constituted one dose. One dose was administered daily five days per
week, until the end of the final stage of radiotherapy.
After undergoing two cycles of chemotherapy, tumour size in the 14 subjects was reduced as
follows: 50% reduction: 1 case (7.2%); 25% reduction: 6 cases (42.8%); No change: 7 cases
(50%). After radiotherapy, tumours were completely eliminated in 13 subjects (92.8%). Only one
subject (7.2%) had residual tumour mass who then underwent a radical mastectomy three weeks
later. During the treatment period, four subjects (28.5%) had mild bone marrow suppression. For
these four subjects, the dosage of the Chinese herbs was increased from five to seven doses per
week and leucogen (CGSF) was also administered. After treatment, all four improved. One
subject developed pneumonitis nine days after radiotherapy and was treated with steroids and
antibiotics. She completely recovered after this treatment.
Survival Rates: One year, three year, and five year rates were as follows: 85.7% (12/14); 50%
(7/14); 35.7% (5/14). One subject had a local recurrence six months after treatment and
subsequently underwent radical mastectomy and two cycles of CAF chemotherapy. Today, seven
years later, she is still alive. Clinical Staging and Survival Rates: For Stage 3 breast cancer (10
subjects) the five-year survival rate was 50%. For Stage 4 breast cancer (4 subjects), there was no
fiveyear survival rate. All deaths were due to metastasis to the liver, lungs, brain, or bones. No
deaths were due to local recurrence. This group of subjects did not develop any significant signs
of toxicity as side effects of therapy.
Other studies
Back to the Table of Contents
Several other studies that looked at the combination of TCM and western therapies in early stage
breast cancer show that the five-year survival is greater in the combined approach. One study64
showed that in 134 women with stage II-III breast cancer, receiving surgery, chemotherapy and
herbs, the five-year survival was 88.8%. In another study 62 patients with stage II-III breast
cancer were divided into equal groups receiving standard surgery, radiation and chemotherapy
with or without herbs. The herbs were taken for the whole duration of the observation. The five
year survival was 93.5% (29/31) in the herb group compared to 32% (10/31) in the control
group65. In our prior review66 we reported the studies that detail the effect of Chinese herbal
medicine and acupuncture for the amelioration of side effects encountered during breast cancer
treatment, modulation of immune functions, augmentation of bone marrow suppression and the
treatment of pain.
Fu Zheng Sheng Xue Tiao Yuan Tang (Boost the Upright, Raise Blood, and Regulate the Origin
Decoction) Dang Shen (Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae) 15g, He Shou Wu (Radix Polygoni
Multiflori) 10g, Nu Zhen Zi (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) 20g, Gu Sui Bu (Rhizoma Gusuibu) 10g, Ji
Xue Teng (Radix et Caulis Jixueteng) 15g, Mai Ya (Fructus Hordei Vulgaris Germinantus) 10g,
Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) 15g, Huang Jing (Rhizoma Polygonati) 15g.
(Part 1) References
Back to the Table of Contents
1 Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United
States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998 Nov 11;280(18):1569-75.
2 Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Foster C. et al. Unconventional medicine in the United States.
Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jan 28;328(4):246-52.
3 Olayiwola, A. WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. ESCOP Symposium:
The scientific assessment of phytomedicines. Milan, Italy, 13 March, 1992. Fitoterapia Vol. 1,
XIII, No. 2, 1992
4 Balandrin, M.F., J.A. Kjocke, E.S. Wurtele, and W.H. Bollinger. 1985. Natural plant chemicals:
sources of industrial and medicinal materials. Science. 228: 1154-1160.
5 ONeil MJ, Lewis JA. In Human Medicinal Agents from Plants; Kinghorn AD, Balandrin MF,
Eds; ACS Symposium Series 534; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C. 1993; pp 4855.
6 Cragg, G.M., D.J. Newman, and K.M. Sander. 1997. Natural Products in Drug Discovery and
Development. J. Natural Products. 60: 52-60.
