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THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI – 9
Re-Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
BACHELOR OF PHYSICS
COURSE STRUCTURE
(w.e.f. 2011 – 2014 batch onwards)
Semester – I
Code
Subject
Contact
hrs. /
week
Credits
Total no.
of hrs.
allotted
Max
Marks
CA
Max
Marks
SE
Total
P111
Tamil / Other Language
6
3
90
25
75
100
P211
English
6
3
90
25
75
100
MP11
Properties of Matter
5
4
5
25
75
100
MP12
Heat and
Thermodynamics
5
4
5
25
75
100
MPL21
Practicals – I
2
-
2
40
60
100
ESP 11
Medical Physics – I /
Practical Electric
Circuits –I
2
2
2
15
35
50
SE 2
Bio-Physics – I
(Practicals)
2
2
2
ES
Environmental Studies
2
2
2
15
35
50
Total
30
20
198
Semester – II
Code
Subject
Contact
hrs. /
week
Credits
Total no.
of hrs.
alotted
Max
Marks
CA
Max
Marks Total
SE
P111
Tamil / Other Language
6
3
90
25
75
100
P211
English
6
3
90
25
75
100
MP21
Mechanics
5
4
5
25
75
100
MP22
Optics
5
4
5
25
75
100
MPL21
Practicals – I
2
3
2
40
60
100
ESP21
Medical Physics – II /
Practical Electric
Circuits –II
2
2
2
15
35
50
SE4
Bio-Physics – II
(Practicals)
2
2
2
VE
Value Education
2
2
2
15
35
50
Total
30
23
Semester – III
Contact
hrs. /
week
Credits
Total
no. of
hrs.
alotted
Max
Max
Marks Marks Total
CA
SE
Code
Subject
P111
6
3
90
25
75
100
P211
Tamil / Other
Language
English
6
3
90
25
75
100
MP31
MPL41
Programming in C
Practicals – II
4
2
4
-
4
2
25
40
75
60
100
100
AP31(C)
Allied Chemistry - I
4
3
–
25
75
100
APL31(C)
Allied Practicals – I
2
2
–
40
60
100
EMP31
Modern Optics /
Material Science and
Applied Physics
4
4
4
25
75
100
ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
2
2
2
15
35
50
Total
30
21
NME I
ENP31
199
Semester – IV
Code
Subject
Contact
hrs. /
week
Credits
Total no.
of hrs.
alotted
Max
Marks
CA
Max
Marks
SE
Total
P111
Tamil / Other Language
6
3
90
25
75
100
P211
English
6
3
90
25
75
100
MP41
Electricity and Magnetism
4
4
4
25
75
100
MPL41
Practicals – II
2
3
2
40
60
100
AP41(C)
Allied Chemistry - II
4
3
–
25
75
100
APL41(C)
Allied Practicals – I
2
2
–
40
60
100
EMP41
Non-Conventional Energy
Sources
/ Numerical Methods
4
4
4
25
75
100
ENMP41
ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE
TESTING-II
2
2
2
15
35
50
Total
30
24
Semester – V
Code
Subject
Contact
hrs. /
week
Credits
Total no.
of hrs.
alotted
Max
Marks
CA
Max
Marks
SE
Total
MP51
Elementary Solid State
Physics
5
4
6
25
75
100
MP52
Analog Electronics
5
4
6
25
75
100
MP53
Modern Physics
5
4
6
25
75
100
MPL61
Practicals – III
2
-
3
40
60
100
MPL62
Practicals – IV
2
-
3
40
60
100
AP51(M)
Allied Mathematics – I
6
5
–
25
75
100
EMP51
Experimental
Design/Optical Fibers and
Communication Systems
3
3
4
25
75
100
ESP51
Environmental
Physics – I / Mathematical
Physics
2
2
2
15
35
50
30
22
Self Study
VISUAL ASTRONOMY
Total
200
Semester – VI
Code
MP61
MP62
MP63
Subject
Molecular
Spectroscopy
Industrial Physics and
Instrumentation
Digital Principles &
Applications
Contact
hrs. /
week
Credits
Total no.
of hrs.
allotted
Max
Marks
CA
Max
Marks Total
SE
5
4
6
25
75
100
5
4
6
25
75
100
5
4
6
25
75
100
MPL61
Practicals – III
2
3
3
40
60
100
MPL62
Practicals – IV
Allied
Mathematics – II
Applied Electronics /
Introduction to
Nanoscience
Quantum Mechanics /
Environmental
Physics - II
Part V
Total
2
3
3
40
60
100
6
5
–
25
75
100
3
4
4
25
75
100
2
2
2
15
35
50
30
1
30
AP61(M)
EMP61
ESP61
A) Consolidation of Contact Hours and Credits : UG
Semester
Contact Hour / Week
Credits
I
30
20
II
30
23
III
30
21
IV
30
24
V
30
22
VI
30
29
Part V
01
Total
180
140
B) Curriculum Credits : Partwise
PART
PAPER
I
II
TAMIL
ENGLISH
CORE
ALLIED
ELECTIVE
NME
SE
ES
VE
EA
III
IV
V
TOTAL
CREDITS
12
12
60
20
15
04
12
02
02
01
140
201
202
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP11
Semester : I
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
4
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Course Objectives :
 To interpret the concepts of elasticity, viscosity, surface tension and gravity.
 To discuss the measurement of parameters of respective physical properties through
theory and experiments.
 To appreciate the importance of properties of matter in other sciences including
engineering and space applications.
UNIT I
ELASTICITY (15 Hours)
Introduction-different moduli of elasticity-relation between angle of shear and linear strainrelation between volume strain and linear strain-behaviour of a wire under progressive
tension-relation between the elastic moduli-torsion of a body-determination of rigidity
modulus( static torsion method)-work done in twisting a wire-torsional oscillations of a
body-bending of beams-expression for bending moment depression at the midpoint of a
beam loaded at the middle-uniform bending of a beam-measurement of Young’s modulus.
UNIT II VISCOSITY (12 Hours)
Introduction-streamline flow and turbulent flow-Poiseuille’s formula for the flow of liquid
through a capillary tube-corrections to Poiseuille’s formula-comparison of viscositiesOstwald’s viscometer-Poiseuille’s method for determining the coefficient of viscosity of a
liquid-terminal velocity and Stoke’s formula-Stoke’s method for the coefficient of
viscosity of a viscous medium-variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure-friction
and lubrication.
UNIT III SURFACE TENSION (15 Hours)
Introduction-explanation of surface tension on kinetic theory-work done in increasing the
area of a surface-work done in blowing a bubble-forms of liquid drops-angle of contactspreading of one liquid over another-pressure difference across a liquid surface-excess
pressure inside a curved liquid surface-Jaegar’s method of determining surface tensionvariation of surface tension with temperature-Quinke’s method- vapour pressure over flat
and curved surfaces-drop weight method of determining the surface tension of a liquidexperiment to determine the interfacial tension between water and kerosene.
UNIT IV DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS (10 Hours)
Introduction- Fick’s law of diffusion- experimental determination of coefficient of
diffusion- Graham’s law of diffusion of gases-Introduction-experimental determination of
osmotic pressure-laws of osmotic pressure-osmosis and vapour pressure of a solutionosmosis and boiling point of a solution- osmosis and freezing point of a solution –
determination of molecular weight- determination of percentage of dissociation of an
electrolyte.
UNIT V GRAVITATION (8 Hours)
Newton’s law of gravitation- Kepler’s law of planetary motion- determination of G-Boy’s
experiment-gravitational field and gravitational potential-gravitational potential and field
due to a spherical shell- gravitational potential and field due to a solid sphere-variation of g
with latitude- variation of g with altitude- variation of g with depth- the compound
pendulum.
TEXTBOOK:
Properties of Matter, R.Murugeshan, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2007.
REFERENCE BOOK:
1. Elements of Properties of Matter, D.S. Mathur, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2005.
2. Properties of Matter, Brijlal & Subrahmanyam, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2002
203
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP12
Semester : I
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
4
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Course Objectives :

To explain the behavior of thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases

To throw light on the elementary aspects underlying changes of state

To discuss the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, concept of phase
transitions in matter and to the elements of statistical thermodynamics
UNIT – I
EXPANSION (10 Hours)
Expansion of Solids – Coefficient of Linear Expansion – Relation between α & β –
Coefficient of Cubical expansion – Relation between α and √ – Determination of
coefficient of Linear expansion: Spherometer method, Optical lever method – Expansion
of Liquids – Relation between √r and √a - Determination of coefficient of real expansion
of liquid by Dulong and Petit’s method – Anomalous expansion of water - Expansion of
Gases – Determination of the Pressure coefficients of a gas – Determination of the volume
coefficient of a gas.
UNIT – II
CHANGE OF STATE (12 Hours)
Change of state – Latent heat of Fusion – Laws of Fusion – Determination of Latent heat of
Fusion of ice – Vapourisation and Condensation – Latent heat of Vapourisation –
Determination of Latent heat of steam – Cooling effect due to Vapourisation – Ammonia
ice plant – Solid carbon dioxide – Gas and vapour - Saturated and un Saturated Vapours Vapour pressure of liquids – Triple point - Gibbs Phase rule
UNIT – III ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (8 Hours)
Thermodynamic system – Zeroth law of thermodynamics – Concept of heat – Heat – A
path function – work – a path function – comparison of heat and work – First law of
thermodynamics – Applications – Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isochoric, Isobaric process – Gas
equation during adiabatic process – Slopes of adiabatic and isothermals – Reversible and
Irreversible process.
UNIT – IV SECOND AND THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (15 Hours)
Second law of thermodynamics – Carnot’s reversible engine – Carnot’s Theorem – Entropy
and second law of thermodynamics – Change in entropy in a reversible process – Third law
of thermodynamics – Temperature – entropy diagram – entropy of a perfect gas – zero
point energy – Maxwell’s thermo dynamical relations – Helmholtz function – thermo
dynamic potentials - enthalpy – CP, CV and µ - Maxwell’s equations – Joule Kelvin
coefficient – First order Phase transition.
UNIT – V
STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS (15 Hours)
Statistical Mechanics – Statistical equilibrium – Probability theorems in statistical
thermodynamics – Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution law – Maxwell - Boltzmann
distribution law in terms of temperature – Quantum Statistics – Phase space – Fermi - Dirac
distribution law – Electron gas – Bose - Einstein distribution law Photon gas – Comparison
of three statistics.
TEXT BOOK:
BRIJLAL & SUBRHAMANYAM, : Heat and Thermodynamics, S.Chand & Co., New
Delhi, 2006 (ISBN: 81-219-0417-X).
REFERENCE BOOK:
1.
P.K.NAG: Basic and applied Thermodynamics, Tata McGraw – Hill company Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2005.
2.
M.W. ZEMANSKY, Heat and Thermodynamics (7th ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York,
1996.
204
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : ESP11(M)
Semester : I
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Skill Based Elective
MEDICAL PHYSICS – I
Course Objectives:
 To introduce to the students the various medical equipments and the physics behind,
their working.
 To provide a basic idea about X-Rays and the hazards of radiation on human health.
 To help the students appreciate the physical processes involved in the working of
the equipments.
UNIT I (15 Hours)
Thermal expansion – clinical thermometer – Thermostats – Use in Incubators –
elementary idea of gas pressure – Blood pressure measuring apparatus – Physics of hearing
– working of hearing aid – Effect of Infra & Ultra sound effect.
UNIT II (15 Hours)
Transducers – definition –Transducers for Bio medical applications – Biological
transducers – Bio medical transducers.- Doppler effect & Ultrasonics – Doppler Ultra
sonography – Scanning – working of CT Scan – working of Betatron – Its medical
applications –X – Rays – (Production & properties) – Soft & Hard X – Rays in medical
diagnostics – Physiological consequences of nuclear radiations – Radiation therapy –
Radiation diagnostics – Nuclear cardiogram.
TEXT BOOK;
Bio medical Instrumentation and measurements, L. Cromwell, F.J.Weibell and E.A.
Pfeiffe, Prentice-Hall India, New Delhi, 2002.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. How thinks work Vol. 1 & Vol. 2
: Harpens Collins Publ. India. A joint venture
with The India Today Group, New Delhi
(2002).
2. A text book of bio physics
: R.N.Roy, Books and Allied (P) Ltd. (2001).
3. Bio medical Instrumentation
: M.Arumugam
4. Optics
: Brijlal & Subramaniam S. Chand & Co
(2002).
5. Bio medical electronics &
Instrumentation
: Prof.S.K.Venkatraman Galgotia Pub.
Pvt. Ltd, 2002.
205
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : I
Paper
Code : ESP11(P)
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Skill Based Elective
PRACTICAL ELECTRIC CIRCUITS - I
Course Objectives :
 To explain to the students the steps involved in power transmission.
 To discuss in detail the internal circuitry of various electrical instruments and the
methods of troubleshooting.
 To inculcate in the students a scientific temper and to make them realize the
importance of electric power.
UNIT I (15 Hours)
Magnetic effect of electric current – (Qualitatively) – self-inductance & mutual inductance
– Design of a coil – transformer – Design of a step down transformer for a required
parameter constructing a power supply for radio and tape recorder –electrical measuring
instruments – galvanometer – ammeter –voltmeter – wattmeter – multimeter – fault finding
in electrical measuring instruments.
UNIT II (15 Hours)
Working of an accumulator – short circuit – (fuses) – switches – generators –(dynamo) –
water pumps(piston, centrifugal and diaphragm pumps, refrigerators – air conditioners –
microphones – tape recorders – loud speakers –incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electricity & Magnetism : Brijlal & Subramaniam, S. Chand & Co. (2002).
2. Electrical technology : Theraja S. Chand & Co. (2002).
3. How things Work Vol 1 & Vol 2: Harper Collins Publ. India a joint venture with
The India Today Group, N. Delhi, (2002).
206
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : ESP12(B)
Semester : I
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Skill Based Elective
BIOPHYSICS PRACTICALS - I
Course Objectives :
i. To enable students understand the application of simple physical principles in
biology.
ii.
To expose students to the elementary principles of Biophysics through simple
experiments.
1.
Preparation of standard buffers and determination of pH of a solution.
2.
Qualitative tests for a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins and amino acids c) Lipids.
3.
Verification of Beer-Lambert’s law.
4.
Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrine method.
5.
Effect of temperature on the viscosity of DNA using Ostwald’s viscometer.
6.
Determination of specific rotation of polarized light when passed through the
glucose solution using polarimeter.
7.
Determination of velocity and absorption of ultrasound in biofluids using
ultrasonic interferometer.
8.
Determine specific gravity or density of biochemicals
9.
Measurement of blood pressure (Demonstration and Interpretation)
10.
To determine the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll / cytochrome C solution
by a colorimeter.
11.
To determine the refractive index of different biofluids using a hollow prism.
12.
To determine the relative sizes of nucleus and cytoplasm of squamous cells
using a biological microscope.
207
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP21
Semester : II
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
4
MECHANICS
Course Objectives :
i. To discuss the laws of motion and the concept of central force
ii. To explain the principles of projectile motion and dynamics of rigid bodies.
iii. To interpret and understand oscillations of mechanical systems.
UNIT I: LAWS OF MOTION AND CENTRAL FORCE (10 Hours)
Newtons first law of motion-second law of motion-resistive force -constant force and
resistive force -conservative force-motion in a plane –cylindrical polar coordinatesSpherical polar coordinates-Uniformly rotating frame of reference-Focault`s pendulumCoriolis forces and motion relative to earth. Central force-central force motion confined to
a single plane-angular momentum and energy.
UNIT II: SYSTEM OF PARTICLES (12 Hours)
Dynamics of a system of particles and concept of Rigid bodies-centre of mass coordinates –
Centre of mass of a rigid body-motion of centre of mass and linear momentum-angular
momentum and torque-angular momentum of a system and centre of mass –conservation of
angular momentum-Collisions-Inelastic collision-coefficient of restitution-centre of mass
system –rocket.
UNIT III DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES I (15 Hours)
Rigid bodies-rotational kinetic energy, moment of inertia and its physical significanceangular acceleration-angular momentum-law of conservation of angular momentum-torquetorque as a cross product of F & r –analogy between translatory motion and rotatory motion
–work done by a torque.theorem of perpendicular axes-theorem of parallel axes.
UNIT IV: DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES II (15 Hours)
Theorem of perpendicular axes-theorem of parallel axes-Moment of inertia of thin uniform
bar- Moment of inertia of a rectangular lamina- Moment of inertia of a uniform circular
disc- Moment of inertia of an annular disc- Moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder Moment of inertia of a solid sphere- Moment of inertia of a spherical shell- Moment of
inertia of a solid cone-Routh`s rule-Kinetic energy of a body rolling on a horizontal planeacceleration of a body rolling down an inclined plane.
UNIT V: OSCILLATIONS (8 Hours)
Linear harmonic oscillator-energy of a simple harmonic oscillator –simple harmonic
oscillations of a loaded spring-Helmholtz resonator-Oscillations of two masses connected
by a spring-Damped harmonic oscillators-energy of a damped harmonic oscillator-Forced
oscillations.
TEXT BOOK :
BRIJLAL,N.SUBRAHMANYAM,J IVAN SESHAN, Mechanics and Electrodynamics ,
S.Chand & Company ltd-2005 (ISBN:81-219-2591-6)]
REFERENCE BOOK:
Elements of Properties of Matter-D.S .Mathur[S.Chand & Company ltd-2005 (ISBN:81219-0815-9)]
208
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP22
Semester : II
Paper
: Core
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
OPTICS
Course Objectives :
 To provide a broad overview of the elementary concepts of optics.
 To discuss in detail the three crucial phenomena in Optics viz. Interference,
Diffraction and Polarization and their occurrence in day to day life.
UNIT I LIGHT AND LENS (14 HRS)
Introduction to light -Fermat‘s Principle of Least time-Rectilinear propagation of lightLaws of Reflection-Laws of Refraction- Total internal reflection- Lenses-terminologyconjugate points –planes and distances-image tracing-location of the image-sign
convention-thin lens-lens equation-lens maker`s equation-power-equivalent focal length of
two thin lenses.
UNIT II
DISPERSION (14 HRS)
Dispersion by a prism-Refraction through a prism-Angular dispersion-Dispersive powerAngular and chromatic dispersions-Achromatic combination of prisms-Deviation without
dispersion-dispersion without deviation-Direct vision spectroscope.
UNIT III INTERFERENCE (16HRS)
Coherence – Conditions for interference – Techniques of obtaining interference - Fresnel
Biprism – Achromatic fringes – Interferometry – Thin film – Plane parallel film –
Interference due to transmitted light – Haidinger fringes – Variable thickness (Wedgeshaped) film – Newton’s rings- Michelson’s interferometer
UNIT IV DIFFRACTION (15 HRS)
Huygen’s – Fresnel theory - Zone plate – Distinction between interference and diffraction –
fresnel, Fraunhoffer types of diffraction – Diffraction at a circular aperture– diffraction
pattern due to a straight edge-Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit, circular aperture –
Plane diffraction grating
UNIT V POLARIZATION (16 HRS)
Polarized light – Production of linearly polarized light – Polarizer and analyzer –
Anisotropic crystals – Calcite crystal – Huygens’ explanation of double refraction – Phase
difference between e-ray and o-ray – Superposition of waves linearly at right angles –
Types of polarized light – Effect of polarizer on transmission of polarized light – Retarders
or wave plates – Production of elliptically and circularly polarized light – analysis of
polarized light – Optical activity – Specific rotation – Laurent’s half-shaded polarimeter.
TEXT BOOK:
N. SUBRAHMANYAM, BRIJLAL & M.N. AVADHANULU ; A Text Book Of Optics ,
S.CHAND,2006(ISBN:81-219-2611-4)
REFERENCE BOOK:
F.A. JENKINS, H.E. WHITE, Fundamentals Of Optics (4TH EDITION) MCGRAW- HILL
BOOK COMPANY,1981(ISBN:0-07-032330-5)
209
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : ESP21(M)
Semester : II
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Skill Based Elective
MEDICAL PHYSICS-II
Course Objectives :
 To discuss in detail the working of various medical instruments and to provide
practical knowledge regarding the same.
 To create an awareness in the students about the banes and boons of nuclear
radiation.
 To help students appreciate the beneficial uses of radiation.
UNIT I (15 HRS)
Types of lenses – Focal length – Combination of lenses – Power (Diopter) of a lens Defects
in eye – Intraocular pressure measurement – Glaucoma – Correction of defects using lenses
– Sensing & Tracing of electric pulses – EEG & ECG – NMR – magnetic resonance
imaging – MRI scanning Instrument – Working of heart and lung machine – Artificial
kidney .
