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Name: _______________________ Date: ______________________ Pd: _____ Stellar Properties and the H-R Diagram Directions: Read pages 127-129 in Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Astronomy. 1. Stars are made mostly of ________________________ and the energy that makes them shine is produced through _____________________ __________________. 2. List the four characteristics used to classify stars: a. c. b. d. 3. The color of the coolest stars in the sky is ____________________ with surface temperatures of about ______________ . 4. The color of the hottest stars in the sky is ____________________ with surface temperatures of about ______________ . 5. Arrange the following stars in order from smallest to largest size. giant medium-size white dwarf neutron __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 6. Where would you put our Sun on the “size” spectrum? ________________________ 7. Astronomers can determine the __________________ ________________ of a star by observing the star with a spectrograph. 8. If Rigel and Betelgeuse were the same size, explain why Rigel would appear brighter. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. If star Large and star Small were the same temperature, explain why Large would appear brighter. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Apparent Brightness: Explain why the Sun, an average size star with a medium temperature, appears so much brighter than all other stars in the sky. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Absolute Brightness: A scientist must know a star’s _________________ _____________ and _________________ . Then the scientist needs to figure out how two stars would compare if they were equally distant from the Earth. 12. If scientists discovered a star in a distant galaxy, how could they determine what the star is made of? 13. If scientists discover a star in a distant galaxy, how could they infer the temperature of the star? Name: ________________________________ Date: ___________________ Period: _________ H-R Diagram Scientists began to learn about stars by observing properties of stars, including brightness and color. Astronomers tried to make sense of the star data by grouping together stars with similar properties. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram provides a way to group similar stars. The H-R diagram is a graph of absolute magnitude, sometimes called absolute brightness, actual brightness or luminosity, and temperature. In this activity, students will construct an H-R diagram using data on the 20 stars that are nearest Earth (Table A) and the 20 stars that appear the brightest in our sky (Table B). Students will use the finished diagram and your book to compare properties and life cycles. . Directions: 1. Plot five of the stars in table A on the diagram below. Be sure to label each point with the number label. -5 0 +5 +10 +15 DIM Absolute Magnitude (Luminosity) BRIGHT 2. Plot five of the stars in table B on the diagram below. Be sure to label each point with the number label. HOT 20,000 14,000 10,000 7,000 Surface Temperature (Kelvin) 5,000 3,000 COOL Table A: The 20 Stars Nearest to Earth Name Alpha Centauri Barnard’s Star Wolf 359 Lalande 21185 Sirius Luyten 726-8 Ross 154 Ross 248 Epsilon Eridani Ross 128 Luyten 789-6 61 Cygni Procyon Epsilon Indi Sigma 2398 BD +43°44 Tau Ceti CD -36°15693 BD +5°1668 CD -39°14192 Temperature (K) 5,800 2,800 2,700 3,200 10,400 2,700 2,800 2,700 4,500 2,800 2,700 2,800 6,800 4,200 3,000 3,200 5,200 3,100 3,000 3,500 Absolute Magnitude +4.4 +13.2 +16.8 +10.5 +1.4 +15.4 +13.3 +14.7 + 6.1 +13.5 +14.9 +7.5 +2.7 +7.0 +11.1 +10.3 +5.7 +9.6 +11.9 +8.7 Number Label for Diagram 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Table B: The 20 Brightest Stars as Seen from Earth Name Sirius Canopus Alpha Centauri Arcturus Vega Capella Rigel Procyon Betelgeuse Achernar Beta Centauri Altair Alpha Crucis Aldebaran Spica Antares Pollux Fomalhaut Deneb Beta Crucis Temperature (K) 10,400 7,400 5,800 4,500 10,700 5,900 11,800 6,800 3,200 14,000 2,000 8,000 21,000 4,200 21,000 3,400 4,900 9,500 9,900 22,000 Absolute Magnitude +1.4 -3.1 +4.4 -0.3 +0.5 -0.7 -6.8 +2.7 -5.5 -1.0 -4.1 +2.2 -4.0 -0.2 -3.6 -4.5 +0.8 +2.0 -6.9 -4.6 Number Label for Diagram 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Questions 1. A star located in the lower right portion of the H-R diagram is cool and dim. How would you describe the temperature and brightness of a star in the upper left of the diagram? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Refer to figure 10 on page 132 in Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Astronomy. Use colored pencils to label the following three regions on your diagram: giants/supergiants, main sequence stars, and white dwarfs. 3. To which group do most of the stars on your diagram belong (Circle one): giants/supergiants, main sequence stars white dwarfs 4. Are any of the stars that you plotted on the H-R diagram white dwarf stars? What is the evidence for your answer? ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Our sun has a surface temperature of 6000 K and an absolute magnitude of + 4.7. Plot the Sun on the H-R diagram and label it ‘Sun’. 6. Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars in the night sky. It has a surface temperature of 3200 K and an absolute magnitude of – 5.5. To which group does Betelgeuse belong? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Compare our sun with the supergiant Antares. Which star is in a later stage of its life cycle? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ How do you know? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Black holes are not included on H-R diagrams. We will study them next. Based on what you know, why do you think they are not included? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________