7 Cragg, G.M., S.A. Schepartz, M. Suffness, and M.R. Grever. 1993. The taxol supply crisis: new
NCI policies for handling the large scale production of novel natural product anticancer and antiHIV agents. J Nat. Prod. 56: 1657-1668.
8 Zhang DZ. The Treatment of Cancer by Integrated Chinese Western Medicine. Blue Poppy
Press, Boulder,CO, 1989, p. 1-2.
9 Wu JN (trans.). Ling Shu or The Spiritual Pivot. The Taoist Center, Washington, D.C., 1993. p.
274.
10 Fu QZ (1607-1684 CE) (Yang S. Liu D. Trans.). Fu Qing Zhus Gynecology. Blue Poppy
Press, Boulder, CO, 1992, p. 248-50.
11 Zhu DX (1281-1358 CE) (Yang S. Trans.) The Heart and Essence of Danxis Methods of
Treatment. Blue Poppy Press, Boulder, CO, 1993, p.313-316.
12 Zhang DZ. The Treatment of Cancer by Integrated Chinese Western Medicine. Blue Poppy
Press, Boulder, CO, 1989, p. 2-13
13 Shi L, Shi P. Experince in Treating Carcinoma with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Shandong
Science and Technology Press, Shandong, 1990.
14 Xie W. Cancer = Death?: Treatment of Cancer the Chinese Way. New World Press, Beijing,
1997
15 Cheung CS. Breast cancer supportive management: A collective works from TCM
practitioners of China, Harmonious Sunshine Press, 1999.
16 Zhou M, Wu YH, Liu YD. Integrated Chinese-western medicine treatments for advanced
stage breast cancer: an analysis of 14 cases. China Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine Journal,
1995, 15(4): 237.
17 Yin XD. An Analysis of 32 cases of breast cancer treated with combination of FACT and
Kang Lai Te injection. Ji Lu Tumour Journal, 1999, 6(2): 158-159. (Chinese)
18 An Analysis of 134 Cases of Breast Cancer Treated with Chinese- Western Integrated
Medicine. Chinese Medicine Journal, 1985, 13(2): 111. No author noted. (Chinese)
19 Lei QM, Song JS, Fan DN et al. Observations on 77 Cases of Breast Cancer Treated with the
Chinese Herb Teng Huang. Cancer Prevention Research, 1986, 13 (2): 111. (Chinese)
20 Yang GJ, Zhao l. Observations on the Results of 216 Cases of Breast Cancer treated with
Combined Chinese-Western Medicine. Intermediate Medical Periodical, 1988, 23 (8): 48-50.
(Chinese)
21 Shen SY, Jiang CY. 14 Cases of Breast Disease Treated with a Combination of Hai Zao and
Gan Cao. Chinese Medical News, 1990, 7(2): 40-41. (Chinese)
22 Wang Q, He SJ. 31 Cases of Breast Cancer Treated with Integrated Chinese-Western
Medicine. Cancer, 1990, 9 (3): 238. (Chinese)
23 Guo T, Xu B, Yan SQ et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer (stage III).
Qingdao Tumour Hospital, Shandong, 2000. (Chinese)
24 Niu DL et al. Curative observation on effects of Chinese herbs and western drugs applied to
quench vomiting caused by tumour chemotherapy. Ch J Integ TCM-WM, 1995, 15(7): 397
25 Liu M, Yao M, Shen P. Personal experience in herbal treatment of postoperative breast cancer.
Affiliated Longhua Hospital, Shanghai College of TCM, 1996. (Translated for the author by
Dr.Li PP, Chief, Department of TCM, The School of Oncology, Beijing Medical University,
Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing, China)
26 Fan C. 30 cases of breast cancer treated by herbal medicines during chemotherapy after
surgery. 1996. (Ibid)
27 Li P, Wang X, Yu R et al. A study of breast cancer due to mental depression. Beijing TCM
Hospital. 1996. (Ibid)
28 Liu S. Lu Demings experience in treatment of advanced metastatic breast cancer. 1996. (Ibid)
29 Ni M (trans.). The Yellow Emperrors Classic of Medicine. Shambhala, Boston, 1995.
30 Gao YT. Implications of the time trend of cancer incidence in urban Shanghai, China, for
cancer. www.who.int/ncd/cancer/publications/abstracts.