UNIT II (15 HRS)
Effect of UV, visible & IR radiations on human body – IR lamp & IR therapy – Biological
effect of radiation – Radiation damage in embryo and fetus during pregnancy – demerits of
different diagnostic and theraptic methods of nuclear medicine during pregnancy –
Radiation hazards in man – radiation hazards in atmosphere and space.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. How things work Vol. 1 & Vol. 2
2.
3.
4.
5.
A text book of bio physics
Bio medical Instrumentation
Optics
Bio medical electronics &
Instrumentation
6. Bio medical Instrumentation &
Measurements
:Harpens Collins Publ. India. A joint
venture
with The India Today Group, New Delhi
(2002).
: R.N.Roy, Books and Allied (P) Ltd. (2001).
: M.Arumugam
: Brijlal & Subramaniam S. Chand & Co (2002).
: Prof.S.K.Venkatraman Galgotia Pub.
Pvt. Ltd, 2002.
: Leslie Cromwell, Fred.J.Weibell and
Erich A. Pfeiffer PHI (2002).
DEMONSTRATION AND FIELD VISIT:
1. ECG Recording – Demonstration
2. Field Visit – MRI Scanning center
3. Field Visit – Ultrasonograph – scanning center
4. Field Visit – EYE hospital to see instruments used for ophthalmic diagnosis & Laser
therapy.
210
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : II
Paper
Code : ESP21(P)
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Skill Based Elective
PRACTICAL ELECTRIC CIRCUITS - II
Course Objectives :
i.
To discuss the heating effect of current and the principle behind electroplating.
ii.
To explain to the students house wiring and also give practical training regarding
the same.
iii.
To help students apply the knowledge to correct simple electrical problems faced at
home.
UNIT I (15 HRS)
Heating effect of current(qualitatively) – Joule’s law – heaters and flat iron – automotic
temperature control(thermostat) – chemical effect of current (qualitatively) – electrolysis –
Faraday’s law – electroplating.
UNIT II (15 HRS)
Single phase and three phase electrical power supply – delta, star and T connection – house
wiring – switch board wiring – fan regulator connection – stair case switch connection fuse
fixing – to attend to faults in a tube light circuit – to attend to flat iron connection(simple
and automatic) – eliminator testing – multimeter – tester usage – lighting arrestor.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electricity & Magnetism : Brijlal & Subramaniam, S. Chand & Co. (2002).
2. Electrical technology : Theraja S. Chand & Co. (2002).
3. How things Work Vol 1 & Vol 2: Harper Collins Publ. India a joint venture with
The India Today Group, N. Delhi, (2002).
211
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : II
Paper
: Skill Based Elective
Code :
SBE(4)
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
BIOPHYSICS PRACTICALS - II
Course Objectives :
i. To enable students interpret ECG, EEG.
ii. To interpret X-ray photographs of single and poly crystalline samples.
iii. To estimate the
1.
E.C.G. (Demonstration & interpretation)
2.
Interpretation of X-ray Photographs
3.
Interpretation of ultra sonograms
4.
Interpretation of EEG
5.
Estimation of DNA by Diphenylamine method
6.
Estimation of RNA by oricinol method.
7.
Draw V-I characteristics of the given protein samples and determine electrical
resistivity of the samples.
8.
Determine dielectric parameters such as Dielectric constant, dissipation factor and
Dielectric loss of the given protein samples using LCR meter.
9.
Determine relative viscosity, specific viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of the given
polymer solution using Ostwald viscometer. From the viscometric data, calculate the
molecular weight of the given polymer.
10.
Determination of unit cell dimension from X-ray photograph of some single crystal
amino acid complexes.
11.
Interpretation of powder x-ray pattern.
212
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : III
Paper
Code :
MP31
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
No. of credits :
4
: Core
PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’
Course Objectives :
i. To introduce to the students ,one of the fastest growing, versatile and much sought
after language-C
ii.
To explain the fundamentals of the language in a simple and lucid way.
iii.
To inspire the students to delve into problem solving by the exercises at the end of
the chapter
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION (8 HRS)
Feature of C language – Form of C program – Key words – Operating systems Character
set – Constants – Data types – Operations – Different types – Expression – scanf ( ) – printf
( ) – Functions.
UNIT II CONTROL STATEMENTS (10 HRS)
If statement – Various types – Nested Ifs – Looping – Break statement – Continue
statement – Exit function- Switch statement – GOTO statement – Arrays – One
dimensional – Two dimensional – Multidimensional
UNIT III FUNCTIONS (12 HRS)
C function – Return function – Calling a function – Different methods – Nesting functions
– Recursion – Functions with arrays – Storage class - Modifiers – Different specifiers –
Character declaration – Reading of strings – Writing strings – String handling functions –
Array of strings
UNIT IV POINTERS AND STRUCTURE (12 HRS)
Pointers – Pointers use in arithmetic operator – Pointers and arrays – Pointers And arrays –
Pointers and character strings – Structures – Initialization – Arrays and structures – Nested
structures – Structures and functions – Structure and pointers – Comparison ofstructure
variable – Unions – Bitfield – Typedef – Enumerated data type.
UNIT V FILES & OPERATION (18 HRS)
Preprocessor - # define – File inclusion – Operation – fopen – fclose – I/O
Operations on files – Random file – Command line arguments – Low level Copy.
213
CASE STUDIES
1. Program to print first 100 prime numbers
2. Program to find arithmetic & standard deviations
3. Program to find Inverse of a matrix
4. Program to solve simultaneous equations
5. Program to find A.M.,G.M.,& H.M. of given ‘n’ numbers
6. Program to find factorial by recursion technique
7. Program to find and replace a string
8. Program to add 2 X 2 matrices by using pointer method
9. Program to print max. marks in each subject along with name of students by
using structure method
10. Programs to illustrate the use of fprintf ( ) & fscanf ( )
11. Program for Random file organization
12. Program to implement command line arguments
TEXT BOOK:
P. RADHA GANESAN & Ramasamy , Programming in C, Scitech Publications, 2003.
[Unit I : Pages 1 –26 ; Unit II : Pages 27 – 45, 55 – 67 ; Unit III: Pages 84 –100, 108 –
120 ;
Unit IV : Pages 132 – 141, 148 – 162 ; Unit V: Pages 166 – 190]
CASE STUDIES
1) Page 53
2) Page 70
3) Page 78
4) Page 79
5) Page 80
6) Page 92
7) Page 123
8) Page 144
9) Page 163
10) Page 176 and 177
11) Page 182
12) Page 183
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. E. BALAGURUSAMY, Programming in ANSIC ( 2nd Ed.), TMH Publications.
2. D. Ravichandran, Programming in C, New Age International Publications.
214
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : III
Paper
Code : EMP31(M)
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
No. of credits :
4
: Core Elective
MODERN OPTICS
Course Objectives :
 To provide a broad overview of the various optical instruments.
 An introduction to laser and the basis of holography is given.
 An emphasis is given to the fibre optics and nonlinear optical phenomena.
UNIT I: OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS (15 Hours)
The Eye – Camera – Size of an object – The Simple Magnifier – Field of view – Stops and
Pupils – Objective and Eyepiece – Huygen’s Eyepiece – Ramsden Eyepiece – Comparison
of Ramsden Eyepiece with Huygen’s Eyepiece – Compound Microscope – Telescopes –
Reflecting Telescope – Constant Deviation Spectrometer – Abbe Refractrometer.
UNIT II: LASERS (10 Hours)
Attenuation of light in an optical medium – thermal equilibrium – Interaction of light with
matter – Einstein`s relations-Light Amplification- Population inversion – Active medium –
Pumping – Metastable states –Principal pumping schemes – Optical resonant cavity-Axial
modes-Types of lasers – Ruby, He-Ne, CO2 Laser – Laser beam characteristicsApplications.
UNIT III: HOLOGRAPHY (8 Hours)
Introduction - Principle of holography – Theory- Important properties of a hologram –
Advances -Applications.
UNIT IV: FIBRE OPTICS (15 Hours)
Introduction – Optical Fiber – Critical Angle of Propagation – Modes of Propagation –
Acceptance Angle – Fractional Refractive index change – Numerical Aperture – Types of
Optical Fibers – Normalized Frequency – Pulse Dispersion – Attenuation – Applications –
Fiber Optic Communication Systems – Advantages.
UNIT V: NON – LINEAR OPTICS (12 Hours)
Introduction – Wave Propagation and Momentum Conservation – Linear Medium –
Nonlinear Polarization – Second Harmonic Generation – Phase Matching – Sum and
Difference Frequency Generation – Parametric Oscillation – Self-Focussing of Light –
Stimulated Raman Scattering.
TEXT BOOK:
N. Subrahmanyam, BrijLal & M.N. Avadhanulu; A Text Book Of Optics, S. CHAND, 2006
(ISBN:81-219-2611-4).
REFERENCE BOOK:
F.A. Jenkins, H.E. White, Fundamentals Of Optics (4th Edition) Mcgraw- Hill Book
Company,1981(ISBN:0-07-032330-5).
215
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : EMP31(M & A)
Semester : III
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
Paper
: Elective
No. of credits :
4
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND APPLIED PHYSICS
Course Objectives :
 To understand fundamentals of material science and engineering.
 A basic knowledge about biophysics, geophysics and astrophysics is provided.
MATERIAL SCIENCE
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Material Science and engineering – Classification of engineering materials – Levels of
structure – Structure-property relationships in materials. Fractures: Fractures in materials
– Ductile fracture – Brittle fracture – Fracture toughness – The ductile-brittle transition –
Methods of protection against fracture – Fatigue fracture .
UNIT II OXIDATION AND CORROSION
Oxidation and Corrosion – Mechanisms of oxidation – Oxidation resistant materials – The
principles of corrosion – Protection against corrosion.
UNIT III MAGNETIC AND DIELECTRIC MATERIALS
Terminology and Classification – Magnetic moments due to electron spin –
Ferromagnetism and related phenomena – The domain structure – The hysteresis loop –
Soft magnetic materials – Hard magnetic materials – Polarization – Temperature and
frequency effects – Electric breakdown – Ferroelectric materials.
APPLIED PHYSICS
UNIT IV BIOPHYSICS
The effects of size – conduction of nerve impulses – electrocardiographs & electro
encephalographs – cardiac pace makers – electric shock – radioactive isotope as ‘tracers’ –
medical uses of radiations – biological effects of radiation – radiation exposure.
UNIT V GEOPHYSICS
The structure of the atmossphere – circulation in the troposphere – cyclones & anticyclones
– weather energies – the deeper – the hotter – Earth’s interior – floating continents –
terrestrial magnetism – fossil magnetism.
Astrophysics Inside the Sun – Energy production in the Sun – Solar fusion reactions –
Sunspots & magnetism – the evolution of stars.
TEXT BOOKS:
MATERIAL SCIENCE:
1) Materials Science and Engineering (A First Course) IV Ed., V. Raghavan, PHI.
Unit I : Page (1 – 7); Unit II : Page ( 281-310); Page (363-392)
APPLIED PHYSICS:
2) Physics (Foundations & Frontiers) III Ed., Author:George Gamov & John M. Cleveland,
PHI. Unit III & IV : Page (548-585);
REFERENCE BOOKS :
MATERIAL SCIENCE
1) Solid State Chemistry by N.B. Hannay. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited (1976).
2) Elements of Material Science & Engineering, by Lawrence H. John M. Cleveland,
Prentice Hall of India Limited (1978).
216
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : III
Paper
Code :
ENP31
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Non Major Elective
ULTRASONIC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING-I
Course Objectives:
i.
To explain the basic principles of ultrasonics
ii.
To provide a basic knowledge about non-destructive testing of materials
UNIT – I
Ultrasonics
Classification of sound waves – Ultrasonic waves- Different modes of Ultrasonic wavesCharacteristic properties of Ultrasonic waves- Attenuation of Ultrasonic waves- Production
of Ultrasonic waves- Magnetostriction Method – Piezo-electric method- Application of
Ultrasonic- industrial and Medical.
UNIT – II
Ultrasonic Inspection Method
Direct method- Pulse echo method- Through transmission method- Time of Flight
Diffraction method- Ultrasonic Flaw Detector- Data presentation A, B and C Scan displaystandards and codes.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1.
Baldev Raj, V.Rajendran, P. Palanichamy
Science and Technology of Ultrasonics,
Narosa Publishing house, 2004
2.
Baldevraj, Jeyakumar.T, Thavasimuthu.M, Practical Non- Destructive Testing, (3rd ed.)
Narosa Publishing house, 2007.
217
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP41
Semester : IV
Paper
: Core
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
No. of credits :
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
4
Course Objectives :
i.
To introduce to the students the basics of electricity and magnetism.
ii.
To enhance the application skills by relating the phenomena of electricity
and magnetism and daily activities.
iii.
To inculcate in the students an aesthetic sense towards scientific happenings.
UNIT I: GAUSS’S LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Flux of the electric field – Gauss’s law – Differential form of Gauss’s law –
Applications of Gauss’s law – Electric field due to a Uniformly charged sphere – an
isolated uniformly charged conducting sphere – Uniform Infinite cylindrical charge – an
infinite plane sheet of charge – two parallel sheets of charge – Coulomb’s theorem .
UNIT II: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Electric Potential – Relation between Electric field and Electric potential – Potential
at a point due to a uniformly charged conducting sphere – duo to a uniformly charged non
conducting solid sphere – Potential and field due to an electric dipole – Electric Potential
Energy . CAPACITANCE AND CAPACITORS
Introduction – Capacitance of a Spherical Capacitor - Outer Sphere Earthed – Inner
Sphere Earthed – Cylindrical Capacitor – Parallel plate Capacitor – Effect of a Dielectric –
Capacitors in Series and Parallel –Energy stored in a charged capacitor – Types of
Capacitors.
UNIT III: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Current and Current density Expression for current density – Equations of
Continuity – Ohm’s law and Electrical Conductivity - Kirchhoff’s laws – Applications of
Kirchhoff’s laws to Wheatstone’s network.
TRANSIENT CURRENTS
Growth of a current in a circuit containing a resistance and inductance – Decay of
current in a circuit containing L and R – Charge and Discharge of a Capacitor through R –
Measurement of High resistance by leakage – Growth of charge in LCR Circuit – Decay of
charge in LCR circuit.
218
ALTERNATING CURRENTS
EMF induced in a coil rotating in a magnetic field – Peak, average and RMS values
of Voltage and current – Series and Parallel resonant circuits – Power in an A.C. circuit –
Wattless current – Choke coil – The transformer.
UNIT IV: MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Magnetic induction – magnetization – Relation between the three magnetic vectors Susceptibility, permeability – Properties of Dia, Para, Ferro magnetic materials – The
Electron theory of Magnetism – Langevin’s theory of Dia, Para magnetism – Weiss theory
of Ferro Magnetism – Experiment to draw B-H Curve – Energy loss due to Hysteresis.
UNIT V: MAGNETOSTATICS
Magnetic vector potential – Magnetic field for a long straight current carrying wire
– magnetic scalar potential – application of magnetic scalar potential: Equivalence of a
small current loop and a magnetic dipole – Electric field vector in terms of scalar and
vector potentials – Magnetic shell – Potential at any point due to a magnetic shell –
Magnetic potential and field at a point on the axis of a flat circular magnetic shell –
Equivalence of magnetic shell and current circuit – The Hall effect.
TEXT BOOK:
R.MURUGESHAN, Electricity and Magnetism, (3rd ed.), S.Chand & Company Ltd, New
Delhi, 2001.
REFERENCE BOOK:
1.
A.F. KIP, Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1969.
2.
E.M. Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
219
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : EMP41(N)
Semester : IV
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
Paper
: Elective
No. of credits :
4
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Course Objectives :
i. To create an awareness among students about the growing energy needs, the
conventional and non conventional sources of energy and the methods of proper
utilization.
ii.
To explain to the students the role of sun as a repository of energy and the methods
of harnessing it.
iii.
To help students visualize the concept of “waste” as an alternative to meet the
growing demands for energy.
UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SOURCES
Energy consumption as a measure of prosperity – World Energy Futures – Energy sources
and their availability – Conventional Energy Sources – Non-Conventional Energy Sources.
UNIT-II SOLAR RADIATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION
Solar radiation outside the earth atmosphere – Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface –
Instrument for measuring solar radiation and sunshine. Physical principles of the
conversion of solar radiation into heat – Flat plate collectors – Transmissivity of cover
system – Energy balance and collector efficiency.
UNIT-III
SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS AND ENERGY
STORAGE
Focusing Type – parabolic Type – non-focusing type – compound parabolic concentration
– Performance analysis of a cylindrical parabolic concentrating collector – Selective
absorber coating – Solar Energy Storage Systems – Solar pond.
UNIT-IV BIO-MASS ENERGY
Introduction – Biomass conversion Technologies – Biogas generation – Classification and
Types of Biogas plants. Gasification of Biomass – Gasifier – Types of Gasifiers –
Application of Gasifiers.
UNIT-V ENERGY CONSERVATION
An Economic concept of Energy – Principles of Energy conservation and Energy Audit –
Energy Conservation Approach and Technologies – Co-generation – waste-heat utilization
– Heat Exchanges – Heat Regenerators – Heat pipes.
TEXT BOOK:
Non-conventional Energy Sources – G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers, 1997, First Reprint,
Delhi.
REFERENCE BOOK:
Solar Energy – Principles of Thermal Collection and Energy Storage – S.P. Sukhatme
TMH, 1997, Second Reprint New Delhi.
220
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : EMP41(NM)
Semester : IV
Paper
: Elective
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
No. of credits :
4
NUMERICAL METHODS
Course Objectives :
i. To discuss in detail the various numerical methods used to solve differential
equations.
ii.
To introduce to the students the importance of extrapolation and intrapolation.
iii.
To inculcate in the students problem solving skills and to discuss the association
between mathematics and physics.
UNIT–I ITERATIVE METHODS
Newton-Raphson Iterative method – Secant method – Successive Approximations –
Solutions of simultaneous algebraic equations – Gauss Elimination method – Gauss Seidal
Iterative method – Curve Fitting for a straight line, parabola and exponential curves.
UNIT-II NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Newton’s formula – Forward backward – Gauss’s forward – backward interpolation
formula – Bessel’s ;formula - Lagrange’s interpolation formula
UNIT-III NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
Trapezoidal rule – Simpson’s 1/3rd and 3/8th rules – Euler’s method – Modified
Euler’s method – Runge Kutta method II – Second order and Fourth order.
UNIT-IV INTERPOLATION
Linear interpolation – Gregory-Newton forward interpolation formula – Gregory Newton
backward Interpolation Formula – Central Difference Interpolation formula – Gauss’s
forward interpolation formula (unequal intervals)
- Gauss’s backward interpolation
formula (unequal intervals).
UNIT–V NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Power series approximation – Pointwise method – Solution by Taylor series - Taylor series
method for simultaneous first order differential equations – Taylor series method for second
order differential equations – Picard’s method of successive approximations – Euler’s
Method.
TEXT BOOK :
Numerical Methods: P. Kandasamy, K. Thilagavathy, K. Gunavathy,
S. Chand &
Company 2003.
221
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : IV
Paper
: Non-Major Elective
Code : ENMP41
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
ULTRASONIC NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING-II
UNIT – I
LIQUID PENETRANT TEST
Physical Principles – Procedure for Penetrant testing - Penetrant testing materials Penetrant test methods – Water washable method – Post emulsifiable Method – Solvent
removal method – Application and limitations.
UNIT – II
RADIOGRAPHY
Basic Principle – X-ray source generation and properties – radiation attenuation in the
specimen – Radiograpic imaging – Geometrical factors – Radiographic films –
Penetrameters – Inspection technique – Single wall single image- Double wall penetration
technique.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
Baldevraj, Jeyakumar.T, Thavasimuthu.M, Practical Non- Destructive Testing, (3rd ed.)
Narosa Publishing house, 2007.
222
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : V
No. of hrs. allotted :
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
ELEMENTARY SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Course Objectives:
MP51
5
4
i.
To help students understand the principles of condensed matter at the atomic level.
ii.
To provide an insight into the electronic structure of solids especially metals,
semiconductors and dielectrics.
iii.
To provide insights on newer topics viz. superconductivity, magnetic properties of
materials and the physics of semiconductors
CRYSTAL PHYSICS
UNIT I
CRYSTAL PHYSICS – I (12 HRS)
Crystal Physics Lattice Points and Space Lattice – The Basis and Crystal Structure – Unit
cells and Lattice parameters – Unit Cells versus Primitive cells – Crystal Systems – Crystal
symmetry – Twenty three Symmetry elements in a Cubic Crystal – Five fold rotation axis is
not compatible with a Lattice – Combination of Symmetry elements – Rotation-Inversion
axis – Translation symmetry Elements – Space Groups – The Bravais Space Lattices –
Metallic Crystal Structures – Relation Between the Density of Crystal Material and Lattice
constant in a Cubic Lattice.
