Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter # 4 Review 1. Use the word bank to provide the proper labels to the areas indicated on the diagram below. Word Bank Continental Lithosphere Rising Magma Subducted Oceanic Plate Deep-Ocean Trench Mid-Ocean Ridge Lower Mantle Folded Mountains and Volcanoes o o o o o o o Mid-Ocean Ridge Deep-Ocean Trench Folded Mountains & Volcanoes Continental Lithosphere Lower Mantle Rising Magma Location Hawaiian Islands Aleutian Islands Italy 2. Data table Analysis Volcanic Eruptions 2007-2009 2007 2008 6 8 2 1 2 3 Subducted Oceanic Plate 2009 3 1 1 o Which location will most likely experience the most volcanic eruptions in 2010? Explain your answer. {The Hawaiian Islands} The Hawaiian Islands averaged 5.7 volcanic eruptions per year from 2007-2009. Italy averaged 2 volcanic eruptions per year while the Aleutian Islands averaged only 1.3. 3. Mid-Ocean Ridge Formation and the Age of Oceanic Lithosphere o How does new oceanic lithosphere form? Basaltic magma rises from the lower mantle and erupts along the center of the mid-ocean ridge forming new oceanic crust. This creates what is referred to as oceanic lithosphere. o What is the relationship between the age of oceanic crust, and its distance from an Oceanic Ridge Spreading Center (Mid-Ocean Ridge)? Since new oceanic crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge, as you move away from the ridge the oceanic crust get progressively older. 4. The formation of the Himalaya Mountains. Himalaya Mountains Indian Plate Eurasian Plate o Explain how the Himalaya Mountains formed. The Himalaya Mountains formed when the plate carrying India (The Indian Plate) collided with the plate which carried Asia (The Eurasian Plate). Because continental crust is too buoyant to be subducted, the rocks were folded and uplifted forming the Himalaya Mountains. o Why can you find marine fossils at the top of the Himalaya Mountains? As the ocean closed between India and Asia, marine sediments were scraped off of the subducted oceanic plate. These sediments became part of the mountain rocks that were pushed to the top of the Himalayas. o What two processes act to wear down the Himalaya Mountains as they grow taller? Weathering and erosion wear down the rocks and carry the sediments to other places. 5. The Earth’s Structure o Use the word bank to label the different layers of the Earth. Word Bank o Outer Core o Crust o Inner Core o Mantle Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core o Fill in the blanks as you read through the paragraph below. The Crust is the rigid, outer layer of the Earth. It is composed mainly of granitic rocks, rich in aluminum (Al) and silica (Si). The mantle lies directly below the crust. It is described as partially molten and is composed mainly of iron (Fe), magnesium, and silicon. Below the mantle is the outer core. This layer is a liquid, unlike the solid inner core. The inner core is an extremely hot, dense ball of solid iron. As the depth beneath the Earth’s surface increases, the temperature and pressure both increase. 6. Continental Drift o Fill in the blanks as you read through the paragraph below. Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist who proposed the theory of Continental Drift. He hypothesized that all of the Earth’s continents were once joined as a super-continent that he called Pangaea. Wegener’s evidence was not disputed. He cited fossil evidence which included a fern-like plant called Glossopteris and freshwater reptiles called Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus. Wegener also cited evidence of climate change such as glacial striations on Africa, and fossils of tropical plants in Spitsbergen. There was also evidence cited in the form of landforms such as similar mountain ranges in South Africa and Argentina. There were also similar coal fields in Europe and North America. The reason Wegener’s theory was tossed out, was because he was unable to explain how the continents moved. 7. The 3 Types of Heat Energy Transfer o Label the heat transfer diagram (radiation, conduction, or convection) based on the information provided below the diagram. Heat energy can be transferred from one place to another in different ways. The 3 ways heat energy can move are conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat energy is transferred within an object or between objects that are touching. In convection, flowing fluids (flowing matter) transport heat energy from one place to another. Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require matter. In radiation, waves transfer the heat energy. Radiation can transfer heat energy through matter or through empty space. Convection Conduction Radiation 8. Landslides Landslides are caused when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an unstable condition. When this occurs, rock falls or loose soils can tumble down slope. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by; an absence of vegetation, erosion of the toe of a slope by running water, or weakening of the slope by water saturation from snowmelt or heavy rains. The shaking of the ground by earthquakes or volcanic activity can often trigger landslides. What could be done to this area to prevent future landslides? o Grass and trees could be planted which would help keep the soil in place. o A retaining wall could be built. Retaining walls hold back rock and soil. o Rain water or snow melt can be directed away from slopes by building drainage channels or swales that channel the water where it doesn’t effect the stability of the slope. It is important to make sure the toe of the slope if protected from erosion. Type of Plate Boundary Divergent Convergent 9. Types of Plate Boundaries Figure Showing the Nature of the Description of Plate Plate Movements Interaction At areas of sea floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges form where magma rising up creating new ocean crust that moves apart in opposite directions. An Oceanic Plate Collides with a Oceanic plates are Continental Plate Resulting in a denser than plates that Subduction Zone contain continents. When these plates collide, the denser oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle. As the plate descends, it melts and the magma rises to form a volcano on the land. ______________________________ __________________ Two Oceanic Plates Collide Resulting in a Subduction Zone When two oceanic plates collide, the older, denser plate is subducted. As the denser oceanic plate subducts into the mantle, it melts and the magma rises to form volcanic islands. _______________________________ Two Continental Plates Collide Transform Boundary ___________________ When plates carrying continents collide, the crust is folded and uplifted to form very tall mountains such as the Himalayas. Continental crust is too light to be subducted, so it continues to compress and move upward. The plates grind along side one another at a fault line. As stress builds along the fault line, energy is released creating earthquakes. Landforms Created Mid-Ocean Ridges *Deep Ocean Trenches *Folded Mountains *Land Volcanoes ____________ *Deep Ocean Trenches *Volcanic Islands ____________ *Extremely Tall Folded Mountains *Low-Grade Folded Mountains and Fault Lines.