31. WHO 2000.
32 Greenwald P. Experience from clinical trials in cancer prevention. Ann Med. 1994
Feb;26(1):73-80.
33 Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K. et al. Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer
malignancy among Japanese patients. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1998 Mar;89(3):254-61.
34 Haagansen CD. Diseases of the Breast, 2nd edition, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1971.
35 Chardot C, Varroy A, Parache RM. Fibro-cystic mastosis and cancer (206 cases of mastosis in
possible relation with 12 cases of cancer). Bull Cancer. 1970 Apr-Jun;57(2):251-68.
36 Roberts MM, Jones V, Elton RA et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with history of benign
disease of the breast. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Jan 28;288(6413):275-8.
37 Bundred NJ, West RR, ODowd J et al. Is there an increased risk of breast cancer in women
who have a breast cyst aspirated? Br J Cancer. 1991; 64: 953-55. 58 JOURNAL OF CHINESE
MEDICINE NUMBER 68 FEBRUARY 2002
38 Bruzzi P, Dogliotti L, Naldoni C et al. Cohort study of association of risk of breast cancer
with cyst type in women with gross cystic disease of the breast. BMJ. 1997 Mar
29;314(7085):925-8.
39 Dixon JM, McDonald C, Elton RA et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with palpable breast
cysts: a prospective study. Edinburgh Breast Group. Lancet. 1999 May 22;353(9166):1742-5.
40 Flaws B. Chace C. Recent TCM Research From China-1991- 1994. Blue Poppy Press,
Boulder CO. 1994, p. 86-99.
41 Ye X. Zhang G. Clinical experience in the treatment of120 cases of mammary neoplasia with
ru tong ling (breast pain efficacious remedy). Tianjin J TCM 1994, 3:6.
42 Tan J, Feng Y. Analysis on 96 cases of masto-hyperplasia treated by point-injection. Chinese
Acupuncture & Moxibustion, 1996; (7): 27-8.
43 El-Bastawissi AY, White E, Mandelson MT et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors
associated with mammographic breast density by age (United States). Cancer Causes Control.
2000 Dec;11(10):955-63.
44 Rutter CM, Mandelson MT, Laya MB et al. Changes in breast density associated with
initiation, discontinuation, and continuing use of hormone replacement therapy. JAMA. 2001 Jan
10;285(2):171-6.
45 Martin CF, Peck JD, Pisano ED et al. Prior HRT use, ethnicity and mammographic breast
density. AEP Vol. 10, No. 7, October 2000: 4461-2.
46 Laya MB, Gallagher JC, Schreiman JS et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormonal replacement
therapy on mammographic density and parenchymal pattern. Radiology. 1995 Aug;196(2):433-7.
47 Maskarinec G, Meng L. An investigation of soy intake and mammographic characteristics in
Hawaii. Breast Cancer Res. 2001;3(2):134-41.
48 Mandelson MT, Oestreicher N, Porter PL et al. Breast density as a predictor of
mammographic detection: comparison of interval-and screen-detected cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000 Jul 5;92(13):1081-7.
49 Yin K. Observation on curative effect of xiao he ling applied to treat 460 patients of
mastoplasia. Gansu J TCM 1995, 8(1): 30-1.
50 Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast
Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 19;352(9132):930-42.
51 SEER database 2000
52 Pan M. Cancer Treatment with Fu Zheng Pei Ben Principle. Fujian Science and Technology
Publishing House, Fujian, 1992, p. 225-38.
53 Yu G, Liang F, Zhang D. The Combined TCM-WM prevention and treatment of malignant
tumour marching towards 21st century.International Conference on Prevention and Treatment of
Cancer with TCM-WM 1998, p.171.
54. Zhang D. Preventing and treating side-effects by chemo-and/ or radiotherapy over the past 40
years. International Conference on Prevention and Treatment of Cancer with TCM-WM
1998,p.174.