UNIT II CRYSTAL PHYSICS – II (12 HRS)
Other Cubic Structures Directions, Planes and Miller Indices – Important Features of Miller
indices of Crystal Planes – Important planes and Directions in a Cubic crystal –
Distribution of Atoms in the Atomic Planes of a Simple Cubic Crystal – Separation
Between Lattice planes in a Cubic crystal – Allotrophy and Polymorphism – Imperfections
in Crystals – Reciprocal Lattice.
Wave Nature of Matter and X-ray Diffraction The de Broglie Hypothesis – Relativistic
Correction – experimental Study of Matter Waves – The Davisson-Germer Experiment –
Heissenberg’s Uncertainity Principle – X-ray Diffraction – Bragg’s Law – Bragg’s X-ray
Spectrometer – Powder Crystal Method – Rotating Crystal Method – Correction for
Bragg’s Equation.
SUPER CONDUCTOR
UNIT III SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (10 HRS)
A survey of superconductivity – Mechanism of super conductors – Effects of magnetic
field A.C. Resistivity – Critical currents – Flux exclusion – The meissner effect – Thermal
properties – The Energy Gap – Isotpe Effect – Mechanical Effects – The Penetration Depth
– Type I and Type II Superconductors – London equations – Electrodynamics –
superconductors in A.C. Fields – Thermodynamics of Superconductors – A survey of
B.C.S. Theory – B.C.S. Theory – Quantum Tunneling – Josephson’s Tunneling – Theory of
D.C. Josephson Effect – New Super conductors – Applications.
223
MATERIALS SCIENCE
UNIT IV FRACTURES, OXIDATION AND CORROSION (14 HRS)
Fractures in materials – Ductile fracture – Brittle fracture – Fracture toughness – The
ductile-brittle transition – Methods of protection against fracture – Fatigue fracture –
Oxidation and Corrosion – Mechanisms of oxidation – Oxidation resistant materials – The
principles of corrosion – Protection against corrosion.
UNIT V MAGNETIC AND DIELECTRIC MATERIALS (12 HRS)
Terminology and Classification – Magnetic moments due to electron spin –
Ferromagnetism and related phenomena – The domain structure – The hysteresis loop –
Soft magnetic materials – Hard magnetic materials – Polarization – Temperature and
frequency effects – Electric breakdown – Ferroelectric materials.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. S.O. PILLAI, Solid State Physics – ( 4th Ed.), New Age International Publisher,
1997, (ISBN:81-224-1048-0).
2. V. RAGHAVAN, Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course ( 4th Ed.),
Prentice-Hall of India, 2003 (ISBN:81-203-1261-9)
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1. N.B. HANNAY, Solid State Chemistry, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, 1976.
2. N. ARUMUGAM, Materials Science (3rd Ed.), Anuradha Agencies, 2002.
224
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP52
Semester : V
Paper
: Core
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
Analog Electronics
Course Objective
To provide the fundamental aspects regarding the design of analog electronic circuits for
various applications.
Unit I Semiconductor diodes and hybrid parameters (11 hrs)
Semiconductor diode- crystal diode- rectifiers-half and full –wave rectifiers-bridge
rectifier-efficiency-ripple factor- filter circuits-Zener diode-crystal diode versus vacuum
diode-hybrid parameters- determination of h parameters-transistor circuit performance in h
parameters-experimental determination of h parameters-limitations of h parameters.
Unit II Transistor and transistor biasing (12 hrs)
Transistor action-CB, CE & CC modes-comparison-amplifier in CE arrangementload line analysis-cut-off and saturation-power rating-application of CB amplifier-faithful
amplification-transistor biasing-various methods of transistor biasing: base resistor,
feedback resistor, voltage divider methods-instantaneous current and voltage wave forms.
Unit III Transistor voltage amplifiers (12)
Single stage amplifier-graphical demonstration-practical circuit-phase reversal-DC
& AC equivalent circuits-load line analysis-voltage gain- input impedance of CE amplifierclassification of amplifiers-multistage transistor amplifier-RC, transformer and direct
coupled amplifiers-comparison of different types of coupling-difference between transistor
and tube amplifier.
Unit IV Transistor audio power amplifiers(15)
Transistor audio power amplifier-small signal and large signal amplifiers-difference
between voltage and power amplifiers-performance quantities and classification of power
amplifiers-expression for collector efficiency-maximum collector efficiency of class A
amplifiers-thermal runaway- heat sink-push-pull amplifier-maximum efficiency for class B
power amplifier.
Feedback in amplifiers
Feedback-principles and advantages of negative voltage feedback-gain of negative
voltage feedback amplifier- principles of negative current feedback- current gain-effects of
negative current feedback-emitter follower- D.C. analysis, voltage gain, input & output
impedances and applications of emitter follower.
225
Unit V Oscillators (10)
Sinusoidal oscillator and its types-oscillatory circuit-positive feedback amplifieressentials of transistor oscillator-Barkhausen criterion-types of transistor oscillators-tuned
collector, Colpitt’s, Hartley, Wien bridge and phase shift oscillators- limitations of LC and
RC oscillators-transistor crystal oscillator.
Modulation and demodulation
Modulation-types of modulation-amplitude modulation-modulation factor- sideband
frequencies in AM wave- transistor AM modulator-limitations of amplitude modulationfrequency modulation-theory of FM-comparison of FM AND AM- demodulationessentials in demodulation-AM diode detector-types of AM radio receivers-stages of
superhetrodyne radio receiver-FM receiver.
Text book
1. V. K. Mehta, R. Mehta, Principles of electronics, 11th ed., S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Reference books
1. D. A. Bell, Electronic devices and circuits, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. A. Malvino, D. J. Bates, Electronic principles, 7th ed., Tata McGraw-hill publishing Co.
Ltd., New Delhi.
226
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP53
Semester : V
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
4
MODERN PHYSICS
Course Objectives :
 To develop in the students a sense of critical appreciation of the theory of relativity
and to introduce to them the basic concepts of quantum mechanics.
 To help students differentiate between the atomic theory and nuclear physics.
 To impart to the students the know hows of radioactivity and the pros and cons
behind it.
UNIT – I
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Galilean transformations – Electromagnetism and Galilean transformations – Michelson
Morley experiment – Postulates of special theory of relativity – Lorentz transformations –
Velocity transformation – Length contraction – Time dilation – Simultaneity – Relativistic
mass – Mass and Energy – Space-Time diagrams – General relativity.
UNIT – II
WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPTS & GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS
de Broglie hypothesis – The Davisson-Germer experiment – Standing wave of an electron
in a circular orbit – The Heissenberg’s uncertainity principle – Some applications of
uncertainity principle – Wave packets – Phase velocity and group velocity – Timedependent Schrodinger equation – Physical interpretation of the wave function – Free
particle in one dimension – Particle in an infinite square well – Particle in a box – The
Barrier potential – Simple harmonic oscillator.
UNIT – III ATOMIC PHYSICS
Hydrogen atom spectrum – Orbital magnetic moment of hydrogen atom – Larmor
precession – Stern-Gerlach experiment – Electron spin – The vector atom model – SpinOrbit interaction and fine structure – Pauli’s exclusion principle and electronic
configuration – Total angular momentum in many electron atoms – Normal Zeeman effect
– Anomalous Zeeman effect – Paschen-Bach effect – Stark effect.
UNIT – IV NUCLEAR
PROPERTIES
AND
NUCLEAR
REACTIONS,
DETECTORS AND ACCELERATORS
Constituents of nuclei – Nuclear size – Binding energy – Angular momentum of the
nucleus – magnetic moment – Nuclear quadrupole moment – Parity – General features of
Nuclear
forces – Nuclear reactions – Nuclear reaction kinetics – Reaction mechanisms –
Nuclear Fission – Fission reactor – Nuclear fusion – Transuranium elements – GeigerMuller Counter – Scintillation Counter – The Cloud Chamber – The Bubble Chamber –
Cyclotron – Synchrotron – Linear Accelerator.
UNIT – V
RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Discovery of radioactivity – Rate of decay, half-life and mean life – Conservation laws in
radioactive decays – Decay series – Radioactive equilibrium – Radioactive dating – Alpha
decay – Beta decay – Gamma decay – Radioisotopes – Fundamental interactions in nature –
Dawn of elementary particle physics – Particles and antiparticles – Classification of
elementary particles.
TEXT BOOK:
Modern Physics, G. ARULDHAS AND P. RAJAGOPAL, PHI Learning Private Limited, New
Delhi, 2009.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE :
1. Modern Physics (9th ed), N.K.Sehgal, K.L.Chopra & D.L.Sehgal, S.Chand & Sons,
New Delhi, 2004.
2. Concepts of Modern Physics (6th ed.), McGraw Hill, New York, 2003.
227
Course
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : EMP51(E)
Semester : V
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
3
No. of credits :
3
: Elective
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Course Objectives :
 To know about the error analysis in measurement.
 To get the knowledge about various types of instruments and their design.
 To aware of radiation safety while in measurement.
UNIT I: PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT
Measurement-result of a measurement-sources of uncertainty and experimental errorsystematic error-random error-definition of uncertainty-analysis of repeated measurementsmathematical description of data distribution
functions-derivation and properties of
distribution functions-propagation error-analysis of data-multiparameter experiments.
UNIT II: INSTRUMENTATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
Experiment design-transducers-transducer characteristics-selection of an instrumentation
transducer-transducer as an electrical element-modeling external circuit components-circuit
calculations-instrument probes-power measurements-measurement methods-DC and AC
bridge measurements.
UNIT III: TRANSDUCER PROPERTIES
Temperature measurements –definition of temperature –temperature transducers-thermal
radiation temperature measurements-low temperature thermometry-optical measurements
and the electromagnetic spectrum-linear position sensors-summary and conclusions.
UNIT IV: OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Spectroscopic
instruments-visible and infra red spectroscopy-spectrometer design-
refraction and diffraction –lenses and refractive optics-dispersive elements-spectrometer
design-Lasers –Fibre optics.
UNIT V: RADIATION DETECTION,MEASUREMENT AND SAFETY
General principles of radiation detection –types of radiation detectors-radiation doseoccupational health and safety-chemical substances –radiation safety.
TEXT BOOK:
Measurement,Instrumentation and experiment design in physics and engineering,Sayer,M.
&Mansingh,A. PHI,2005,ISBN:81-203-1269-4.
228
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : V
Paper
Code : EMP51(O)
No. of hrs. allotted :
3
No. of credits :
3
: Elective
OPTICAL FIBRES AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Course Objectives
 To discuss the role played by optical fibers in conquering distance and time.
 To enable the students understand the various classification of optical fibres and the
losses encountered while sending signals.
 To elaborate to the students the various sources, detectors and the fibre optic sensors
used.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBRES
What are optical fibres? –Importance-Generation of telephone system and optical fibrePropagation of light in different media-Propagation of light in an optical fibre-Basic
structure and optical path of an optcal fibre-Acceptance angle and acceptance coneNumerical aperture(NA)-Modes of propagation-Meridional and skew rays-Number of
modes and cutoff parameters of fibres-Single mode propagation-Comparison of step and
graded index fibres-Application of fibres.
UNIT II
CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRES
Fibres-Classification of stepped index fibre-Stepped index monomode fibre-Disadvantages
of monomode fibre-Graded index monomode fibre-Plastic fibres-Other latest developed
types of fibres-Mechanism of refractive index variation-Fibre strength-Mechanical strength
measurement of optical fibres.
UNIT III
FIBRE LOSSES
Attenuation in optic fibres-Material or impurity losses-Rayleigh scattering lossesAbsorption losses-Leaky modes-Bending losses-Radiation induced losses-Inherent defect
losses-Inverse square law losses-Transmission losses-Temperature dependence of fibre
losses-Core and cladding losses.
UNIT IV
DISPERSION IN OPTICAL FIBRES
Electrical vs optical bandwidth-Bandwidth length product-Dispersion in an optical fibreIntermodal dispersion-Mixing of modes-Material chromatic dispersion-Waveguide
dispersion-Dispersion power penalty-Total dispersion delay-Maximum transmission rateDispersion shifted fibres
229
UNIT V
OPTICAL FIBRE SOURCES, DETECTORS AND TYPES OF FIBRE
OPTIC SENSORS
SOURCES
Introduction-LED-Laser-Light emitting transistor-Organic LEDs-Power efficiency-OLED:
structure and operation-Quantum efficiency.
PHOTODETECTORS
Introduction-Characteristic
of
photo-detectors-Photoemissive
photo-detectors-
Photoconductive devices-Photo voltaic devices-PN junction photo-detector-Pin photodiodeAvalanche photo diode-Photo transistor-bit error rate(BER).
SENSORS
Introduction-Fibre optic sensors-Intensity modulated sensors-Liquid level type hybrid
sensor-Diffraction grating sensors-Sensors using single mode fibre-Interferometric sensorPolarisation problem in interferometric sensor using SMF-Medical applications of fibre
sensors-Fibre optic gyroscopes-Vibrations and displacement measurement sensors-Rotary
position sensor-Linear position measuring sensor-Liquid level sensor-Acceleration
measuring sensor-Multiplexing and distributed sensing.
TEXT BOOK
Dr.Subir
Kumar
Sarkar:
OPTICAL
FIBRES
AND
FIBRE
OPTIC
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. S.CHAND &COMPANY LTD.(ISBN:81-219-1459-0)
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
1.
John Crisp: INTRODUCTION TO FIBRE OPTICS
II EDITION (ISBN: 07506-50303)
2.
Gerd Keiser: OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
III edition-Mc Graw Hill Co. (ISBN: 07-232101-6)
230
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : V
Paper
: Skill Based Elective
ESP51(E)
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS – I
Course Objectives :
i. To create awareness among students about the environment they live in and the
physical principles involved.
ii.
To describe the various forms of renewable energy and their uses.
iii.
To interpret the factors that influence the earth’s atmosphere and discuss the effect
on climate changes.
UNIT – I
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable sources : Hydroelectric power and potential energy – Wind power – Tides and
tidal power – Energy in waves and wave power – Photovoltaics – Energy storage – Energy
use in transport : Energy efficiency in different transport modes – Comparison of specific
energy use – Electric vehicles – Energy in the biosphere – Photosynthesis – Trophic levels
– Other biological energy sources – Biomass energy
UNIT – II
EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE
The atmosphere – General circulation of the atmosphere – Weather disturbances – Clouds –
Ocean currents – Microclimates – The ozone layer – Climate change : The Earth’s radiative
balance, albedo and the ‘greenhouse effect’ – Greenhouse gases and greenhouse warming
potentials – Greenhouse warming, feedbacks and climate impacts – Ice ages and colder
climates? – Sea level – Climate modeling – Validation of models of climate change
TEXT BOOK
Smith, C. : Environmental Physics, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London & New
York, 2001
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1.
Boeker, E. & van Grondelle, R. : Environmental Physics (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, 1999.
2.
Guyot, G.: Physics of the Environment and Climate, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester,
1999.
231
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : ESP51(M)
Semester : V
Paper
: Skill Based Elective
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To discuss in detail the concept of div, curl and gradient.
 To enable the students to understand the concept of eigen vectors and eigen values.
 To enhance the mathematical skill of students by indulging them in problem
solving.
UNIT – I VECTOR ANALYSIS AND CURVED COORDIANTES
Curvilinear Coordinates – Circular, Cylindrical and Spherical Polar Coordinate system –
Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Cylindrical and Polar Coordinates.
UNIT – II SPECIAL MATRICES
Diagnol – Triangular – Symmetric and antisymmetric – Orthogonal – Hermitian, Skew
Hermitian - Unitary Matrices. Eigen vectors and Eigen Values – Diagnoalisation of
Matrices.
TEXT BOOK
Mathematical Physics (II ed.) Gupta, B.D : Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1993.
232
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : V
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Self-study
VISUAL ASTRONOMY
Course Objectives :
i.
To popularise Astronomy as a healthy hobby among students of all disciplines
ii.
To identify the summer and winter constellations and record preliminary data on the
movement of stars and planets
iii.
To appreciate the night sky and understand the celestial phenomena with the help of
naked eye observations
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION TO THE SKY
Star names – Astronomical Catalogues – Understanding Magnitudes – Seeing colour in the sky –
Dark adaptation – Averted versus direct vision – Finding your way around the Sky – Apparent sizes
and distances – Astronomical distances – Time in astronomy- How dark is your sky ? – Part under
the Stars.
UNIT – II
CHOOSING THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT AND VIEWING THE
NAKED EYE SKY
Naked eye, Binocular or a telescope? - Binoculars – Types of telescope – Trick the light fantastics
– Telescope mounts – Eye Pieces - Filters – Other accessories – Atmospheric effects on sun light –
Sunrise & Sunsets – Conjunctions –Constellations and Asterisms – Auroral lights – meteors and fire
balls – Treats of the zodiacs – The Milky way.
UNIT – III
EXPLORE THE WINTER, SPRING SKIES
Learn the winter Constellation – Discovers the jewels in Taurus – Survey the wonders in orion –
View the gems in Gemini – learn the Spring Constellation – View the Marvels in Leo – Scan the
delights in Ursa Major – Go galaxy – Hunting in Virgo.
UNIT – IV
EXPLORE THE SUMMER AND SKIES
Learn the Summer Constellation – Spy the glittering clusters in Scorpius – Encounter the Milkyway
in Saggitarius – Survey bright gas clouds in Cygnus - Learn the Autumn Constellation – Detect a
kings fortune in Cebheus – Observe Milkyway riches in Cassiopeia - Spot a grand galaxy in
Andromeda
UNIT – V
RECORD THE SKY
Sketch the Sky – Photograph the Sky – The 88 Constellations – The 25 Brightest star.
TEXT BOOK
Talcott, R.: Teach yourself visually astronomy, Wiley Publishing, New Jersey, 2009.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
Bely, P.Y, Christian, C.& Roy, J. R. : A question and answer guide to astronomy, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 2010.
Software aid: www.stellarium.org
233
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP61
Semester : VI
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
4
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Course Objectives :
i. To provide an overview of the principles of rotation, vibration and symmetry of
molecules.
ii. To expose the students to the principles of IR, FTIR, Raman, NMR, ESR and Laser
spectroscopic methods
iii. To distinguish between the various spectroscopic techniques, their principles,
applications advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT – I
FUNDAMENTALS OF SPECTROSCOPY
Electromagnetic spectrum - Types of molecular energies – Different spectroscopic methods
- Spectral line width – Absorption and emission of radiation – Einstein’s coefficients –
Lasers – Molecular Symmetry: Symmetry operations – Symmetry elements.
UNIT – II
ROTATION OF MOLECULES
Classification of molecules – Interaction of radiation with rotating molecule –
Rotational spectra of rigid diatomic molecules - Isotope effect in rotational spectra –
Intensity of rotational lines – Nonrigid rotator – Vibrational excitation effect – Linear
polyatomic molecules – Symmetric top molecules – Asymmetric top molecules –
information derived from rotational spectra.
UNIT – III INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Vibrational energy of diatomic molecule – Infrared selection rules- vibrating
diatomic molecule – Diatomic vibrating rotator – Vibrations of polyatomic moleculesrotation vibration spectra of polyatomic molecules – IR spectrophotometer – Sample
handling techniques – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Applications.
UNIT – IV RAMAN SCATTERING AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
Theory of Raman scattering – rotational Raman spectra – Vibrational Raman
Spectra – Mutual exclusion principle - Raman spectrometer – sample handling techniques –
Magnetic properties of nuclei – Resonance condition – NMR instrumentation – Additional
experimentation techniques – Relaxation processes – Chemical Shift - NMR imaging.
UNIT – V
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
Principle of ESR – ESR Spectrometer - Nonlinear optical effects – frequency
generation by nonlinear optical techniques – sources of Laser spectroscopy – Supersonic
beams and jet cooling – Hyper Raman effect – Stimulated Raman scattering – Inverse
Raman scattering – Coherent anti-stoke’s Raman scattering – Photoacoustic Raman
scattering – Circular dichroism spectroscopy
TEXT BOOK
Aruldhas, G. : Molecular Spectroscopy, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2009.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1.
Graybeal, J.D. : Molecular spectroscopy, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1988.
2.
Hollas, M: Modern spectroscopy, 4th ed., John Wiley, New York, 2004.
3.
Randhwa, H.S.: Modern Molecular spectroscopy, Macmillan, New Delhi, 2003.
4.
Straughn, R.P. and walker, S., Spectroscopy, Vols.I, II & III, Chapman and Hall,
London,1976.
234
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MP62
Semester : VI
Paper
: Core
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
INDUSTRIAL PHYSICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Course Objectives :
i.
To provide an understanding of the principles and characteristics of Diodes, ICs and
FETs.
ii.
To discuss the applications of the diodes, ICs and FETs as voltage regulators,
amplifiers
iii.