55 Liu M, Yao M, Shen P. Personal experience in herbal treatment of post-operative breast
cancer. Affiliated Longhua Hospital, Shanghai College of TCM, 1991.
56 Wang G, Zhao L, Xu G. Observation on the Results of 216 Cases of Breast Cancer Treated
with Integrated Chinese- Western Medicine China Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guang
An Men Hospital. Intermediate Medical Periodical [Zhong Ji Yi Kan] 1988, 23(8).
57 Yin X, Liu S, Tong J, et al An Analysis of 32 Cases of Breast Cancer Treated with a
Combination of FACT and Kang Lai Te Injection. Qilu Journal of Oncology [Qi Lu Zhong Liu
Za Zhi] 1999, Vol.6, No.2
58 Zhu YP. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Application. Harwood
Academic Publishers, 1998, p. 319-20.
59 Yang H, Wang X, Yu L et al. Effects of Kang Lai Te (KLT) injection on cell proliferation
kinetics and modulation of doxorubicin resistance. Kang Lai Te Injection: Pharmacology and
Clinical Application, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Medical University, 1999, p. 363-6
60 Han R. Developments in research on anti-cancer Chinese herbs. China New Herbs Journal
(zhong guo xin yao za zhi), 1993, 2 (5): 1-7.
61 MJ Campbell, I Cohen, Hamilton B, Tagliaferri M, Shumaker M, Tripathy D.
Antiproliferative Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herbs on Breast Cancer Cells, Proceedings of the
American Association of Cancer Research (AACR)
62 Lei Q, Song Q, Fa D, et al. Observations on 77 cases of Breast Cancer Treated with the
Chinese Herb Teng Huang. Jiang Xi Province Committee on Teng Hunag Anti-cancer Research.
Cancer Prevention and Treatment Research: 1986, 13(2)
63 Zhou M, Wu Y, Liu Y. Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine Treatment for Late-Stage Breast
Cancer: An Analysis of 14 Cases. Zhong Guo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi [China Integrated
Medicine Journal] 1995, 15(4)
64 Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guang An Men Hospital Oncology Department. An
Analysis of 134 Cases of Breast Cancer Treated with Chinese-Western Integrated Medicine.
Zhong Yi Zha Zhi [Chinese Medicine Journal] 1985, 26 (3)
65 Wang Q, He S. 31 cases of breast cancer treated with integrated Western-Chinese medicine.
Ai Zheng [Cancer], 1990, 9(3): 238.
66 Tagliaferri M, Cohen I, Tripathy D. Complimentary and alternative medicine in early stage
breast cancer. Seminars in Oncology 2001, 28(1): 121-134.
67 Vickers A, Goyal N, Harland R, et al. Do certain countries produce only positive results? A
systematic review of controlled trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 1998, 19:159-166.
68 Tang J, Zhan S, Ernst E. Review of randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese
medicine. BMJ, 1999, 17 July, 319: 160-1.
69 Adler S. Complimentary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Women with Breast Cancer.
Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1999, 13 (2): 214-222.
70 Powell CB, Cohen I, DalEra J, et al: Use of Herbs in Women Diagnosed with Ovarian Cancer
(pre-published data from survey) at UCSF-Mt. Zion Gynecological Cancer Center, 1999.
(Part 2) References
Back to the Table of Contents
1 Cohen I,Tagliaferri M,Tripathy D:Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of breast
cancer.The Journal of Chinese Medicine 68,Feb 2002,40-49. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the
Treatment of Breast Cancer
2 Ernst E,Cassileth BR:The prevalence of complementary/ alternative medicine in cancer.Cancer
83:777-782,1998
3 Adler S:Complementary and alternative medicine use among women with breast cancer.
Medical Anthropology Quarterly 13(2):214-222,1999
4 Lee M,Lin SS,Wrensch MR,et al:Alternative therapies used by women with breast cancer in
four ethnic populations.J Natl Cancer Inst 92:42-47,2000
5 Powell CB, Dibble SL, Dall ’Era JE et al:Use of herbs in women diagnosed with ovarian
cancer.Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002 Mar; 12(2):214-217.
6 Cassileth BR,Lusk EJ,Strouse TB,et al:Contemporary unor- thodox treatments in cancer
medicine:A study of patients, treatments and practitioners.Ann Intern Med 101:105-112,1984
7 Jacobson JS,Workman SB,Kronenber F:Research on complementary/alternative medicine for
patients with breast cancer:A review of the biomedical literature.J Clin Oncol 18:668-683,2000
8 Kurtz JM, Spitalier JM,Amalric R:Late breast recurrence after lumpectomy and irradiation. Int
J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys .1983 Aug;9(8):1191-4.
9 Straus K,Lichter A,Lippman M et al:Results of the National Cancer Institute early breast cancer
trial. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr.1992;(11):27-32.
10 Fowble B,Solin LJ,Schultz DJ et al:Breast recurrence and survival related to primary tumor
location in patients undergoing conservative surgery and radiation for early-stage breast cancer.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys .1992;23(5):933-9.
11 Solin LJ,Fowble BL,Schultz DJ et al:The significance of the pathology margins of the tumor
excision on the outcome of patients treated with definitive irradiation for early stage breast cancer.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys .1991 Jul;21(2):279-87.
12 Barth RJ Jr,Danforth DN Jr,Venzon DJ et al:Level of axillary involvement by lymph node
metastases from breast cancer is not an independent predictor of survival. Arch Surg .1991
May;126(5):574-7.
13 Chauvet B,Reynaud-Bougnoux A,Calais G et al:Prognostic significance of breast relapse after
conservative treatment in node-negative early breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1990
Nov;19(5):1125-30.
14 Haffty BG,Goldberg NB,Fischer D et al:Conservative surgery and radiation therapy in breast
carcinoma:local recurrence and prognostic implications .Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys .1989
Oct;17(4):727-32.
15 Neff PT,Bear HD,Pierce CV et al:Long-term results of breast conservation therapy for breast
cancer. Ann Surg.1996 Jun;223(6):709-16;discussion 716-7.
16 Halverson KJ,Taylor ME,Perez CA et al:Survival following breast-conserving surgery and
irradiation or modified radical mastectomy in patients with invasive breast cancers with a
maximum diameter of 1 cm. Mo Med .1993 Dec;90(12):759-63.
17 Gan TJ,Duke U, ScienceDaily 2001
18 Zhu YP.Chinese Materia Medica:Chemistry,Pharmacology and Applications . Harwood
Academic Publishers, Australia,1998.
19 Chang HM,But PPH.Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica ,Vol.I,II.World Scientific, Singapore, 1988.
20 Zhu YP.Chinese Materia Medica:Chemistry,Pharmacology and Applications . Harwood
Academic Publishers, Australia, 1998 p.137,233
21 Chang HM,But PPH.Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica ,Vol.I,II.World Scientific,Singapore, 1988 p.72,1030
22 Hsu HY.Oriental Materia Medica:A Concise Guide .Oriental healing Arts Institute,Long
Beach,CA,1986,p.93,156
23 Zhu YP.Chinese Materia Medica:Chemistry,Pharmacology and Applications . Harwood
Academic Publishers, Australia, 1998 p.561.
24 Zhu YP.Chinese Materia Medica:Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications . Harwood
Academic Publishers,Australia, 1998 p.593.
25 Moran MS,Haffty BG.Local-regional breast cancer recurrence: prognostic groups based on
patterns of failure. Breast J .2002 Mar-Apr;8(2):81-7.
26 Bartelink H,Horiot JC,Poortmans P.Recurrence rates after treatment of breast cancer with
standard radiotherapy with or without additional radiation. N Engl J Med .2001 Nov
8;345(19):1378-87.
27 Fisher B,Jeong JH,Dignam J.Findings from recent national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel
project adjuvant studies in stage I breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr .2001;(30):62-6.