To understand the design and construction of inverters, converters and bridges and
their applications
UNIT I: DIODES
Zener diode –Schottky diode-PIN diode –LED -7 segmnent display-Photo diode-Field
Effect Transistor-Introduction –Junction Field Effect Transistor-Operation of JFET –
Characteristics-Drain
Characteristics
–Transfer
Characteristics
MOSFETs-Depletion type MOSFET-working of
–JFET
parameters-
a depletion type MOSFET- Drain
Characteristics –Transfer Characteristics-Advantages.
UNIT II: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND REGULATORS
Integrated circuit-advantages of IC`s –limitations of IC`s –Scale of Integration –
Classification of IC`s –Monolithic IC`s –Thick and thin film IC`s-comparision among
different IC`s –Linear IC`s –Non linear IC`s –IC terminology-Fabrication of monolithic
IC`s –Fabrication : IC components – Bipolar transistors- FET`s –JFET`s –DiodesResistors-Capacitors. Voltage Regulators-various types-Uses of Zener diode as regulatorDisadvantages –Uses of transistor as voltage regulators-short circuit protection-Three pin
IC regulators-adjustable voltage regulator.
UNIT III: FET AMPLIFIERS
Introduction-biasing the FET and JFET-Gate Bias-Self Bias-Setting a Q-point –Setting a Qpoint using DC load line-Voltage divider bias-Source Bias-Current source bias- Biasing:
Enhancement type MOSFET`s –Depletion type MOSFET`s-Small signal: FET modelsLow frequency FET models-high frequency FET model-FET amplifier-Common source
Amplifier-analysis-effect of A.C. load on amplifier parameters-Effect of external source on
voltage gain- common drain amplifier-analysis-common gate amplifier –analysis.
235
UNIT IV: CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS
Inverters – Introduction – working principle – Choppers – DC Chopper – Single thyristor
chopper – Dual Converers – Single Phase converter – Three Phase converter – Cyclo
converters – Introduction and types of cyclo converters – Photo electric devices –
Introduction – LDR – LED – photovoltaic cells – Photo conductive celle – Transducers –
Introduction – classification – Transducers in instrumentation and control systems –
selection of transducers – Types of transducers.
UNIT V: BRIDGES
Wheatstone bridge – Kelvin
bridge –AC bridges-Maxwell-Hay –Scherring bridges-
Unbalance conditions-Wein bridge-AC Voltmeters using rectifiers-True RMS responding
voltmeter-Electronic multimeter.
Textbook
1. R.S.SEDHA, A Textbook on Applied Electronics, S.Chand & Co.,
[ Unit I, P 195 – 215, 248 – 266, Unit II P 285 – 300, 327 – 345, Unit III p 538 - 563]
2. S.K.Bhattacharya& S.Chatterjee, Industrial Electronics and Control, Tata-McGraw Hill,
Ltd.[Unit IV, P 216 – 218, 234 – 239, 245 – 248, 250 – 252, 416 – 422, 425 – 427,
438 – 445]
3. Helfrick & Cooper, Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measuring Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India,[Unit V, P 101 – 111, 114 – 127, 135 – 145]
236
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : VI
Paper
MP63
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
: Core
DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
Course Objective :
i.
To impart to the students the basic principles, theory and working of fundamental
digital circuits which form the basis of modern communication systems.
ii.
To explain to the students the necessity behind digitalization and the revolutionary
breakthroughs associate with it.
iii.
To throw light on the impacts of the digital analogs of discrete components on
space and time.
UNIT I DIGITAL PRINCIPLES & DIGITAL LOGIC (13 HRS)
Definition of Digital Signals – Digital Wave forms – Digital Logic – Moving & Storing –
Digital Information – Digital operation- Digital Components – Digital ICs – Digital IC
signal levels - Binary – Basic Gates – Boolean Algebra – Gates with bubbles – Positive &
Negative Logic.
UNIT II COMBINATIONAL
LOGIC
CIRCUIT
&
DATA
PROCESSING
CIRCUIT (13 HRS)
Boolean Laws – Sum Of Products – Truth Table to Karnaugh Map - Karnaugh Map
Simplification – Product Of Sum – Multiplexer – Decoder – Encoder – XOR Gates – Parity
Generator – ROM - PAL – PLA – Trouble Shooting.
UNIT III FLIP FLOPS, CLOCKS & TIMERS (10 HRS)
RS Flip Flop – Edge Triggered RS, D, JK Flip Flops – Flip Flop Timing – JK Master Slave
– Switch Contact Bouncing Circuit – Clock Wave forms – TTL Clock – Schmidt Trigger –
Circuits using 555 timer – Pulse forming Circuits.
UNIT IV REGISTERS & COUNTERS (12 HRS)
Types of Registers – SISO – SIPO – PISO – PIPO – Ring Counter – Various types of
Counters - Asynchronous, Synchronous, Decade, Presettable, & Shift Counters – MOD 10
shift counter – Digital Clock.
237
UNIT V
ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS, D/A & A/D CONVERSION (12 HRS)
Binary Addition – Subtraction – Unsigned Binary Numbers – 2’s compliment – Arithmetic
building block – Adder – Subtractor – Binary Multiplication & Division – Variables
Resistor Networks – Binary Ladder – DAC – ADC – AD technique – Dual Slope – AD
Accuracy & Resolution.
TEXT BOOK :
DONALD P. LEECH and ALBERT PAUL MALVINO, Digital Principles and Applications (5th
Ed.), MALVINO, Tata-McGraw-Hill.
[Unit I : Pages: 2 – 43, 46 – 92 ; Unit II: Pages: 94 – 130, 132 – 180, Unit III: Pages: 282 –
310, 252 – 279 ; Unit IV: Pages 312 – 339, 342 – 395 ; Unit V: Pages 182 – 215, 398 –
440]
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1.
Experiments in Digital Principles by Donald P. Leach, III Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
2.
Digital Fundamentals by Flyod, Universal Books Stall, New Delhi.
238
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : EMP61(A)
Semester : VI
Paper
: Elective
No. of hrs. allotted :
3
No. of credits :
4
APPLIED ELECTRONICS
Course Objectives:
i. To enhance the application skills of the students by providing working knowledge
of various electrical instruments.
ii.
To provide an introduction to the basic concepts of microprocessors.
iii.
To give first hand knowledge about the various electrical appliances used at home
and hence to develop their scientific attitude.
UNIT I
Testing of instruments Galvanometer – Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter,
voltmeter and ohmmeter – Multimeter – CRO – Construction and Basic operation – CRO
for measurements – Display and analysis – VTVM .
UNIT II
Electrical switches Switches – Fuses – Circuit breaker – Electromagnetic Relay – Principle
and operation of SCR, UJT, DIAC, TRIAC – SCR as control devices
UNIT III
Electrical appliances Electric fans – Refrigerators – Air conditioner – Washing machine –
Tape recorder – General principles and working
UNIT IV
Television Fascimile – Transmission – Receiption – Television – T.V. Channels –
Interlaced Scanning (Simple idea only) – broadcasting – Interlaced scanning – VSB
Transmission of T.V.signal –Image Orthicon – Vidicon – T.V. Transmission –
Monochrome T.V. Receiver – Principle of Colour T.V. – PAL Colour receiver – Picture
Tube
UNIT V
Microprocessor and microcomputer LSI chip – CPU – Instruction register – Decoders –
ALU control and timing circuits – Address bus, Data bus and control bus – Basic idea of
operating systems – An example – special purpose of microcomputers – (Block diagram)
REFERENCE BOOKS:
FOR UNIT I
1. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, WILIAM DAVID
COOPER – PRENTICE HALL OF INDIA.
2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS, V.K. MEHTA, S. CHAND & CO.
FOR UNIT II
3. APPLIED ELECTRONICS, SEDHA , S. CHAND & CO.
4. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, G.K. MITHAL
FOR UNIT III
5. HOW THINGS WORK VOL I & VOL II.
FOR UNIT IV
6. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, ANOKH SINGH, S. CHAND & CO.
FOR UNIT V
7. FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER, V. RAJARAMAN PRENTICE HALL OF INDIA.
239
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : EMP61 (N)
Semester : VI
Paper
: Elective
No. of hrs. allotted :
3
No. of credits :
INTRODUCTION TO NANO SCIENCE
4
Course Objectives :
i.
To enable the student understand the postulates and concepts of nanophysics with
clarity.
ii.
To help the students understand the principles, fabrication and design of Carbon
Nano-Tubes and their application.
UNIT I: BASICS OF QUANTUM CONFINEMENT
Nano and nature - out technologies and the world we live – nano – the beginning. - General
properties and growth of hetro structures, band engineering, dopped hetro structurtes, wires
and dots, optical confinement, effective mass approximation, effective mass theory in hetro
structures.
UNIT II: GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATIONS
Self Assembled Minelayers: Introduction – monolayer on gold – growth process- phase
transitions - patterning monolayer - mixed monolayer - SAMS and applications.
Semiconductors Quantum Dots: Introduction – synthesis of quantum dots – electronic
structure of nano crystals – quantum dots-core relation of properties with size - uses.
UNIT III: GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION
Experimental methods: Investigating and manipulating materials in nanoscales –
introduction - electron microscopes - scanning probe microscopes - optical microscopes for
nano science and technology – other kinds of microscopes – XRD - associated techniques.
UNIT VI: NANO SENSORS
Introductions - nano sensors - order from chaos - nano scale organization for sensors –
characterization – perception - nano sensors based on optical properties - nano sensors
based on quantum size effects - electrochemical sensors- sensors based on physical
properties - nano biosensors - smart dust.
UNIT V: CARBON NANOTUBES
Introduction - synthesis and purification – filling of nano tubes – mechanism of growth electronic structure – transport properties – mechanical properties – physical properties –
applications – nano tubes of other materials.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Huozhong Gao, Nanostructures & Nanomaterials, Imperial College Press (2004).
Unit I – Chapter 7.
2. Pradeep, T. NANO: The essentials – Undeerstanding Nanoscience and nano
technology, Tata McGraw-Hill Pubhilisng Company Ltd. New Delhi (2007).
Unit I – Chapter 1.
Unit II – Chaper 5 &7.
Unit III – Chapetr 2.
Unit VI – Chapter 12.
Unit V – Chapter 4.
240
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 11 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code : ESP61 (Q)
Semester : VI
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Skill-Based Elective
QUANTUM MECHANICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
i. To understand Basic concepts in Quantum Mechanics.
ii.
To throw light on the formulation of Schrödinger equation.
iii.
To have a glimpse of various matrices in quantum mechanics.
UNIT – I
FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
The Physical basis of Quantum Mechanics Experimental background – Inadequacy of
classical physics-Summary of prinicpal experiments and inferences. Bohr – Sommerfield
quantization rules – practical
difficulti s
and conceptual difficulties-uncertainty
principle. Wave packets in space and time – wave formalism. TheSchrodinger wave
equation: Development of the wave equation – Interpretation of wave equation – Energy
Eigen functions – one dimensional square well potential – Linear Harmonic oscillator.
UNIT-II MATRIX FORMULATION
Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics – Matrix algebra – types of matrices –
Hermitian and unitary matrices – Hilbert space – Dirac’s bra and Ket notation. Physical
meaning of matrix elements.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Quantum Mechanics - Satyaprakash & Swati Satya :
2. Quantum Mechanics, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co, 2006.
241
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : VI
Paper
: Skill-Based Elective
Code :
ESP61(E)
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS – II
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
i. To discuss the effects on human health due to radiation and the principles
involved in measuring and controlling noise.
ii.
To elaborate on the biological impacts of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
iii.
To understand the potential and magnitude of nuclear energy and the risks
involved in commissioning and decommissioning nuclear facilities.
UNIT – I
RADIATION EFFECTS, SOUND AND NOISE
Transmission lines and human health – Entropy and the environment – Biological effects of
non-ionising radiation – Remote sensing : Radiometry in remote sensing – Image
interpretation and ground truthing – Noise and nuisance – Human perception of sound and
noise – Noise levels – Noise measurement – Controlling noise – Noise contours.
UNIT – II
RADIAOCTIVITY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Biological impacts of ionizing radiation – Radiation doses and dose limits – Envorinmental
pathways of radioisotopes – Risk analysis – Energy released by nuclear fission – Critical
mass – Types of fission reactor – Control of nuclear reactors – Fast-breeder reactors –
Nuclear safety and nuclear incidents – The nuclear fuel cycle and reprocessing –
Radioactive discharges – Decommissioning of nuclear facilities – Nuclear waste – Fusion
reactions : Energy in a fusion reaction.
TEXT BOOK
Smith, C. : Environmental Physics, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London & New
York, 2001
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1.
Boeker, E. & van Grondelle, R. : Environmental Physics (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, 1999.
2.
Guyot, G.: Physics of the Environment and Climate, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester,
1999.
242
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : I & II
Paper
Code :
MPL21
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
3
: Practical
1.
“E” – Uniform bending
2.
“E” – Cantilever Oscillations
3.
“E” – Depression of Cantilever
4.
“G” – Static torsion – scale and Telescope
5.
Torsion Pendulum
6.
Compound Pendulum
7.
Viscosity – Burette, capillary tube
8.
Surface tension – Quincke’s drop
9.
Surface tension and interfacial surface tension
10.
Volume resonator
11.
Melde’s string
12.
Lee’s disc
13.
Specific heat by cooling
14.
Spectrometer – Dispersive power of a prism
15.
M and BH – Field along the axis of a coil
16.
Current and voltage sensitiveness – MG
17.
Thermo emf – Potentiometer
18.
Potentiometer – Temperature coefficient of resistance
19.
Calibration of Ammeter- Potentiometer
20.
High range voltmeter calibration – Potentiometer
21.
Carey-Foster Bridge BG – charge sensitiveness
243
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Semester : III & IV
Paper
Code :
MPL41
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
3
: Practical
1.
Determination of Capacity (absolutely)
2.
Comparison of capacities – BG
3.
Comparison of mutual inductances
4.
Absolute determination of mutual inductance
5.
LCR circuit – series resonance
6.
LCR circuit – parallel resonance
7.
Bridge rectifier
8.
Comparison of resistance – BG
9.
Logic gates – NAND, NOR, NOT using diodes and transistor
10.
Newton’s rings
11.
Grating normal incidence N &  for Hg spectrum
12.
Grating – wavelength by minimum deviation method
13.
Grating dispersive power
14.
Narrow angle prism
15.
Sonameter – frequency of AC mains
16.
i-d curve
17.
Low pass, High pass, Band Pass RC filters
244
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : V & VI
Paper
MPL61
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
No. of credits :
3
: Practical
NON-ELECTRONICS
1.
i-i’ curve
2.
Resolving power of Telescope
3.
Air wedge
4.
Biprism (using spectrometer)
5.
Polarimeter
6.
Cauchy’s constant
7.
Hartmann’s constant
8.
Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter and milliammeter
9.
e.m.f. of a thermocouple
10. Owen’s bridge
11. Anderson bridge
12. Maxwell bridge
13. Schering’s bridge
14. Desauty’s bridge
15. Grating II order spectrum
16. High resistance by leakage
17. e.c.e. of Copper
245
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Physics
Code :
MPL62
Semester : V & VI
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
3
: Practical
ELECTRONICS
1.
Transistor Characteristics (CE mode)
2.
Transistor Characteristics (CB mode)
3.
FET Characteristics
4.
OP-Amp Characteristics
5.
Single Stage Amplifier
6.
Hartley Oscillator
7.
Colpitts Oscillator
8.
Voltage Doubler
9.
Dual Power supply
10. Bridge rectifier with filters
11. Astable multivibrator (using transistor)
12. Monostable multivibrator (using 555)
13. Astable multivibrator (using 555)
14. Gates (using ICs)
15. Half Adder & full Adder (Construction using IC’s)
16. Zener Characteristics
17. Zener voltage regulator
18. NAND as Universal gate
246
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Chemistry /
Mathematics
Semester : I / III
Paper
: Allied
Code : AP11/AOP1
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
4
4
PHYSICS – I
Course Objective :
To explain the basic concepts of physics in mechanics, properties of matter and
optics
UNIT- I MECHANICS
Force, Work, Power and Energy Conservative and nonconservative force with exampleFriction – central forces - work done by a force – work done by a varying force –
Expression for kinetic energy – Expression for potential energy - power. Rotational
motion Torque work and power in rotational motion - (derviations of expressions) –
Torque and angular acceleration – Angular momentum and angular impulse – K.E. of
rotation – motion along the inclined plane – diatomic molecule – reduced mass.
UNIT – II Impulse and Impact Impulse and momentum – Elastic and Inelastic impacts –
Direct impact of two smooth spheres – Expressions of final velocities – Loss of energy due
to impact
UNIT- III PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Viscosity Stokes law – Determination of a viscosity of liquid (theory and experiment) –
Derivation of Peiseuille’s formula (Analytical method) – Bernoullis’ theorem proof and
application. Elasticity Elastic moduli – Bending of beams – Expression for B.M – E by
uniform bending (theory and experiment) – E by non –uniform bending (Theory and
experiment) –I section girders – Torsion – Expression for couple per unit twist – work done
in twisting – Torsion pendulum (Theory and Experiment).
Unit IV Geometrical Optics
Deviation produced by a thin lens – focal length of two thin lenses in contact – Equivalent
focal length of two lenses separated by a distance – Principal points – Cardinal points –
Dispersion of light – Dispersion through a prism – Dispersive power.
Unit V Physical Optics
INTERFERENCE : Interference in thin films – Air wedge – Newton’s rings - Diffraction
grating – Determination of wavelength of light using transmission grating (normal
incidence) – POLARISATION : Double refraction – Huygens theory – Nicol prism – QWP
– HWP – Optical activity – Biot’s law – Specific rotator power – Laurent’s halfshade
polarimeter.
TEXT BOOK
R. Murugeshan, Optics and Spectroscpy, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 1998.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1. Sears, Zemansky and Young, University Physics (6th ed.), Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi, 2005.
2. D.S. Mathur, Elements of Properties of Matter, S. Chand & Co. New Delhi, 2004.
3. N. Venkatachalam, Optics and Spectroscopy, CMN Publications, 1999.
247
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc. Chemistry /
Code : AP22/AOP2
Mathematics
Semester : II / IV
No. of hrs. allotted :
4
Paper
: Allied
No. of credits :
4
BASIC ELECTRONICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To expose the students to the elements of semiconductor diodes and to throw light on the
basics of transistors and their characteristics
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR (10 HRS)
Semiconductor Physics – intrinsic, extrinsic semiconductor – Band Energy Diagram Energy Gap – Majority and Minority Carriers – Potential Barrier. Semi conductor diodes:
Introduction – Types – PN junction – Biasing – Diode types – Characteristics – Rectifiers –
Filters.
UNIT II TRANSISTORS (12 HRS)
Transistors – Biasing – Transistor as an amplifier – Current flow in a CE PNP transistor –
Static characteristics – Single stage amplifier – Frequency response – Feedback in amplifier
– Characteristics of negative feedback.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
UNIT III NUMBER SYSTEMS (14 HRS)
Binary number system: Conversion of decimal number into binary number – a Binary to
decimal conversion – Binary addition – Binary subtraction – Binary multiplication and
division – Hexadecimal numbers – Binary to hexadecimal conversion – Hexadecimal to
decimal conversion – Decimal to hexadecimal conversion – Binary coded decimal –
Application of BCD code.
UNIT IV LOGIC GATES (14 HRS)
Logic gates – Gate and switch –
Basic logic gates and their implementation –
Characteristics of logic gates – Calculation of output voltage in an OR logic gate &AND
logic gate – The NOR logic gate – The NAND logic gate – The exclusive OR gate –
Boolean equations of logic circuits.
UNIT V BOOLEAN ALGEBRA (10 HRS)
De Morgan’s laws and its applications: Boolean algebra – De Morgan’s laws –
Applications – Binary adders – Karnaugh Map Simplification.
TEXTBOOKS:
1.
A. AMBROSE
AND
T. VINCENT DEVARAJ, Elements of Solid State Electronics, Mera
Publications, 1993. [Unit I, Sections 3.2.1, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1-4.5; Unit II, Sections 5.15.4, 5.5.1, 5.6, 5.6.1, 6.9.1, 6.12, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3.1, 7.3.2]
2.
G. Jose Robin and A. Ubald Raj, Electronics II, Indira Publication, 1994.
[Units III, IV & V: Chapter 1, 2 (p.22-54) & Chapter 3]
248
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
Course
: B.Sc.
Code :
Semester :
No. of hrs. allotted :
Paper
: CERTIFICATE
No. of credits :
CRYSTAL PHYSICS - I
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand fundamentals of solid structure of materials.
 To give exposure to different techniques of XRD.
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION
An introduction to crystallography – Scope- Potential – Application of X- rays Structure of Crystals – Classification of Crystals – Diffraction of X-rays – Laue Powder – Single Crystal Methods – Moving crystal and moving film methods – The
Rotation method – Diffractometers.
UNIT – II
RECIPROCAL LATTICE
The reciprocal lattice – Fundamental laws of reciprocal lattice – Calculation of
structure factor - Determination of Debye-Waller factors and Debye temperature using
observed intensities - Close packed structures – Voids in close packed structures –
Symmetry and Space group – Miller indices
UNIT – III
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Diffraction conditions in the reciprocal lattice – Examples of close packed structures Elements – Inorganic structures – Anomalous dispersion of X-rays - Dispersion
correction terms - Fluorescence – Use – Absorption of X-rays – Absorption corrections.
UNIT – IV
CRYSTAL GROWTH
The fundamentals of crystal growth – Slow evaporation method – Quality of grown
crystals – Gel technique – High temperature methods – Bridgmann method – CZ
method.
UNIT – V
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Preparation of samples for data collection. – Measurement of density of crystals –
Determination of cell parameters – Interpretation of Oscillation photograph –
Weissenberg photograph – Laue photograph – Powder Photograph - Determination of
dislocation densities – Etch pit measurements.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics (VII ed.) ,Kittel, C. :, John Wiley &
Sons, 1996. ISBN : 81 – 265 – 1045 – 5.
2. Elements of X-ray Crystallography – L.V.Azaroff.
3. Crystal Growth – Processes and Methods – P. Santhana Raghavan & P.Ramasamy.
REFERENCE BOOK :
An introduction to X-ray Crystallography , M.M.Woolfson.
249
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE :: AUTONOMOUS :: MADURAI – 625 009.
RE-ACCREDITED WITH ‘A’ GRADE BY NAAC
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM::PG PHYSICS
(2011-2013 batch onwards)
Semester – I
1PP1
Classical Mechanics
5
5
Total
No. of
Hrs.
Allotted
75
1PP2
Statistical Mechanics
5
5
75
25
75
100
1PP3
Advanced Electronics
5
5
75
25
75
100
PGE1
Mathematical Physics I /
Computer Simulations
5
4
75
25
75
100
Practical – I
9
2
75
40
60
100
29
21
Max.
Marks
CA
Max.
Marks
SE
Total
25
75
100
Code
No.
+
1PPL1
Subject
Total
Contact
Hrs./Week
Credits
Max.
Marks
CA
Max.
Marks
SE
Total
25
75
100
SEMESTER -II
2PP1
Solid State Physics - I
5
5
Total
No. of
Hrs.
Allotted
75
2PP2
Electro Magnetic Theory
5
5
75
25
75
100
2PP3
Quantum Mechanics - I
5
5
75
25
75
100
PGE2+
Mathematical Physics II /
Molecular Bio-Physics
5
4
75
25
75
100
2PPL1
Practical – II
9
2
75
40
60
100
Total
29
21
Code
No.
Subject
Contact
Hrs./Week
Credits
250
SEMESTER -III
3PP1
Solid State Physics II
5
5
Total
No. of
Hrs.
Allotted
75
3PP2
Quantum Mechanics II
5
5
75
25
75
100
3PP3
Nuclear Physics
5
5
75
25
75
100
Micro Processor and
Applications / Programming in
C++ with Numerical Methods
5
4
75
25
75
100
NME
Basic astronomy
2
2
30
15
35
50
3PPL1
Practical - III*
5
-
75
40
60
100
Project - I*
5
-
75
40
60
100
32
21
Max.
Marks
CA
Max.
Marks
SE
Total
25
75
100
Code
No.
PGE3 +
PJ1
Subject
Total
Contact
Hrs./Week
Credits
Max.
Marks
CA
Max.
Marks
SE
Total
25
75
100
SEMESTER -IV
4PP1
Spectroscopy
5
5
Total
No. of
Hrs.
Allotted
75
4PP2
Nano Science
5
5
75
25
75
100
4PP3
Optical Communication And
Networking
5
5
75
25
75
100
PGE4 +
Astro Physics / X-Ray
Crystallography
5
4
75
25
75
100
3PPL1
Practical - III*
5
4
75
40
60
100
Project – I*
5
4
75
40
60
100
30
27
Code
No.
PJ1
Subject
Total
Contact
Hrs./Week
Credits
* Credit will be given at the end of IV Semester
+ Electives
251
(A) Consolidation of Contact Hours and Credits: PG
Semester
Contact Hrs. / Week
Credits
29
I
21
II
29
21
III
32
21
IV
30
27
Total
120
90
B) Curriculum Credits
Core
72 Credits
Major Elective
16 Credits
Non Major Elective
02 Credits
Total
90 Credits
252
Sem
Code
1PP1
1PP2
1PP3
I
1PPE1(M)
/ 1PPE1(C)
1PPL1
2PP1
2PP2
2PP3
II
Title of the Papers
Classical Mechanics
Statistical Mechanics
Advanced Electronics
3PP1
3PP2
3PP3
III
3PPE1(M)/
3PPE1(P)
NME
3PPL1
PJ1
4PP1
4PP2
4PP3
IV
4PPE1(A)/
4PPE1(X)
3PPL1
PJ1
Cr.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
9
2
29
21
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
9
2
29
21
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
2
2
5
-
5
-
32
21
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
4
30
27
120
90
Mathematical Physics I / Computer Simulations
Practical – I
Solid State Physics - I
Electro Magnetic Theory
Quantum Mechanics - I
2PPE1(M)/
2PPE1(MB) Mathematical Physics II / Molecular Bio-Physics
2PPL1
Hrs.
Practical – II
Solid State Physics II
Quantum Mechanics II
Nuclear Physics
Micro Processor and Applications / Programming in C++
with Numerical Methods
Basic astronomy
Practical - III*
Project - I*
Spectroscopy
Nano Science
Optical Communication And Networking
Astro Physics / X-Ray Crystallography
Practical - III*
Project – I*
TOTAL
* Credit will be given at the end of IV Semester
+ Electives
253
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : I
Paper
: Core
Code :
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
1PP1
5
5
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
i. To have acquaintance with the elementary concepts of mechanics, and acquire indepth knowledge in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Principles.
ii.
To understand the classical theory behind two body problems and small oscillations.
iii.
To acquire knowledge on different types of generating functions by means of
canonical transformation.
UNIT I :
SURVEY OF THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES , VARIATIONAL
PRINCIPLES AND LAGRANGE’S EQUATIONS
Mechanics of a particle – Mechanics of a system of particles – Constraints – D’Alemberts
principle and Lagrange’s equation – velocity dependent potentials and the dissipation
function – Simple applications of the Lagrangian formulation.
Hamilton’s principles – some techniques of the calculus of variations – Derivation of
Lagrange’s equations from Hamilton’s principle – Extension of Hamilton’s principle to
non – conservative and non holonomic systems – conservation theorems and symmetry
properties .
UNIT II THE TWO BODY CENTRAL FORCE PROBLEM
Reduction to the equivalent one – body problem the equations of motion and first integrals.
The equivalent one – dimensional problem, and classification of orbits – The viral theorem
– The Kepler problem – Inverse square law of force.
UNIT III SMALL OSCILLATIONS :
Formulation of the problem – The eigen value equation and principle axis transformation –
frequencies of free vibration and normal coordinates – Free vibrations of linear triatomic
molecule – forced vibrations and the effect of dissipative forces.
UNIT IV THE HAMILTON EQUATION OF MOTION
Legendre transformation and the Hamilton equation of motion – Cyclic
coordinates and Routh procedure – conservation theorems and the physical significance of
the Hamiltonian – Derivation from variational principle – The principle of least action.
UNIT V CANONICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
The equations of canonical transformation
–
Examples of canonical
transformations – the integral invariants of Poincare – Lagrange and Poisson brackets as
canonical invariants – The equations of motion in Poisson bracket notation –
Infinitesimal/constant transformations, constants of the motion and symmetry properties.
TEXT BOOK:
Classical Mechanics(III ed.), Goldtsein, H., Poole, C. & Safko, J. : Pearson Education,
2002, ISBN 81 – 7808 – 566 – 6
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mathematical Methods in Classical and Quantum Physics, Dass, T., & Sharma, S.K. :
University Press, 198, ISBN 81-7371-089-9.
2.
Classical Mechanics ,Sankara Rao, K.: Prentice-Hall of India, 2005, ISBN 81-203- 2676-8.
3.
Classical Mechanics – With Introduction to Nonlinear Oscillations and Chaos, Bhatia,
V.B. :, Narosa Publishing House, 1997, ISBN 81-7319-104-2.
Classical Mechanics – Systems of Particles and Hamiltonian Dynamics, Greiner, W:
Springer, 2004, ISBN 81-8128-128-4.
4.
254
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
1PP2
Semester : I
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Core
No. of credits :
5
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 Fundamentals of Statistical mechanics; Statistical distribution laws; their applications.
 Theories of specific heat capacity of solids.
 Properties of liquid helium. Phase transitions -Ising model; discussed in detail.
UNIT I
Basis Of Classical Statistics -Phase space – Ensemble – average – Liouville theorem –
Conservation of extension in phase – Equation of motion and Liouville theorem – Equal a
priori probability – Statistical equilibrium – Micro canonical ensemble.
Quantum picture Micro canonical ensemble – Quantization of Phase space – Basic
postulates – Classical limit – Symmetry of wave function – Effect of symmetry on counting
– Various distributions using micro canonical ensemble – Density matrix.
UNIT II
Canonical And Grand Canonical Ensembles -Entropy of a system in contact with a heat
reservoir – Ideal gas in canonical ensemble – Maxwell velocity distribution – Equipartition
of energy – Grand canonical ensemble – Ideal gas in grand canonical ensemble –
Comparison of various ensembles – Quantum distributions using other ensembles –
Photons – Einstein’s derivation of Planck’s law: MASER and LASER – Equation of state
for ideal quantum gases.
Partition Function Canonical partition function – Molecular partition function –
Translational partition function – Rotational partition function – Vibrational partition
function – Electronic and nuclear partition function – Homo nuclear molecules and nuclear
spin – Application of vibrational partition function to solid – Vapour pressure.
UNIT III
Ideal Bose – Einstein Gas Bose – Einstein distribution - Bose – Einstein Condensation –
Thermodynamic properties of an ideal Bose – Einstein gas – Liquid Helium – Two – Fluid
model of Liquid Helium – Landau spectrum of phonons and rotons – 3He – 4He mixtures –
Super fluid phases of 3He.
UNIT IV
Ideal Fermi – Dirac Gas Fermi – dirac distribution – degeneracy – Electrons in metals –
Thermionic emission – White Dwarfs – Semiconductor Statistics Statistical equilibrium of
free electrons in semiconductors – Nondegenerate case – Impurity semiconductors –
Degenerate semiconductors.
UNIT V
Cooperative Phenomena : Ising Model Phase transitions of the second kind – Ising model –
Bragg – William approximation – Fowler – Guggenheim Approximation – Kirkwood
method – One-dimensional Ising model
TEXT BOOK:
Statistical mechanics (II ed.) Agarwal, B.K. & Eisner, M.:, New Age International, 2006,
ISBN-81-224-1157-6.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Elementary Statistical Mechanics ,Gupta, S.I & Kumar, V.:, Pragati Prakashan, 2006
2. Heat And Thermodynamics (VI ed.), Zemansky, M.W. & Dittman, R.H.: McGraw
Hill, 1989. ISBN 0-07-Y66647-4.
3. Statistical Mechanics, Huang, K.: Wiley Eastern, 1988. ISBN 0-85226-393-1.
4. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics, Sears, F.W. &
Salinger, G.L.: Narosa Publishing House, 1991. ISBN 81-85015-71-6.
255
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : I
Paper
Code :
1PP3
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
: Core
ADVANCED ELECTRONICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To be familiar with the various uses of Op-amps.
 To relate the theory and experiments
 To be familiar with the combinational sequential circuits
UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Field effect transistor: The ideal voltage controlled current source – the Junction
Field Effect transistor – the JFET volt – ampere characteristics – JFET transfer
characteristics – The MOSFET – The enhancement MOSFET – volt – ampere
characteristics – The depletion MOSFET – MOSFET circuit symbols – The DC analysis
of FETS – The MOSFET as a resistance – switch – amplifier – small – signal FET
models – CMOS devices.
UNIT II AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS
Op.amp – architectures – The gain stage with active load – The differential stage –
DC level shifting – output stages – offset voltages and currents – Measurements of op –
amp parameters – Frequency response and compensation – slew rate – BIFET and BIMOS
circuits - Three stage Op.amp – MOS Op amp.
UNIT III DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS
Combinatorial – Digital circuits: Standard Gate assembling Binary adders –
Arithmetic functions – Digital comparators – Parity checker – Generators – Decoder Demultiplexer – Data selector – multiplexer encoder – Read only Memory (ROM) - Two
dimensional addressing of a ROM – ROM applications – programmable ROMs. – Erasable
PROMS – programmable array logic – programmable logic arrays. Sequential circuits and
systems: A1 Bit memory – The circuit properties of a Bistable Latch – The clocked SR Flip
flops. J - K, – T -, and D - type Flip flops – shift registers – Ripple counters –
Synchronous counters – Application of counters.
UNIT IV
VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Dynamic MOS shift registers – Ratioless shift register stages – CMOS Domino
logic - Random Access Memory (RAM) – Read - write memory cells – Bipolar RAM cells
– Charge coupled device (CCD) – CCD structures – Integrated - Injection logic(I2L) –
Microprocessors and Micro computers.
UNIT V WAVE FORM GENERATORS AND WAVESHAPING
Wave form Generators and waveshaping : Sinusoidal oscillators – Phase shift:
oscillator – Wien bridge oscillator – General form of oscillator configuration – crystal
oscillators – multivibrators – comparator – square - wave generation from a sinusoid –
Regenerative comparator – Square and triangle - wave generators – pulse generators – The
555 IC timer – voltage time - base generators – step generators – modulation of a square
wave.
TEXT BOOK:
Micro Electronics (II ed.), Millman, J & Grabel, A.: Tata McGraw Hill, 2002,
ISBN 0-07- 463736-3.
Unit – I Chapter- 4 ; Unit – II
Chapter-14; Unit – III
Chapter-7 & 8
Unit – IV Chapters-9 ; Unit – V
Chapters-15
REFERENCE BOOK:
Digital Principles and application (VI ed.) Malvino, A.P. & Leech, D andGoutam
Saha : Tata McGraw Hill, 2006, ISBN 0-07- 060175-5.
256
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Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : I
Paper
: Elective
Code : 1PPE1(M)
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I
4
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 This paper deals with the fundamental principles of electrostatics, magnetostatics and
electrodynamics.
 Mathematical applications to physical situations in various branches of Physics like
mechanics, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid dynamics, etc are taught.
 Students will understand and learn the importance of application of
Mathematics in
solving Physical problems.
UNIT I CURVED COORDINATES, MATRICES CURVED COORDINATES:
Special coordinate systems – Circular cylindrical coordinates – Othogonal coordinates –
Differential vector operators – Spherical polar coordinates – Matrices : Orthogonal
matrices – Hermitian matrices and unitary matrices – Diagonalization of matrices.
UNIT II THE GAMMA FUNCTION, LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS AND
SPHERICAL HARMONICS
The Gamma function : Definition and simple properties – Digamma and polygamma
functions – Legendre polynomials and spherical harmonics : Introduction – Recurence
relation and special properties – Orthogonality – Alternate definitions of Legendre
polynomials – Associated Legendre functions.
UNIT III BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Bessel functions of the First kind, J (x)– Asymptotic expansions – Spherical Bessel
functions.
UNIT IV HERMITE AND LAGUERRE FUNCTIONS
Hermite polynomials : Quantum mechanical simple harmonic oscillator – Raising and
lowering operators – Recurrence relations and generating function – Laguerre functions :
Differential equation – Laguerre polynomials – Associated Laguerre polynomials.
UNIT V INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
Introduction and Definitions – Fourier transform – Development of the inverse
Fourier transform – Inversion theorem – Fourier transform derivatives – Convolution
theorem – Momentum representation – Laplace transforms – Laplace transform of
derivatives – Other properties.
TEXT BOOK:
Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Weber, H.J. & Arfken, G.B.: Academic
Press, 2004, ISBN:0-12-059878-7.
Unit I
– Chapter 2, p.96-136; Chapter 3, 193-228.; Unit II –
Chaper
10,
p.523-540; Chapter 11, p.552-588.;
Unit III –
Chapters 12, p.589-637;
Unit IV – Chapter 13, p.638-662.;
Unit V –
Chapter 15, p.689-742.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering (II ed.), Riley, K.F., Hobson, M.P.
& Bence, S.J. : Cambridge, 2004, ISBN:0-521-61296-9.
2. S.J.: Mathematical Physics – Differential Equations and Transform Theory, Ghatak,
A.K., Goyal, I.C. & Chua, Macmillan, 2002, ISBN:0-333-92548-3.
3. Mathematical Physics (II ed.) Gupta, B.D. : Vikas Publishing House, 1993, ISBN:07069-76-4.
4. Mathematical Physics (IV ed.) Satya Prakash: S. Chand & Sons, 2005, ISBN:81-7014925-8.
257
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 1PPE1(C)
Semester : I
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
: Elective
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the importance of computers in physics.
 To give exposure to different numerical methods.
UNIT I
Importance of Computers in Physics – Nature of Computer Simulation –
Importance of
Graphics – Programming Languages – Euler Algorithm – Example Coffee Cooling
problem – Accuracy and stability – Visualization – Nuclear decay – Simple Harmonic
Motion Motion – Numerical solution to simple harmonic oscillator of falling objects –
Simple pendulum – Dissipative systems – Response to external forces – Electrical circuit
oscillations
UNIT II
Chaotic motion of dynamical systems – periodic doubling – measuring and controlling
chaos – Forced damped pendulum – Hamiltonian chaos – Perspective – Order – disorder –
Poisson distribution and nuclear decay - introduction to0 random walks – Problems in
probability – method of least squares – Simple variational Monte Carlo method – Random
walks and diffusion equations.
UNIT III
Random walks, modified random walks, application to polymers, diffusion controlled
chemical Numerical integration and Monte Carlo methods, numerical integration one and
multi dimensional integrals, Monte carlo error, non uniform probability distributions,
neutron transport, importance sampling, Metropolis Montecarlo method, error estimates for
numerical integration, acceptance-rejection method, al reactions random number sequences.
UNIT IV
Percolation, cluster labeling, critical exponents and finite size scaling, renormalisation
group. Fractal dimension, Regular fractals and growth processes, fractala and chaos.
UNIT V
Micro canonical ensemble, Demon alogorithm, one dimensional classical ideal gas, the
temperature and the canonical ensemble, Ising model, Heat flow, relation of the mean
energy to the temperature. Monte carlo simulation of canonical ensemble, Metropolis
algorithm, verification of Boltzman distribution, Ising model, Ising phase transition,
applications of Ising model, simulation aof classical fluids, optimized Monte Carlo data
analysis, other ensembles, fluctuation in the canonical ensemble, exact enumeration of the 2
x 2 Ising model.
TEXT BOOK:
An Introduction to Computer simulation methods (Application to Physical systems) – II
edition , Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company 1996.
Unit 1: Pages 1-36, 95-126 (67 Pages)
Unit 2: Pages 127-212 (85 Pages)
Unit 3: Pages 343-405 (63 Pages)
Unit 4: Pages 413-500 (87 Pages)
Unit 5: Pages 543-625 (82 Pages)
258
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : II
Paper
: Core
Code :
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
2PP1
5
5
SOLID STATE PHYSICS – I
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand fundamentals of solid structure of materials.
 To discuss the properties of phonons.
 To impart the knowledge of free electron Fermi gas.
 To give exposure to semiconductor energy bands and the methods of
calculation.
UNIT I CRYSTAL PHYSICS
Periodic arrays of atoms: Lattice translation vectors – Primitive lattice cell –
Fundamental types of lattices: Two and three dimensional lattice types – Miller indices of
crystal planes – Simple crystal structures : NaCl, CsCl, hcp, Diamond, Cubic ZnS – Bragg
law – Fourier analysis – Reciprocal lattice vectors – Diffraction conditions – Laue
equations – Brillouin zones : Reciprocal lattice to sc, bcc, fcc lattices – Structure factor of
the bcc, fcc lattice, Atomic form factor – Quasi crystals
UNIT II CRYSTAL BINDING AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Crystals of inert gases (van der Waals – London interaction) – Ionic crystals
(Madelung constant) – Covalent crystals – Metals – Hydrogen bonds – Atomic radii –
Analysis of Elastic constants – Elastic compliance and stiffness constants – Elastic waves
in cubic crystals.