28 No Authors listed.National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference
statement:adjuvant therapy for breast cancer,November 1-3,2000.J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr .
2001;(30):5-15.
29 Ben-Hur E.Fulder S.Effect of panax ginseng saponins and eleuthrococcus senticosus on
survival of cultured mammalian cells after ionizing radiation.American J Chin Med 1981,9(1):
48-56.
30 Chen W.Hau D.Lee S. Effects of ganoderma lucidum and krestin on cellular
immunocompetence in irradiated mice. American J Chin Med 1995,23(1):71-80.
31 Zhu YP.Chinese Materia Medica:Chemistry,Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood
Academic Publishers,Australia, 1998.p.473,558,641,437,70,263,174,129.
32 Zhu YP.Chinese Materia Medica:Chemistry,Pharmacology and Applications . Harwood
Academic Publishers, Australia, 1998.p.354,159.
33 Zhang D,Zheng X and Wang Q:Clinical study on climacteric syndrome treated by
acupuncture and moxibustion.Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 1999,3:29-32.
34 Hsu H.Hau D.Lin C. Effect of kuei pi tang on cellular immunocompetence of irradiated
mice.American J Chin Med 1993 ,21(2):151-8.
(Part 3) References
Back to the Table of Contents
1 Cohen I,Tagliaferri M,Tripathy D:Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of breast
cancer.The Journal of Chinese Medicine 68,Feb 2002,40-49. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the
Treatment of Breast Cancer
2 Tagliaferri M. Cohen I. Tripathy D. Complementary and alternative medicine in early-stage
breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2001 Feb;28(1):121-34. Review.
3 Cheung CS. Breast cancer supportive management: A collective works from TCM practitioners
of China, Harmonious Sunshine Press, 1999, 5-8, 10-15.
4 Wang YF et al. Clinical study on preventing and treating chemotherapy induced nausea and
vomiting using supplemented Inula- Haematite decoction. Ch J Integ TCMWM, 1998, 18(5): 273275.
5 Li PP. Vomiting treated by TCM. Beijing Inst. For Cancer Res. 1995.
6 Zhou J. Li Z. Jin P. A clinical study on acupuncture for prevention and treatment of toxic sideeffects during radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J of TCM 1999, 19(1): 16- 21.
7 Liu Z. Sun F. Li J. et al. Application of acupuncture and moxibustion for keeping shape. J TCM
1998, 18(4): 265- 271.
8 Li W. Lien EJ. Fu-Zhen herbs in the treatment of cancer. Oriental Healing Arts International
Bulletin, 1986, 11(1): 1-8.
9 Jin H. Ginseng and astragalus combination and the defensive function of the body. Intnl J of
Orient Med 1999, March 24(1): 21- 23.
10 Yata N. Tanaka O. The effects of saponins in promoting the solubility and absorption of drugs.
Oriental Healing Arts International Bulletin, 1988 Feb. 13(1):13- 22.
11 Shen J, Wenger N, Glaspy J. et al. Electroacupuncture for control of myeloablative
chemotherapy-induced emesis: A randomized controlled trial JAMA. 2000 Dec 6;284(21):275561.
12 Cohen I. The Treatment of Women With Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy with Fu
Zheng Principles- Analysis and Description, California Journal of Oriental Medicine (CJOM),
June 1998: 19-21
13 Zhu YP. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood
Academic Publishers, Australia, 1998, p. 48, 550- 1, 174, 513, 655, 516.
14 Chang HM, But PPH. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. I, II.
World Scientific, Singapore, 1988. p. 1119
15 Pan M. Cancer Treatment with Fu Zheng Pei Ben Principle. Fujian Science and Technology
Publishing House, Fujian, 1992, p. 43- 4.
16 Cohen I. Preliminary Draft on the treatment of breast cancer with integrated Western and
Chinese Medicine. Presented by Meridian Seminars 1995, p. 67.