UNIT III PHONONS
Vibrations of crystals with mono atomic basis – Two atoms per primitive basis –
Quantization of elastic waves (Phonons) – Phonon momentum – Inelastic scattering by
phonons – Phonon heat capacity : Planck distribution, Density of states in one and three
dimension – Debye and Einstein model of specific heat capacity – Anharmonic crystal
interactions – Thermal conductivity – Umklapp process.
UNIT IV FREE ELECTRON FERMI GAS & ENERGY BANDS
Energy levels in one dimension – Fermi – Dirac distribution for a free electron gas
– Free electron gas in three dimensions – Heat capacity of the electron gas – Electrical
conductivity and Ohm’s law: Mathieson’s rule, Umklapp scattering – Hall effect –
Wiedmann – Franz law. Nearly free selectron model: Origin and magnitude of energy gap
– Bloch functions – Kronig – Penny model – Wave equation of an electron in a periodic
potential: Bloch theorem, crystal momentum.
UNIT V SEMICONDUTORS, FERMI SURFACES AND METALS
Semiconductors: Band gap – Equations of motion – Holes and effective mass –
Physical interpretation of the effective mass – Effective masses in semiconductors –
Intrinsic carrier concentration, Impurity conductivity. Fermi Surfaces and Metals :
Reduced zone scheme – Periodic zone scheme – Construction of Fermi surfaces – Electron
orbits, hole orbits and open orbits – Calculation of energy bands: Tight binding method –
Wigner – Seitz method – Cohesive energy – Pseudopotential methods – Experimetal
methods: Quantization of orbits in a magnetic field – De Haas – van Alphen effect.
259
TEXT BOOK:
Introduction to Solid State Physics (VII ed.) ,Kittel, C. :, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN :
81 – 265 – 1045 – 5
Unit – I
Chapter- 1 & 2;Unit – II
Chapter- 3;Unit – III Chapters- 4 & 5
Unit – IV Chapters- 6 & 7; Unit – V
Chapters- 8 & 9
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Introductory Solid State Physics (II ed.),Myers, H.P.:, Viva Low – priced Student
Edition, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd, 1998.
2. Elementary Solid State Physics ,Omar, M. A.:, Pearson Education, 2006, ISBN 817758-377-8
3. Solid State Physics – An Introduction to Theory and Experiment, Ibach, H. & Luth,
H.: Narosa Publishing House, 1991.
4. Solid State Physics, (revised VI Edition ), Pillai, S.O.: New Age International, 2007.
5. Elements of Solid State Physics (II ed.) Srivatsava, J.P.: Phi Publishers, 2007, ISBN
978-81-203-2847-1.
260
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : II
Paper
: Core
Code :
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
2PP2
5
5
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 This paper deals with the fundamental principles of electrostatics, magnetostatics and
electrodynamics.
 Make the student familiarize with the application of Maxwell’s equations to physical
situations and propagation of electromagnetic waves in conducting media.
 Students will be taught the essential principles of electrodynamics and its applications.
UNIT I ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charge – Coulomb’s law – Electric field – Electrostatic potential – Gauss law and
its applications – The electric dipole – Multipole expansion of electric fields. Poisson’s
equation – Laplace’s equation : Properties of solutions (Uniqueness theorem) – Solutions
to Laplace’s equation in spherical coordinates (Zonal harmonics) – Usefulness of zonal
harmonics (conducting sphere in a uniform electric field) – Electrostatic images – Point
charge and conducting sphere – Line charges and line images.
UNIT II MAGNETOSTATICS
Definition of magnetic induction – Forces on current carrying conductors – Biot – Savart
Law – Elementary applications of Biot – Savart law – Ampere’s circuital law – Magnetic
vector potential – The magnetic field of a distant circuit – Magnetic scalar potential –
Magnetic flux.
UNIT III MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Generalization of Ampere’s law – Maxwell’s equations, differential and integral forms –
Electromagnetic energy (Poynting vector) – Plane monochromatic wave : in free space,
conducting and non – conducting media.
UNIT IV APPLICATION OF MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Boundary conditions – Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves at normal and
oblique incidence – Propagation between parallel conducting planes –Waveguides – TE
waves in a rectangular waveguide – Cavity resonators.
UNIT V POTENTIALS AND RADIATION
Gauge transformation – Coulomb gauge and Lorentz gauge – Retarded potentials – The
Lienard – Wiechert potentials – Radiation from a moving point charge – Electric dipole
radiation – Magnetic dipole radiation – Radiation from an arbitrary source.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Foundations of electromagnetic theory (III ed.), Reitz, J.R., Milford, F.J & Christy,
R.W. Narosa Publishing House, 1998. ISBN 81-85015-79-1. (For units I & II).
2. Introduction to Electrodynamics (III ed.), David J. Griffiths, Prentice Hall of India,
2000. ISBN 81-203-1601-0. (For units III, IV & V).
261
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (II ed.), Lorrain, P.
& Corson, D.R. :
CBS
Publishers & Distributors, 2000.
2. Electromagnetic Theory and Applications ,Mukhopadhyay, P. ,Tata McGraw Hill,
1993. ISBN 0-07-460244-6.
3. Engineering Electromagnetics (V ed.), Hayt Jr., W.H. : McGraw Hill, 2001. ISBN 978007-2524-956.
4. Introduction to Electrodynamics ,Capri, A.Z. & Panat, P.V. :,
Narosa Publishing
House, 2002. ISBN 81-7319-329-0.
5. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems ,Jordan, E.C. & Balmain, K.G. : (II ed.),
Prentice – Hall of India, 2003. ISBN 81-203-0054-8.
262
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : II
Paper
2PP3
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
: Core
QUANTUM MECHANICS – I
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand Basic concepts in Quantum Mechanics.
 To throw light on the formulation of Schrödinger,Dirac and Heissenberg mechanics
 To have a glimpse of perturbation theory and its applications.
 To study in detail, the effect of magnetic and electric field on quantum particles.
UNIT I EQUATION OF MOTION OF MATTER WAVES
Time independent Schrödinger equation – Schrödinger equation for a free particle – Time
dependent Schrödinger equation – Physical interpretation of wave function – Normalized
and orthogonal wave functions – Solution of Schrödinger equation – Stationary state
solution – Expectation values – Probability current density – Superposition of plane waves
– Formulation of Schrödinger equation in momentum representation – Uncertainty
principle
–
one dimensional square well potential – Linear Harmonic oscillator –
Hydrogen atom.
UNIT II
MATRIX FORMULATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
Matrix algebra – types of matrices – Hermitian and unitary matrices – Hilbert space –
Dirac’s bra and Ket notation. Physical meaning of matrix elements – Equations of motion –
Schrödinger picture – Heisenberg picture – Interaction picture – Poisson brackets and
Commutator brackets – Matrix theory of Harmonic oscillator.
UNIT III SYMMETRY IN QUANTUM MECHANICS
Space and Time displacements – Unitary Displacement operator – Equation of Motion –
symmetry and Degeneracy – Matrix Elements for Displaced states – Time displacement –
Proper Rotation Group – Infinitesimal rotations – Spin of a vector particle.
UNIT IV ANGULAR MOMENTUM STATES
Commutation relations for the generators – Choice of representation, Values of m, f(j), and
m. Angular momentum matrices (j = ½, j = 1 only) – Combination of Angular momentum
states – Eigen values of the total Angular momentum – Clebsch Gordan coefficients –
Recursion relations – Construction procedure – j1 = ½ , j2 = ½ ; and j1 = 1, j2 = ½ cases
only.
263
UNIT V APPROXIMATION METHODS FOR BOUND STATES
Stationary perturbation theory – non degenerate case – First order perturbation – Evaluation
of first order Energy – Evaluation of first order correction to wave function – Second
order perturbation – Evaluation of second order Energy correction – Zeeman effect
without electron spin – First order stark effect in hydrogen atom – Variation method :
Expectation value of the energy – Application to excited states – Ground State of Helium
atom – Variation of the parameter Z – Van der waals interaction – Variation calculation.
TEXT BOOKS:
3.Quantum Mechanics (III ed.), Schiff, L.I. : McGraw Hill, 1968, ISBN-0-07-085643-5.
4.Quantum Mechanics ,Satyaprakash & Swati Satya :, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co, 2006.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics, Mathews, P.M. & Venkatesan, K., Tata McGraw
Hill, 1978, ISBN 0-07-096510-2.
2. Quantum Mechanics Aruldhas, J. :, Prentice – Hall of India, 2002, ISBN81- 203-19621.
3. Quantum Mechanics (II ed.), Bransden, B.H. & Joachain, C.J. : Pearson
Education, 2005. ISBN 81-297-0470-6.
4. Quantum Mechanics (III ed.), Merzbacher, E. : John Wiley, 2004, ISBN
9971- 51-281-5.
5. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Ghatak, A. :, Macmillan, 1996, ISBN0333- 92419-
264
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 2PPE1(M)
Semester : II
Paper
: Elective
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – II
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To help students develop problem solving skills.
 To explain how mathematical concepts are applied in the solution of physical
problems.
 To explain the basic concepts of group theory and to discuss its application to
crystallography.
UNIT I COMPLEX VARIABLES-I
CR equations – Laplace’s equation: Harmonic functions – Line integral of a complex
function – Cauchy’s integral theorem – Cauchy’s Integral formula – Derivatives of an
analytic function – Taylors series – Laurent’s series
UNIT II COMPLEX VARIABLES-II
Singularities of an analytic function – Residues and their evaluation – Cauchy’s residue
theorem – Evaluation of definite integrals: integration round the unit circle – Evaluation of
improper real integrals – evaluation of infinite integrals by Jordan’s lemma – evaluation of
infinite integrals when the integrand has poles on real axis – Conformal mapping.
UNIT III GROUP THEORY REPRESENTATION
Representation of groups – reducible and irreducible representations –some important
theorems on representations – The orthogonality theorem – Character of a representation:
character tables – The unitary group – Point groups.
UNIT IV PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Introduction – diffusion equation or Fourier equation of heat flow – solution of
heat flow equation: method of separation of variables – two dimensional heat flow – heat
flow in circular plate – Equation of motion for the vibrating string – D’Alembert’s solution
– Vibration of rectangular membrane.
UNIT V DIRAC DELTA AND GREEN’S FUNCTIONS
Dirac delta function – three dimensional delta function – green’s function : an
introduction – Greens function for one dimensional case – Eigen function; expansion of
Green’s function – Green’s function for Poisson’s equation and solution of Poisson’s
equation – Green’s function for quantum mechanical scattering problem.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Mathematical Physics (II ed.) Gupta, B.D : Vikas Publishing House, 1993,
ISBN:07069-76-4.
2. Mathematical Physics (IV ed.) Satya Prakash: S. Chand & Sons, 2005,
ISBN:81-7014-925-8.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Weber, H.J. & Arfken, G.B.:
Academic Press, 2004, ISBN:0-12-059878-7.
2. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering (II ed.), Riley, K.F., Hobson, M.P.
& Bence, S.J. : Cambridge, 2004, ISBN:0-521-61296-9.
3. Mathematical Physics – Differential Equations and Transform Theory, Ghatak, A.K.,
Goyal, I.C. & Chua, S.J.: Macmillan, 2002, ISBN:0-333-92548-3.
4. Group Theory & Quantum Mechanics Tinkham, M. : Tata McGraw Hill.
265
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : II
Paper
: Elective
Code : 2PPE1(MB)
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES :
 To introduce the students to the fundamentals of proteins and nucleic acids.
 To enable the students understand the spectroscopic techniques involved in the
elucidation of structures of molecules.
 To help the students understand and appreciate techniques such as NMR, Laser and
Holography.
 To expose the students to the principles and facts of the biological effects of
radiation.
UNIT I PROTEINS
Proteins : Amino acids – Structural Organisation of Proteins – Globular and Fibrous
Proteins – Dynamics of Protein-folding – Protein Engineering.
UNIT II NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids – Principle of Base-pairing/Base stacking – Nucleic acid
Families – Protein Ligand Interactions.
UNIT III SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN STRUCTURE DETERMINATION
Rayleigh Scattering – Diffusion – Sedimentation – Osmosis – Viscosity – Chromatography
and Electrophoresis – Optical Activity – Absorption spectroscopy – UV, IR, Raman, ESR
and Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
UNIT IV NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY
One-dimensional – Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy – Applications – Biomedical
NMR. Lasers – Holography.
UNIT V
RADIATION BIOPHYSICS
Ionising Radiation – Interaction of Radiation with Matter – Measurement of
Radiation (Dosimetry) Radioactive Isotopes – Biological Effects of Radiation – Radiation
Protection and Therapy.
TEXT BOOK:
Essentials of Biophysics , P. NARAYANAN , New Age International Publishers, New Delhi,
1998.
266
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
3PP1
Semester : III
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
: Core
SOLID STATE PHYSICS – II
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand fundamentals of solid state particles viz., Plasmons, Polaritons, and
Polarons.

To explain Superconductivity in detail.

To distinguish and understand between different types of magnetic and electric
materials, classical and quantum mechanical treatment.

To throw light on Magnetic Resonance and different types of defects in crystals.
UNIT I PLASMONS, POLARITONS, POLARONS, OPTICAL PROCESSES AND
EXCITONS
Plasmons – Electrostatic screening: Screened Coulomb potential, Pseudopotential
component U(O), Mott metal-insulator transition, Screening and phonons in metals.
Polaritons – Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation.
Electron-electron interaction.
Electron-
phonon interaction: Polarons-Peierls instability of linear metals. Optical reflectance –
Kramers-Kronig relations – Excitons: Frenkel excitons – Weakly bound (Mott-Wannier)
excitons – Exciton condensation into electron-hole drops (EHD). Raman effect in crystals
– Energy loss of fast particles in a solid.
UNIT II
SUPER CONDUCTIVITY
Occurrence of superconductivity – Destruction of superconductivity by magnetic fields –
Meissner effect – Heat capacity – Energy gap – Microwave and Infrared properties –
Isotope effect – Thermodynamics of the superconducting transitions – London equation –
Coherence length – BCS theory of superconductivity – Flux quantization in a
superconducting ring – Duration of persistent currents – Type I and Type II
superconductors – Vortex state – Estimation of Hc1 and Hc2 – Single particle tunneling –
Josephson
superconductor tunneling – Macroscopic quantum interference – High
temperature superconductors: Critical fields and critical currents – Hall number –
Fullerenes.
UNIT III
DIELECTRICS AND FERROELECTRICS
Macroscopic electric field – Local electric field at an atom – Dielectric constant and
polarizability (Clausius-Mossotti relation) – Electronic polarizability – Structural phase
transition – Ferroelectric crystals – Classifications of ferroelectric crystals – Displacive
transitions: Soft optical phonons – Landau theory of phase transition – Second and First
order tsransitions – Antiferroelectricity – Ferroelectric domains – Piezoelectricity –
Ferroelasticity – Optical ceramics.
267
UNIT IV PARAMAGNETISM AND FERROMAGNETISM
Paramagnetism – Quantum theory of paramagnetism: Rare earth ions – Hund rules – Iron
group ions – Crystal field splitting – Quenching of the orbital angular momentum –
Spectroscopic splitting factor – Van sVleck temperature independent paramagnetism –
Cooling by isentropic demagnetization: Nuclear demagnetization – Paramagnetic
susceptibility of conduction electrons – Ferromagnetic order – Curie-Weiss law,
Heissenberg model, Exchange energy – Magnons: Quantization of spin waves – Thermal
excitation of magnons (Bloch T3/2 law) – Neutron magnetic scattering - Ferrimagnetic
order – Ferromagnetic domains – Single domain particles – Magnetic bubble domains.
UNIT V MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND POINT DEFECTS:
Magnetic Resonance: Equations of motion – Line width – Motional narrowing – Hyperfine
splitting – Examples: paramagnetic point defects – knight shift- Point defects: Lattice
vacancies –Schottky and Frenkel defects – Color centers – F centers – Other centers in
alkali halides.
TEXT BOOK:
Introduction to Solid State Physics (VII ed.), Kittel. C, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN:
81-265-1045-5.
Unit – I
Chapter- 10 & 11 ; Unit – II
Unit – III
Chapters- 13;
Unit – V
Chapters- 16 (partly) & 18
Unit – IV
Chapter- 12
Chapters- 14 &15
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.
Introductory Solid State Physics (II ed.), Myers, H.P.: Viva Low – priced Student
Edition, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd, 1998.
2.
Elementary Solid State Physics, Omar, M. A. :, Pearson Education, 2006, ISBN 817758-377-8.
3.
Solid State Physics – An Introduction to Theory and Experiment, Ibach, H. & Luth,
H.: Narosa Publishing House, 1991.
4.
Solid State Physics, (revised VI Edition), Pillai, S.O.: New Age International, 2007.
5.
Elements of Solid State Physics (II ed.) Srivatsava, J.P.: Phi Publishers, 2007, ISBN
978-81-203-2847-1.
268
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : III
Paper
Code :
3PP2
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
: Core
QUANTUM MECHANICS – II
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand Advance level - Quantum Mechanics.
 To acquire knowledge on approximation methods employed in solving quantum
mechanical problems.
 To throw light on relativistic mechanics and quantum theory of radiation.
 To have a glimpse of perturbation theory and its applications.
UNIT I TIME DEPENDENT QUANTUM APPROXIMATIONS
Time-Dependent perturbation theory – First order perturbation – Perturbation constant in
time – Physical significance – Transition probability – Fermi’s golden rule – Harmonic
perturbation – Adiabatic approximation – Sudden approximation.
UNIT II QUANTUM THEORY OF SCATTERING
General Formulation of Scattering Theory Born Approximation – Condition for validity of
Born Approximation – Scattering by a screened coulomb potential : Rutherford’s scattering
formula from Born approximation – Partial wave analysis (Theory only).
UNIT III IDENTICAL PARTICLES AND SPIN
Identical particles – Physical meaning of identify – Symmetric and antisymmetric wave
functions – Construction from unsymmetrized function – Distinguishability of identical
particles – Exclusion principle – Connection with statistical mechanics – Paulil’s spin
matrices for an electron and their properties – Electron spin matrices for an electron and
their properties – Electron spin functions – Symmetric and antisymmetric wave function of
a hydrogen molecule.
UNIT IV RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Schrödinger’s relativistic equation for a free particle – Klien-Gordon equation – E.M.
potentials – Separation of the equation – Energy levels in a Coulomb field – Dirac’s
relativistic equation – Dirac matrices – Free particles solution – Charge and current
densities – Magnetic moment of the electron – Spin angular momentum of the electron –
Approximate reduction (spin-orbit energy) – Negative energy states.
UNIT V QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION
Transition probability for emission and absorption – Einstein’s coefficients in a radiation
field – Einstein’s transition probabilities for absorption and emission in a radiation field.
TEXT BOOK:
Quantum Mechanics (III ed.), Schiff, L.I. :McGraw Hill, 1968, ISBN-0-07-085643-5.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.Quantum Mechanics, Satyaprakash & Swati Satya : Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co, 2006.
2.A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics ,Mathews, P.M. & Venkatesan, K. :, Tata McGraw
Hill, 1978, ISBN 0-07-096510-2.
3.Quantum Mechanics Aruldhas, J.- Prentice – Hall of India, 2002, ISBN 81-203-1962-1.
4.Quantum Mechanics (II ed.), Bransden, B.H. & Joachain, C.J. : Pearson Education, 2005.
ISBN 81-297-0470-6.
5. Quantum Mechanics (III ed.), Merzbacher, E. : John Wiley, 2004, ISBN 9971-51-281-5.
6. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics ,Ghatak, A. :, Macmillan, 1996, SBN 0333-92419-3.
269
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : III
Paper
: Core
3PP3
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 This paper deals with the fundamental concepts in Nuclear Physics.
 Theories involved in the understanding of nuclear forces and reactions are taught.
 Students are exposed to the various theories and mechanisms of radioactive decay.
 An introduction to high energy neutron physics and elementary particles are made.
UNIT I
NUCLEUS
Nuclear size – Mirror nuclei – Elastic scattering of electrons by nuclei – Muonic X-rays –
Electric multipole moments – Spheroidal nuclei – Nuclear magnetic moment – The
Schmidt model – Nuclear shell Model: Magic numbers – The independent particle model
Nuclear ground state configurations and spins – Low-lying energy levels.
UNIT II NUCLEAR FORCE
The short range force – General form of the nucleon-nucleon potential –Exchange forces –
Meson theory of nuclear forces – Experimental evidence – Low energy nucleon-nucleon
scattering.
UNIT III
,  AND  DECAY
One dimensional potential barrier problem in a decay – Theory of -decay – -particle
energy spectrum – Fermi’s theory of -decay – Classification of nuclear transitions – Parity
violation in -decay – Electric & magnetic multipole radiation – Selection rules – Internal
conversion – Nuclear isomers – Mossbauer effect.