17 Acupuncture. NIH Consensus Statement Online. Nov 3-5; 15(5):1-34, 1997
18 The Italian Group for Antiemetic Research: Dexamethasone, granisetron, or both for the
prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy for cancer. N Engl J Med 332:1-5, 1995
19 Levitt M, Warr D, Yelle L, et al: Odansetron compared with dexamethasone and
metoclopramide as antiemetics in the chemotherapy of breast cancer with cyclophosphamide,
methotrexate, and fluorouracil. N Engl J Med 328:1081-1084, 1993.
20 Dundee JW, Chestnut WN, Ghaly RG et al: Traditional Chinese acupuncture: a potentially
useful antiemetic? British Medical Journal 293:583-584, 1986
21 Dundee JW, Ghaly RG: Local anaesthesia blocks the antiemetic action of P6 acupuncture.
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 50:78-80, 1991
22 Dundee JW, McMillan C: Positive evidence for P6 acupuncture antiemesis. Postgraduate
Medical Journal 67:417-422, 1991
23 Dundee JW, McMillan C: Some problems encountered in the scientific evaluation of
acupuncture antiemesis. Acupuncture in Medicine 10:2-8, 1992
24 Dundee JW, Yang J: Prolongation of the antiemetic action of P6 acupuncture by acupressure
in patients having cancer chemotherapy. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83:360-362,
1990
25 Dundee JW, Ghaly RG, Fitzpatrick KT, et al: Acupuncture prophylaxis of cancer
chemotherapy-induced sickness. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82:268-271, 1989
26 Dundee JW, Yang J, McMillan C: Non-invasive stimulation of P6 (Neiguan) antiemetic
acupuncture point in cancer chemotherapy. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84:210-212,
1991
27 Lewith GT, Vincent C: On the evaluation of the clinical effects of acupuncture: a problem
reassessed and a framework for future research. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine 2:79-90, 1996
28 Wei Z: Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture at St 36 for leukopenia,
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 18(2): 94- 95, 1998
29 Sun D, Wu Y and Peng Y: Treatment on 128 cases of leukocytopenia by acupuncture and
massage. Shanghai J Acu Mox. 4: 23- 26, 1999
30 Zhou J, Li Z and Jin P: A clinical study on acupuncture for prevention and treatment of toxic
side effects during radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine
19(1): 16- 21, 1999
31 Wu B, Zhou R and He J: Current situation and prospect of researches on acupuncture
mediating immunoresponses. Shanghai J Acu Mox. 1: 73- 76, 1999
32 Xu Z, Liu L, Xiu H et al: The influence of acupuncture on relationship between T lymphocyte
subsets and estrogen in patients with mastoplasia. Shanghai J Acu Mox., 1998 (2): 13-15.)
33 ZhangD, Zheng X and Wang Q: Clinical study on climacteric syndrome treated by
acupuncture and moxibustion. Shanghai J Acu Mox. 3: 29- 32, 1999
34 Yan J and Liang J: Auricular-plaster therapy for 89 cases of climacteric syndrome. Shanghai J
Acu Mox. 1: 63- 64, 1998
35 Wu L and Zhou X: Menopausal syndrome treated by acupuncture. Journal of Traditional
Chinese Medicine 18 (4): 259- 262, 1998
36 Hadden JW: The immunology of breast cancer. Prospects for immunotherapy. Clin.
Immunother 4:249-330, 1995
37 Wiltschke C et al: Reduced mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a
prognostic parameter for the course of breast cancer: a prospective longitudinal study. Br. J.
Cancer 71:1292-1296, 1995.
38 Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group: Systemic treatment of early breast cancer
by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 33 randomized trials involving 31,000 recurrences
and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet 339:1-15;71-85, 1992.
39 Lin SY, Liu LM, Wu LC: The Effect of Shen mai injection on immune function in stomach
cancer patients after chemotherapy. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western
Medicine, Aug, 15 (8): 451- 453, 1995
40 Shen R and Zhan Z: Clinical Study of the Use of Ginseng and Tang- Kuei Ten Combination in
the Treatment of Leukopenia. International Journal of Oriental Medicine, 22 (1): 30- 31, 1997
41 Liu JQ, Wu DW: 58 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma treated by chemotherapy
combined with Chinese medicinal herbs. Zhong guo zhongxi yi jie he za zhi, 13 (3): 150- 152,
1993 (Translated by Amy Hanks)
42 Quasthoff S, Hartung HP. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol. 2002
Jan;249(1):9-17.