UNIT IV NUCLEAR REACTIONS
The compound nucleus model – The optical model – The direct reaction model – Nuclear
fission – Nuclear fusion – Heavy ion reactions: Stability of heavy nucleus – Recent trends
in nuclear structure physics – Super heavy elements – Relativistic heavy ion collisions –
quantum electrodynamics of strong fields.
270
UNIT V SUB-NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Proliferation and classification of elementary particles and their interactions –
Short lived resonance states – Gellmann-Okuba mass formula – Quarks as building blocks
of hadrons – Baryon magnetic moments – Discovery of heavier quarks – Colour degree of
leptons freedom.
TEXT BOOK:
Nuclear Physics, Devanathan, V, Narosa Publishing House, 2006, ISBN: 10-81-7319-7040.
Unit I
- Chapter 2, p. 9-42, Chapter 3, p. 43-67, Chapter 6, p.129-141;
Unit II
- Chapter 4, p. 68-105; Unit III
-
Unit IV - Chapter 12 & 13, p. 269-310; Unit V
Chapter 8, 9 & 10, p. 194-246.
-
Chapter 14, p. 311-329.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.
Nuclear Physics – Theory and Experiment, Roy, R.R. & Nigam, B.P.:
New Age
International, 1996. ISBN 0-85226-788-6.
2.
Introductory Nuclear Physics, Krane, K.S.: John Wiley & Sons, 1987,
ISBN: 97-80471-80553-3.
3.
Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics (II ed.), Heyde, K.: Overseas Press,
2005. ISBN 81-88689-08-4.
4.
Nuclear Physics – Principles and Applications Lilley, J. :, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
ISBN 9-812-53004-5.
5.
Introductory Nuclear Physics, Krane, K.S. : John Wiley & Sons, 1987. ISBN:
9780471805533.
271
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 3PPE1(M)
Semester : III
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Elective
No. of credits :
4
MICROPROCESSOR AND APPLICATION
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To enable the students to understand the architecture and assembly programming of
8085, 8086.
 To know the algorithms, Opcode for the basic microprocessor 8085
 To know the applications of the Peripheral devices.
UNIT I
Evolution of microprocessors – Various languages – Mnemonics – RAM – ROM – Main
memory Secondary memory – Buses – Computers – Large small network – LAN –CAD –
Voice recognition – AI – Block diagram of 8085 – Pin out diagram – Explanation –
Registers – 8085 Instructions – Opcode – Operand – words.
UNIT II
Instruction cycle – Fetch cycle – Timing diagram – Machine cycle – T states – Opcode
fetch operation – MVI, r data memory read – Memory write – Groups of instruction –
Explanation of various groups with examples – various addressing modes – Stacks – PUSH
operation – subroutine.
UNIT III
ALP – Simple program – 8-bit addition – 8-bit subtraction – sum 16 bits – 8 bit decimal
subtraction – One’s compliments of 16 bit number – Two’s compliments of 16 bit number
– Largest number in an array – smallest number in an array – Arrays in ascending order –
Arrays in descending order – Square root of a number.
UNIT IV
Allocation of addresses – Memory mapped I/O scheme – I/O mapped I/O scheme –
Differences – Data transfer schemes – Programmed data transfer – DMA – Burst mode –
Cycle stealing – Shake hand mode – Interrupts – Hardware and software interrupts – Call
locations – PPI 8255 – operating modes- DMA controller – PIC 8259 – 8251 – 8253 –
operation – use of various modes.
UNIT V
A/D converter – ADC 8080 – interfacing 0800 – DAC 0800 – Realization of A/D to D/A –
Mircroprocessor applications – Speed of motor – Stepper motor – Traffic control
Generation of square wave or pulse – 8086 – operating modes – Status flags – Registers –
Addressing modes.
TEXT BOOKS:
Microprocessor and its applications ,B. Ram, Dhanpat Rai Publications Ltd.,1993( IVth
edition)
Unit I Ch. 1.1, 5.1 to 5.3; 1.6, 1.7, 1.10 to 1.23, 3.1 ;
Unit II Ch. 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 to 4.3, 5.5, 5.63;
Unit III Ch. 6.1 to 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, 6.10, 6.12, 6.21, 6.24, 6.22, 6.36;
Unit IV Ch. 7.1 to 7.11.3;
Unit V Ch. 8.1, 8.2, 8.6, 8.6.1, 8.12, 8.12.1, 8.12.2, 8.13, 9.6.5, 9.7 to 9.9, 11.1, 11.2.
1.Introduction to Microprocessors, Aditya P. Mathur Tata Mc Graw Hill Ltd., New Delhi,
2nd Editon 1985.
272
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 3PPE1(P)
Semester : III
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
Paper
: Elective
No. of credits :
4
PROGRAMMING IN C++ WITH NUMERICAL METHODS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To become familiar with the features of C++.
 To understand different numerical methods.
 To appreciate and apply programming concepts to numerical methods.
UNIT I PRINCIPLES OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Identifiers and keywords – constant – C++ operators – Type conversion – Writing a
program in C++ - Declaration of variables – Statements – Simple C++ program – Features
of iostream.h – Manipulator functions – Input and output stream flags – Control statements
–Conditional Expressions – Switch Statement - Loop statements – Breaking control
statements – Arrays – Program to find largest no – Program to find sum & average –
Program to find sum of even number.
UNIT II FUNCTIONS, CLASSES & OBJECTS IN C++
Defining a function, return statement – Types – Local & global variable – Storage class
specifiers – Recursive function – Header files – Standard functions – Structures and classes
– member functions -Array of class objects – Defining the object of a class – Accessing a
member of class –Unions and classes – classes within classes – Constructors – Copy
Constructor – Default Constructor - Destructors – Inline member functions - Static class
members – Friend functions –Program to find factorial of a number – Program to find
Matrix Multiplication – Programs using Constructors & Destructors
UNIT III POINTERS, INHERITANCE
Pointer Declaration – Pointer Arithmetic – Pointers & functions – Pointers and arrays –
Pointers and Strings- Inheritance – Single inheritance – types of Base classes – public
inheritance private inheritance – protected inheritance – Multiple inheritance – member
acess control – Function overloading – operator overloading – overloading of Binary
operators - overloading of unary operators – Programs using inheritance, Pointers,
Operator overloading.
UNIT IV NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Successive approximation – Newton Raphson method – Gauss Jordan Elimination method
– Gauss Seidal Iterartion method – Newton’s Forward & backward Interpolation method Newton’s Forward & backward Interpolation Formula – Langrange’s Interpolation Formula
– Bessel’s Formula.
UNIT V NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
Integration by Trapezoidal rule – Integration by Simpson’s 1/3 rule – Fourth order Runge
Kutta method.
TEXT BOOKS:
1.Programming with C++,Ravichandran, D. : Tata McGraw Hill, 1996, ISBN 0-07-463349X.
2. Numerical Methods in Science & Engineering ,Venkatraman, M.K. :, The National
Publishing & Co., 1993.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Object Oriented Programming with C++, Balagurusamy, E.:(II ed),Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2004.
2.Object Oriented Programming with C++, Parsons, D. : BPB Publications, 2001.
3. Numerical methods (II ed.), Arumugam, S., Issac, A.T. & Somasundaram, A.: SCITECH
Publications, 2007.
4.Numerical Methods (IV ed.), Singaravelu :, Meenakshi Publications, 2001.
273
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : III
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
2
No. of credits :
2
: Non-Major Elective
BASIC ASTRONOMY
UNIT – I: BASICS OF ASTRONOMY
Constellation – Star names – Brightness – Celestial coordinates – Location on the celestial sphere –
Local reference lines – Celestial meridian – Latitude and star gazing – Apperant motion of the stars
– Apparent annual motion of the stars – The ecliptic- Apperant annual motion of the sun – Earth’s
seasons – Equinoxes and solstices – Sun’s altitude – The day – The precision.
UNIT – II: THE STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION
Distance of near by stars – Types of Spectra – Spectral lines- Spectra of Stars – Chemical
composition – Spectral Classes –Temperature – Life cycle of Stars – Birth – Life times – Why Stars
shine – Old age – Red giants – Synthesis of Heavier elements – Death – Mass loss – White dwarfs –
Life cycle of Sun like Stars – Exploding Stars – Supernova remnants – Superdense stars – Black
Holes.
UNIT – III: GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE
Star systems – Milky way Galaxy – Between the Stars – Great clouds – Classification of Galaxies –
Universe : Eternal questions – The Expanding Universe – Red Shifts – Velocity – Distance
Relations – Standard Big Bang Theory- Big Question- Steady state theory- Universal radiation.
UNIT – IV: COMETS, METEORS AND METEORITES
Comets – Significations of Comets- Comet Structure – The Nucleus – The coma – the tails –
Disappearance – Origin of Comets – Comet fat – comet hunt – Interplanetary Remains – Shooting
Stars – Meteor showers – Best Meteor displays – Rocky landing – Make up of Meteors – Impacts
on Earth.
UNIT – V: LIFE ON OTHER WORLDS?
Promise – Cosmic Origins - Evidence – Evolutions – Near by Planets and Moons – The odds –
Extra solar planetary system – A space travels – Star Probes – Communication – A Serious Search.
TEXT BOOK
Moche, D.L. :Astronomy – A Self – teaching Guide, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2009.
REFERENCES
Bely, P.Y, Christian, C. & Roy, J. R. : A question and answer guide to astronomy, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 2010.
Software aid: www.stellarium.org
274
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : IV
Paper
4PP1
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
: Core
SPECTROSCOPY
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To present the fundamental aspects of major areas of spectroscopy.viz., Infra red,
Raman and NMR.
 Basic concepts and instrumentation techniques are discussed in detail.
 To provide necessary foundation for proceeding over to the elucidation of structural
information of complex molecules from their spectra.
UNIT I INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Energy of a diatomic molecule – simple harmonic oscillator – Anharmonic oscillator –
diatomic vibrating rotator – vibrations of polyatomic molecules – fundamental vibrations
and their symmetry – influence of rotations on the spectra of polyatomic molecules – linear
molecules – symmetric top molecules – skeletal vibrations-group frequencies-techniques
and instrumentation – double and single beam operation.
UNIT II RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Pure rotation Raman spectra – linear molecules – symmetric top molecules – vibrational
Raman spectra – Raman activity of vibrations – rules of mutual exclusion overtone and
combination – vibrational Raman spectra – rotational fine structure – nature of polarized
light – vibration of spherical top molecules – techniques and instrumentation- the Fourier
transform spectroscopy.
UNIT III ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY OF MOLECULES
Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules- the Born-Oppenheimer Approximationvibrational Coarse Structure: Progressions- intensity of Vibrational-Electronic Spectra: the
Franck-Condon Principle- Rotational fine structure of electronic-vibration transitionselectronic spectra of polyatomic molecules- change of shape of excitation-chemical
analysis by electronic spectroscopy-the Re-emission of energy by an excited moleculetechniques
and
instrumentation-molecular
photoelectron
spectroscopy-Ultra-violet
photoelectron spectroscopy-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
275
UNIT IV NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
The nature of spinning particles – Interaction between spin and a magnetic field –
population of energy levels – Larmor precession and relaxation time – Fourier Transform
spectroscopy in NMR – Chemical shift.
UNIT V ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction- position of E.S.R absorptions: the g-factor-hyperfine structure of E.S.R
absorptions- double resonance in E.S.R- fine structure in E.S.R spectra- technique of E.S.R
spectroscopy
TEXT BOOK:
Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, c.n. Banwell, e. M. Mccash, tata mcgraw-hill
publishing company limited, new delhi.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.
Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, Prentice-Hall of India private
Limited, New Delhi.
2.
Molecular spectroscopy, P. S. Sindhu, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company
Limited, New Delhi.
3.
Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Borrow, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha
Ltd, Tikyo. (for unit V)
276
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
Semester : IV
Paper
: Core
4PP2
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
NANO SCIENCE
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 To enable the student understand the postulates and concepts of nanophysics with
clarity.
 To help the students understand the principles, fabrication and design of Carbon NanoTubes and their application.
 To expose the students to the theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum wells,
wires and dots.
 To introduce the student to the techniques of nanomachines and nanodevices.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS OF THE SOLID STATE AND
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL NANO PARTICLES
Size dependence of Properties - Crystal structure – Face-centered cubic nanoparticles Tetrahedrally bonded semiconductor crystals - Lattice vibrations.
Metal Nanoclusters: Magic Numbers-Theoretical Modeling Of Nanoparticles-Geometric
Structure-Electronic Structure-Reactivity Fluctuations-Magnetic Clusters-Bulk To
Nanotransition, Semiconducting Nanoparticles: Optical Properties- PhotofragmentationCoulombic Explosion
UNIT II CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES
Introduction – Carbon Molecules – Nature of the Carbon bond – New Carbon Structures –
Small Carbon Clusters – Discovery of C60 Structure of C60 and its Crystal – Alkali doped
C60 – Superconductivity in C60 Larger and Smaller Fullerenes – Other Buckyballs –
Carbon nanotubes – Fabrication – Structure – Electric Properties – Vibrational Properties –
Mechanical Properties.
UNIT III NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM
Basics of Ferromagnetism – Effect of Bulk Nanostructuring of Magnetic Properties –
Dynamics of Nanomagnets – Nanopore containment of Magnetic particles – Nanocarbon
Ferromagnets – Giant and Colossal Magnetoresistance – Ferrofluids.
UNIT IV APPLICATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES & QUANTUM WELLS,
WIRES, AND DOTS
Field Emission and Shielding – Computers – Fuels – Chemical Sensors – Catalysis –
Mechanical Reinforcement.
Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots: Preparation of Quantum nanostructures – Size and
Dimensionality Effects – Excitons – Single Electron Tunneling – Applications – Infrared
Detectors – Quantum Dot Lasers – Superconductivity.
UNIT V NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES
Microelectro mechanical systems (MEM) – Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS):
Fabrication – Nanodevices and Nanomachines – Molecular and Supramolecular Switches.
TEXT BOOK :
Introduction to Nanotechnology: Charles P. Poole Jr & Frank J. Owens, Wiley India II
reprint, 2011.
REFERENCE BOOK:
Nano Technology, Richard Booker & Earl Baysen, wiley (2005).
277
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code :
4PP3
Semester : IV
Paper
: Core
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
5
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
COURSE OBJECTIVE:



To give an exposure to various types of fibers.
To study the transmission characteristics of optical fibers.
To know the sources and detectors; function of networks etc.,
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction, Ray theory transmission- Total internal reflection-Acceptance angle –
Numerical aperture – Skew rays – Electromagnetic mode theory of optical propagation –
EM waves – modes in Planar guide – phase and group velocity – cylindrical fibers –SM
fibers.
UNIT II TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS Attenuation
– Material absorption losses in silica glass fibers – Linear and Non linearScattering losses Fiber Bend losses – Midband and farband infra red transmission –Intra and inter Modal
Dispersion – Over all Fiber Dispersion – Polarization- non linearPhenomena. Optical fiber
connectors, Fiber alignment and Joint Losses – Fiber Splices– Fiber connectors – Expanded
Beam Connectors – Fiber Couplers.
UNIT III SOURCES AND DETECTORS
Optical sources: Light Emitting Diodes - LED structures - surface and edge emitters,mono
and hetero structures - internal - quantum efficiency, injection laser diodestructures comparison of LED and ILD
Optical
Detectors:
PIN
Photo
detectors,
Avalanche
photo
diodes,
construction,characteristics and properties, Comparison of performance, Photo detector
noise -Noisesources , Signal to Noise ratio , Detector response time.
UNIT IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS
Fundamental receiver operation, Pre amplifiers, Error sources – Receiver Configuration
– Probability of Error – Quantum limit.Fiber Attenuation measurements- Dispersion
measurements – Fiber Refractive indexprofile measurements – Fiber cut- off Wave length
Measurements – Fiber NumericalAperture Measurements – Fiber diameter measurements.
UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS
Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select WDM Networks –Wavelength
Routed Networks – Non linear effects on Network performance –Performance of WDM +
EDFA system – Solitons – Optical CDMA – Ultra High CapacityNetworks.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Optical Fiber Communication – John M. Senior – Pearson Education – Second Edition.
2007
2. Optical Fiber Communication – Gerd Keiser – Mc Graw Hill – Third Edition. 2000
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.J.Gower, “Optical Communication System”, Prentice Hall of India, 2001
2. Rajiv Ramaswami, “Optical Networks “ , Second Edition, Elsevier , 2004.
3. Govind P. Agrawal, “ Fiber-optic communication systems”, third edition, John Wiley
& sons, 2004.
4. R.P. Khare, “Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics”, Oxford University Press, 2007.
278
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 4PPE1(A)
Semester : IV
Paper
: Elective
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
ASTROPHYSICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To explain to the students the methods of collecting stellar data and how they are
used in classifying the stars.
 To journey into the life of a star from its birth till its death.
 To discuss in elaboration the Astronomical Instruments.
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS
Identification of stars – Spherical coordinates – The Altazimuth system – The local
equatorial system – The Universal equatorial system – Conversion of coordinates –
Magnitude scale – Measurement of apparent luminosity – Various magnitude systems –
Corrections for observed magnitudes – Meausrement of terrestrial distances – Measurement
of distances within the solar system – Trigonometric parallaxes of stars – Gemoetrical
methods – The method of luminosity distance.
UNIT II STARS
Laws for radiation in thermodynamic equilibrium – Application of radiation law to stellar
photospheres – Defining temperatures of stars by matter waves – Spectral classification of
stars – Explanation of MK spectra – Peculiar stellar spectra – Kepler’s third law – Binary
stars – Discription of a binary system – Visual binaries – Spectroscopic binaries – Eclipsing
binaries – Stellar radii – Important relations between stellar parameters.
UNIT III INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STARS
Equation of stellar structure – Polytropic models – Temperature distribution in polytropes –
Stellar energy sources – Stellar opacity – Preliminary models of main sequence stars –
Models of real stars – Structure of white dwarfs.
UNIT IV STELLAR EVOLUTION
The virial theorem – Evolution near the main sequence – Star formation – Pre-main
sequence contraction – Post-main sequence evolution – Nucleosynthesis – Superdense
remnants – Evolution of close binary systems.
UNIT V ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SPACE ASTRONOMY
Astronomical Instruments: Optical telescopes – Optical photometric instruments
and techniques – Optical spectroscopy – Radio telescopes – Infrared Astronomy – Space
Astronomies : Infrared Astronomy – Ultraviolet Astronomy – X-ray Astronomy – Gamma
ray Astronomy – The Hubble space telescope.
TEXT BOOK:
Astrophysics : Stars and Galaxies Abhyankar, K.D., , University Press, 2007, ISBN:
8173713812.
REFERENCE BOOK:
Fundamentals of Astronomy ,Barbieri, C., , Taylor & Francis, 2007, ISBN: 0750308869.
279
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : IV
Paper
Code : 4PPE1(X)
No. of hrs. allotted :
5
No. of credits :
4
: Elective
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the theoretical and experimental aspects involved in X-ray
diffraction by single crystals.
 To enable the students understand the relationship between symmetry and scattering of
X-rays.
 To help students understand the applications of crystallography to study the structures
of small molecules and complex biological macromolecules such as proteins.

UNIT I CRYSTALS & SYMMETRY
Crystal shapes and habit – Unit cell – Crystal systems – Bravais lattice – Symmetry
elements – Point group – Space group (P2, P21, P212121, Pbca, P21/c, Pmmm, Pna21, C2) –
Standard and Non-standard settings – Enantiomorphs
UNIT II
DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Braggs law – Miller indices – Concepts of real & reciprocal lattice – Ewald & limiting
spheres – Scattering by an electron – Scattering by an atom – Scattering by a crystal –
Structure factor – Systematic absences – Laue – Rotation/oscillation – Weissenberg
techniques – The powder method – Recent techniques of experimental data collection.
UNIT III
FACTORS AFFECTING X-RAY INTENSITIES
Lorentz and polarization factors – Absorption of X-rays – Primary extinction –
Secondary extinction – Temperature factor – Anomalous scattering – Break down of
Friedel’s law.
UNIT IV
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION
Trial and error method – Phase problem – Fourier synthesis – The Patterson function
– The heavy atom method – Isomorphous replacement – Inequality relationship –
Sign relationships – Phase relationships – Absolute configuration – Conformational
analysis – Hydrogen bonds – Structural databases.
280
UNIT V
PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Amino acids – Hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids – Peptides – Peptide bond –
Ramachandran map – Proteins – Unit cell size – Molecular Weight determination –
Structural organization of proteins – -helix – -sheet – -strands – -barrel – turns and
loops – Protein folding – Data collection methods – Resolution of data – Space group
frequencies – Structure solution methods – Structure-function relationships – Protein Data
Bank.