43 Zhang J, Zhang P: Treatment of 56 cases of shingles by point injection therapy. Shanghai J
Acu Mox. 1: 23- 24, 1999
44 Shan B and Shao S: The clinical observation on treating peripheral nerve injury by
electroacupuncture. Shanghai J Acu Mox. 1(5): 24- 26, 1999
45 Galantino ML, Eke-Okoro ST, Findley TW et al. Use of noninvasive electroacupuncture for
the treatment of HIVrelated peripheral neuropathy: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 1999
Apr;5(2):135-42.
46 Abuaisha BB, Costanzi JB, Boulton AJ. Acupuncture for the treatment of chronic painful
peripheral diabetic neuropathy: a long-term study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998 Feb;39(2):11521.
47 Shan B and Shao S: The clinical observation on treating peripheral nerve injury by
electroacupuncture. Shanghai J Acu Mox. 1(5): 24- 26, 1999
48 Zhen H. Li Y. Yuan S. Clinical observation on diabetic peripheral neuropathy treated by
needling combined with drug. Shanghai J Acu Mox. 2000, 3(1): 13-6.
49 Li M. Wang X. Clinical observation on treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with
refined tianma duzhong capsule. J TCM 1999, 19(3): 182-4.
50 Valero V. Primary chemotherapy with docetaxel for the management of breast cancer.
Oncology (Huntingt). 2002 Jun;16(6 Suppl 6):35-43.
51 Mamounas EP. NSABP Protocol B-27. Preoperative doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide
followed by preoperative or postoperative docetaxel. Oncology (Huntingt). 1997 Jun;11(6 Suppl
6):37-40.
52 Nbholtz JM, Pienkowski T, Mackey J et al. Phase III trial comparing TAC (docetaxel,
doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) with FAC 5- fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) in
the adjuvant treatment of node positive breast cancer (BC) patients: interim analysis of the
BCIRG 001 study. Program/ Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Volume
21, May 2002 abs. 141, p.36a).
53 Physician Desk Reference, Nov. 2001).
54 Li Z, Ibrahim N. K. Wang M et al. Colitis in breast cancer patients treated with taxane based
chemotherapy (TBC): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Program/ Proceedings of the
American Society of Clinical Oncology Volume 21, May 2002 abs. 226 p.57a).
Supported in part by NIH/NCI P50CA 58207
About the Authors
Back to the Table of Contents
Isaac Cohen, L.Ac.,O.M.D.(American Acupuncture Center, Berkeley, CA) is one of the founders
of the Complimentary and Alternative Medicine Program at the University of California at San
Francisco ’s (UCSF) Carol Frank Buck Breast are Center. His private practice specialises in the
treatment of breast cancer with the integration of Western and Chinese medicine. Isaac has
spearheaded many clinical and laboratory studies to assess the biological activity and efficacy of
Chinese herbs in the treatment of cancer.
Mary Tagliaferri , M.D.,L.Ac., (University of California at San Francisco)is one of the founders
of the Complimentary and Alternative Medicine Program at the University of California at San
Francisco ’s (UCSF) Carol Frank Buck Breast are Center. She opened the first traditional
Chinese medicine clinic at UCSF. She is a co-Investigator on numerous clinical trials and
laboratory studies to assess the effect of Chinese medicine in breast cancer. Mary is a breast
cancer survivor.
Debu Tripathy , M.D. Professor of Medicine and Director, Breast Cancer Research Program
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas He has been a principal investigator
on numerous clinical trials assessing chemotherapeutic agents and biological oncogene-targeting
treatments. Debu is one of the founders of the CAM research program at UCSF and is the
principal investigator on number of trials to assess the effects of herbs for breast cancer.