TEXT BOOKS:
1.
X-ray Diffraction – Its theory and Applications S.K. CHATTERJEE :, Prentice-Hall,
New Delhi, 1999. (For Units I ,II, III & IV)
2.
An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography M.M.WOOLFSON :, Cambridge University
Press-Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1980. (For Units III IV relevant pages)
3.
Essentials of Biophysics, P. NARAYANAN: New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi, 1998. (For Unit V).
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.
X-ray Structure Determination – A Practical Guide :G.H. STOUT & L.H. JENSEN, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
2.
Crystal Structure Analysis – A Primer , J.P. GLUSKER & K.N. TRUEBLOOD, II ed. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1985.
3.
Elements of X-ray Diffraction, B.D. CULLITY, Addison-Wesley, 1956
281
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 2PPL1
Semester : I & II
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
9
No. of credits :
4
: Core
NON ELECTRONICS (GENERAL EXPERIMENTS )
1. Elastic constants by Newton’s rings
2. Thermal expansion by Newton’s rings
3. G.M.Counter
4. Quincke’s method
5. Gouy’ method
6. M-H hysteresis
7. Error analysis and least squares –Programming
8. Least squares for the leakage resistance of a capacitor
9. Faraday optic rotation
10. Ultrasonics- solids
11. Ultrasonics- liquids
12. Dielectric constant and phase transition
13. Spectrum calibration
14. Band gap by Planck’s orb UV absorption
15. Hall coefficient
16. Elliptical Fringes
17. Hyperbolic Fringes
18. Four probe method (Band energy gap)
19. Hartmann’s interpolation formula (using powder spectrum)
20. Hartmann’s interpolation formula (using spectrometer)
21. Comparison of wavelengths using CDS and spectrometer
22. Interpretation of powder photograph
23. Indexing a zero layer Weissenberg photograph
24. Fraunhoffer diffraction using Laser
25. Millikan’s Oil drop expt.
26. Optic bench-biprism
Each experiment is planned for 9 hrs and esach of this experiment can be divided into many
number depending on the hours of work
282
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Code : 2PPL2
Semester : I & II
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
9
No. of credits :
4
: Core
ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS
1. 741 amplifiers
2. 741 oscillators
3. 555 multivibrators
4. Series and shunt regulation with Zener
5. Regulated power supply with 7805 & 7812
6. 7400 and 7402 gates
7. Analog computation
8. Shift register
9. Decade counter
10. encoder and decoder
11. Multiplexer and demultiplexer
12. Differentiating, Integrating RC filter
13. Two Stage Amplifier with feedback
14. Two Stage Amplifier without feedback
15. Characteristics(UJT and SCR)
16. FET Amplifier
17. Phase shift oscillator
18. Amplitude modulation
19. Dual power supply
20. Oscillator(Hartley and colpitt)
Each experiment is planned for 9 hrs and each of this experiment can be subdivided
depending on the hours of work
283
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 13 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Sc. Physics
Semester : III & IV
Paper
: Core
Code :
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
ADVANCED EXPERIMENTS
4PPL1
5
4
1. Powder pattern
2. Band spectra
3. Fibre optic communication
4. Microprocessor – basic programming
5. Microprocessor with interfacing
6. Monte Carlo simulation-evaluation of pi and e
7. Monte Carlo simulation-evaluation of an integral
8. Fourier analysis of a complex waveform
9. Hall effect
10. Numerical integration and differentiation by programming
11. NMR
12. EPR
13. Piezo and pyro electric constants
14. Photoelectric effect- solar cell characteristics
15. Matlab
16. Excel for physics
17. Non linear dynamics- chaos
18. Random walk problem
19. Filters (I order, II order Low and high pass filters, Band pass filters)
20. Study of JK Flip-Flop.
21. Synchronous counter to count any desired sequence.
22. Shift Register (SISO, PIPO)
23. Half Adder, Full Adder, Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor.
24. Karnaugh map simplification
25. Differentiator, Integrator, Comparator, Triangular wave generator.
26. BCD to seven segment display.
27. Microprocessor problems (conversion of hexadecimal to binary, binary to
hexadecimal, Octal conversions, 2’s complement, 1’s complement, Additon,
subtraction, multiplication, division).
28. Simultaneous equations.
29. Schmidt Trigger (using 555)
30. UJT relaxation oscillator.
Each experiment is planned for 9 hrs and each of this experiment can be divided into many
number depending on the hours of work
284
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
(Re-Accredited with “A” Grade by NAAC)
Madurai – 625 009
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
M. Phil., PHYSICS
(Self Finance)
UNITISED SYLLABUS
(With effect from the batches of June 2011 – May 2012)
285
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI – 9
(Re – Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
M.Phil. Physics
COURSE STRUCTURE (w.e.f. FROM 2011 – 2012 batch onwards)
Semester – I
Code
No
Subject
1MP1
Elements Of Research
Methods In Physics
Course Work
1MP2
Contact Credits
Hrs /
Week
Total
Max
Max Total
No
Marks Marks
of Hrs
CA
SE
Allotted
6
90
40
60
100
6
90
40
60
100
Max
Marks
CA
Max
Marks
SE
Total
40
60
100
100
100
200
12
Semester – II
Code
No
Subject
Contact
Hrs /
Week
2MP1
Indepth study
6
Total
No
of Hrs
Allotte
d
90
2MP2
Project
6
90
Credits
12
Consolidation of Contact Hrs & Credits
M.Phil.,
Semester
Contact Hrs / Week
I
12
II
12
Credits
24
286
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Course
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 12 batch onwards)
: M.Phil. Physics
Semester : I
Paper





: Core
Code :
1MP1
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH METHODS IN PHYSICS
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
To know about various non energy systems.
To understand the basic types of crystal and their structure.
To get idea about symmetry on nature.
To correlate the data to the methods.
To expertise various non destructive testing methods.
UNIT I
NONLINEAR DYNAMICS
Dynamical systems: Linear and Nonlinear forces – Mathematical implications of
Nonlinearity – Working definition of Nonlinearity - Effects of Nonlinearity – Linear and
Nonlinear Oscillators – Linear Oscillators and Predictability – Damped and Driven
Nonlinear Oscillators – Secondary Resonances – Nonlinear Oscillations and Bifurcations –
Autonomous and Nonautonomous Systems – Dynamical Systems as Coupled First-Order
Differential Equations – Phase Space/Phase Plane and Phase Trajectories – Classification
of Equilibrium Points – Limit Cycle Motion – Periodic Attractor – Dissipative and
Conservative Systems.
Lakshmanan, M. & Rajasekar, S. : Nonlinear Dynamics : Integrability, Chaos and
Patterns, Springer, 2003. [Chapters 1, 2 & 3].
UNIT II ELEMENTS OF CRYSTALS
Symmetry of crystals : Modes of repetition – Symmetry elements – Classification of
crystals – Notation of crystal faces – Projection of crystals : Perspective projections –
Gnomonic projection – Stereographic projection – Crystal lattices : Periodicity in crystals –
Lattice types – Transformation theory – Group theory applications : Space groups –
Derivative symmetry.
Azaroff, L.V., Elements of X-ray Crystallography, McGraw Hill, 1968. [Chapters 1, 2, 3
& 4]
UNIT III SYMMETRY
Introduction – Various types of symmetry operations – Point groups – Properties of point
groups – How to determine the point group of a molecule? – Representations of Groups –
The character – Some important theorems concerning the irreducible representations and
their characters – Character table for point groups – Symmetry properties and quantum
mechanics – Applications.
Chandra, A.K., Introduction to Quantum Chemistry (3rd ed.), Tata McGraw Hill,1988.
[Chapter 9].
287
UNIT IV PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Venn diagrams – Probability – Permutations and combinations – Random variables and
distributions – Properties of distributions – Functions of random variables – Generating
functions –Discrete distributions – Continuous distribution – The central limit theorem –
Experiments, samples and population – Sample statistics – Estimators and sampling
distributions – Some basic estimators – Maximu-likelihood method – The method of least
squares – Hypothesis testing.
Riley, K.F., Hobson, M.P. & Bence, S.J., Mathematical Methods for Physics and
Engineering (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, 2004. [Chapters 26 & 27].
UNIT V
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Liquid penetrant testing- principle – testing methods- Magnetic particle testing- principle –
magnetizing techniques – testing methods-
Eddy current testing – principles-
instrumentation – Radiography – principles- Inspection techniques- Ultrasonic testingprinciple- pulse-echo and through transmission technique- Ultrasonic flaw detectorAcoustic emission testing – principle- instrumentation - Thermography .
Baldevraj, Jayakumar.T, Thavasimuthu.M, Practical Non-Destructive Testing ,(3rd
ed.) , Narosa publishing house, 2007.
288
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 12 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Phil. Physics
Semester : I & II
Paper
: Core
Code :
No. of hrs. allotted :
No. of credits :
1MP2
NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE: PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND
CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 To enable the student understand the postulates and concepts of nanophysics with
clarity.
 To help the students understand the principles, fabrication and design of Carbon
Nano-Tubes and their application.
 To expose the students to the theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum
wells, wires and dots.
 To introduce the student to the techniques of nanomachines and nanodevices.
UNIT I BASIC QUANTUM CONCEPTS OF NANO STRUCTURES:
General properties and growth of hetero structures, Band engineering, doped hetero
structures, wires and dots, optical confinement, effective mass approximation, effective
mass theory in hetero structures (37 pages)
Unit II
Infinite well, finite wells, low dimensional systems, two-and three-dimensional potential
wells, further confinement beyond two dimensions (31 pages)
UNIT III NANO STRUCTURES FROM PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES:
Introduction, Lithography, nano manipulation and nano Lithography, soft Lithography,
assembly of nano particles and nano wires other methods (51 pages)
UNIT IV CHARACTERIZATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF
NANO
MATERIALS-I
Introduction, structure characterization, chemical characterization, physical
properties of nano materials, electrical conductivity, ferroelectrics and dielectrics, super
paramagnetism (61 pages)
UNIT V
CHARACTERIZATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF NANO
MATERIALS-II
Molecular and nano electronics, biological applications, band gap engineered
quantum devices, nano mechanics, photonic crystals (50 pages) Total: 230 pages
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Nano structures & nanomaterials, Huozhong Gao, Imperial college press (2004)
Unit – I
Chapter- 7
Unit – II
Chapter- 8
Unit – III Chapter- 9
2. The Physics of low dimensional semiconductors , Hohn H. Davies, Cambridge
University Press (1998)
Unit – IV Chapters- 3
Unit – V
Chapters- 4
REFERENCE BOOK:
Nano Technology, Richard Booker & Earl Baysen, Wiley (2005)
289
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 12 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Phil. Physics
Code : 1MPE1
Semester : II
Paper
No. of hrs. allotted :
: Elective
No. of credits :
Title of the paper: ADVANCED SPECTROSCOPY
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 To present the fundamental aspects of major areas of spectroscopy. Viz., Infra red,
Raman and NMR.
 Basic concepts and instrumentation techniques are discussed in detail.
 To provide necessary foundation for proceeding over to the elucidation of structural
information of complex molecules from their spectra.
UNIT I RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Experimental spectroscopy – Classical theory of Raman effect and selection rule for Raman
scattering - pure rotational Raman spectra of diatomic molecules - vibrational Raman
spectra of polyatomic molecules - Raman vibrational studies of diatomic moleculesvibrational Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules, rotation - rotation – vibration Raman
studies and applications of Raman spectroscopy.
UNIT II
SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING
Introduction – Surfaces for SERS study – Enhancement mechanisms – Surface selection
rules – representative spectra – SERS Microscope – applications of SERS.
UNIT III PHOTOACOUSTICS
History of Photoacoustics – prehistory and modern history -Theory of PAS of gases –
absorption of light – excitation of acoustic wave – energy transfer physics - Rosencwaig Gersho theory – special cases – experimental verification – photoacoustic transport in a
fluid.
UNIT IV
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY
Photacoustic spectrometer for condensed surfaces – Gas microphone cell – simple cellsdata acquisition – calibration – piezoelectric detection – the piezoelectric transducer –
piezoelectric experiments – Photoacoustic experiments with liquids – gas microphone
method – piezoelectric method – Thermal processes – thermal diffusivity – phase
transitions.
UNIT V RESONANCE AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
Electron Spin Resonance –principles of ESR spectrometer – total Hamiltonian hyperfine structure – ESR spectra if free radicals in solution – anisotropic systems –
systems in triplet state – EPR of transition metal ions – Laser spectroscopy - Nonlinear
optical effects – Frequency generation by nonlinear optical techniques – Sources of Laser
spectroscopy – Supersonic beams and jet cooling.
290
TEXT BOOKS:
UNIT I: Spectroscopy [Vol II] _ B.P. Straughan and S. Walker
John Wiley & Sons, New York – Chapter 4 – section 11 to 19
UNIT II Molecular structure and spectroscopy ( 2nd edition )
G. Aruldhass, Prentice – Hall of India (2007); ISBN-978-81-203-3215-7
Chapter 14
UNIT III Photoacoustics and Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Allan Rosencwaig, John Wiley (1980)
Chapter -2.1, 2.2, 3.2-3.5, 9.1-9.5
UNIT IV Photoacoustics and Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Allan Rosencwaig, John Wiley (1980)
Chapter -12 complete, Chapter – 13 & 20.
UNIT V Molecular structure and spectroscopy ( 2nd edition )
G. Aruldhass, Prentice – Hall of India (2007); ISBN-978-81-203-3215-7 Chapter 11, 15.1 –
15.4.
291
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 12 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Phil. Physics
Code :
Semester : II
Paper
1MPE2
No. of hrs. allotted :
9
No. of credits :
4
: Elective
THIN FILMS
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 To know about the fabrication of thin films.
 To impart the knowledge about the instruments used for characterization of thin
films.
UNIT I FABRICATION OF THIN FILMS
Film thickness uniformity and purity – Evaporation hardware and techniques –
Glow discharges and plasmas – Sputtering – Sputtering processes – Hyrbrid and modified
PVD processes – Chemical vapour deposition: Reaction types – Thermodynamics of CVD
– Gas transport – Growth kinetics – CVD processes and systems.
UNIT II CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS
Film thickness: Optical and mechanical methods for measuring film thickness –
Structural characterization : Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) – Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) – X-ray diffraction – Chemical characterization : Electron spectroscopy
– X-ray Energy-Dispersive Analysis (EDX) – Auguer electron spectroscopy (AES) – X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) – Rutherford backscattering (RBS) – Secondary Ion
Mass Spectrometry.
UNIT III EPITAXY
Structural aspects of epitaxial films – Lattice misfit and imperfections in epitaxial
films – Epitaxy of compound semiconductors – Methods for depositing epitaxial
semiconductor films – Epitaxial film growth and characterization.
UNIT IV MECHANICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Elasticity, Plasticity and Mechanical behavior of thin films – Internal stresses and
their analysis – Stress in thin films – Relaxation effects in stressed films – Adhesion –
Properties of optical film materials – Thin film optics – Multilayer optical film applications.
292
UNIT V ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Electrical properties of thin films – Conduction in Metal films – Electrical
transport in insulating films – Semiconductor contacts and MOS structures –
Superconductivity in thin films – Ferromagnetism – Magnetic film size effects vs. thickness
and temperature – Magnetic thin films for memory applications.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ohring, M., The Materials Science of Thin Films, Academic Press, 1992.
2. Chopra, K.L., Thin film Physics, Tata McGraw Hill, 1996.
3. Granquist,
G.,
A
Handbook
of
inorganic
materials,
Elsevier
Publication,Amsterdam, 1998.
4. Willard, Meritt, Dean J.A. Settle, F.A., Instrumentation methods of analysis VI
CBS published, 1986, India.Progress in intercalation Research, Kluwar Academic
Publishes Dordlechet/London & Boston, Edited by W. Muller-Warmuth & R.
Schollhorn.
5. Goswamy, Thin film fundamentals, New Age International, New Delhi – 1996.
293
THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE – AUTONOMOUS, MADURAI – 625 009
(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(From 2011 – 12 batch onwards)
Course
: M.Phil Physics
Code :
Semester : II
Paper
1MPE3
No. of hrs. allotted :
: Elective
No. of credits :
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 To introduce the theoretical and experimental aspects involved in X-ray
diffraction by single crystals.
 To enable the students understand the relationship between symmetry and
scattering of X-rays.
 To help students understand the applications of crystallography to study the
structures of small molecules and complex biological macromolecules such as
proteins.
UNIT I GEOMETRY OF THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
The general features of crystals – The external symmetry of crystals – The seven crystal
systems – The thirty-two crystal classes – The unit cell – Miller indices – Space lattices –
The reciprocal lattice – Symmetry elements – Space groups – Space group and crystal
class.
UNIT II X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATA
Conditions for diffraction to occur – Diffractometers – X-ray sources – Image plate systems
– Diffraction from a rotating crystal – Absorption of X-rays – Primary extinction –
Secondary extinction – The temperature factor – Anomalous scattering – Tests for lack of a
centre of symmetry – The symmetry of X-ray photographs – Systematic absences –
Detection of mirror plans and diad axes.
UNIT III DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
Trial and error methods – The Patterson function – The heavy-atom method –
sIsomorphous replacement – The application of anomalous scattering – Direct methods:
Inequality relationships – Sign relationships – General phase relationships.
UNIT IV REFINEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
Absolute configuration – Conformational analysis – Hydrogen bonds – Cambridge
Structural Database – WinGX : An Integrated System of Windows Programs for the
Solution, Refinement and Analysis of Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Data – The
Rietveld technique.
UNIT V MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids – Peptides – Peptide bond – Ramachandran map
– Structural organization of proteins – Protein folding – Data collection methods –
Resolution of data – Structure solution methods – Protein Data Bank – DNA – Structural
features of DNA – Macromolecular structure using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
294
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Woolfson, M.M., An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography (II ed.), Cambridge
University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-42359-7
2. Ladd, M.F.C. & Palmer, R.A., Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallography
(IV ed.), Springer, 2003.
3. Pattabhi, V. & Gauttham, N., Biophysics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
4. Rhodes, G, Crystallography Made Crystal Clear: A Guide for Users of
Macromolecular Models (III ed.), Elsevier, 2006
5.Stout, G.H. & Jensen, L.H., X-ray Structure Determination – A Practical Guide, John
Wiley & Sons, 1989.
6. Glusker, J.P. & Trueblood, K.N., Crystal Structure Analysis – A Primer (II ed.),
Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-19-503543-7.
Summative Exam Question Pattern Under Unitized Syllabus
Details of Continuous Assessment Marks
Test
:
40 marks (Four questions with alternate choice, 4 x 10 marks = 40
marks)
Seminar
:
30 marks
Assignment
:
30 marks (Two assignments x 15 marks = 30 marks)
Total
:
100 marks
Details of Summative Examination Marks
Theory
:
100 marks (Five questions with internal choice from each of the five
units, 5 x 20 = 100 marks)
Dissertation
:
200 marks (100 marks for dissertation + 100 marks for viva voce)
One Question with internal choice from each of the five units.
Each question carries 20 marks.
295
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(Re Accredited With ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER APPLICATION
(From 2011 – 14 batch onwards)
: Diploma Course
: III
: Programming in C
:60
Course
Semester
Paper
Total.hrs
Code :
No. of hrs. allotted : 2
No. of credits :
UNIT - I
C Language – Character set Tokens of C - tokens-constant-keywords and identifiers variables- data types- declaration and assignment of variables-defining symbolic constants.Operators and Expressions: Types of Operators- Arithmetic, Relational and Logical
Operators Assignment, increment and decrement of operators - conditional bitwise and
special operators - arithmetic expression and its evaluation - hierarchy of arithmetic
operations - evaluations, precedence and associatively - mathematical functions. statement
UNIT – II
Control Branching and Decision-Making in C - If statement Switch statement GOTO statement - The ? : Operators.Decision - Making and Looping nesting in a loop, statements in C WHILE DO,
and FOR statements with variations. Arrays in C Single Two - dimensional and Multidimensional arrays
UNIT – III
Structures and Unions:
Definitions initialization and assigning values to members arrays of structures and arrays
within structures structure with in structure- unions - size of structures.
Pointers:
Declaration and initialization of pointers - pointer expression - pointer and arrays .
UNIT - IV
File Maintenance in “C” :
Defining, Opening and closing a file - Input/Output operations on a file- random
access to file - command line arguments
UNIT - V
User Defined Functions:
Form of “C” functions- calling a function - nesting of functions - recursion functions with arrays.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Programming in “C” E Balgurusamy Tata Mc Graw-Hill
REFERENCE BOOK
o
o
o The “C” Programming Language :Briain W. Kenigham & Dennis Ritchie
The Spirit of “C”- Henrry Mulish, Herbert L. Cooper.
Mastering “C” - Crain Bolon
296