Download د.ضرغام حمزة يوسف الصحة العامة البيطرية Animal Hygiene Hygiene :Is

‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Animal Hygiene
Hygiene :Is derived from the Greek word higius which means the
health .It is the science of animal health protection , and involves the
understanding of the inter relationship
between the organism and the
environment consequently .The science of hygiene determines the rational
conditions of the husbandry ,management ,hygienic feeding and commercial
animals under which the animal protects its health and possesses the
maximum production of meat ,milk ,egg ,wool ….etc. Taking into
consideration the climatic agro-economical and other conditions of the
various zones of the country .The practical application of hygienic
requirements makes up the sanitation .The essential principles of hygiene
must be urgently used in all farms hygienic measures have a great
importance in the protection against the occurrence and distribution of
infections ,parasitic and non-contagious diseases among animals .Hygienic
data are used in making veterinary ,general prophylactic and sanitary
arrangements which are used now a days in the disease control. Hence ,the
practical purpose of hygiene is ensuring the health ,high tolerance against
diseases and maximum production ,and to improve the sanitary –hygienic
quality of animal products. Animal hygiene as prophylactic science is
closely related to the veterinary disciplines .It includes production
disciplines because it answers the questions of successful reproduction of
animals and increasing their products .Hygiene has also a close with many
basic science such as physics
,chemistry ,climatology microbiology
,physiology as well as special sciences as engineering and economics.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Animal hygiene is composed of general hygiene which discusses the general
problems touching the air environment ,soil ,water drinking ,feeds and
feeding ,housing and special hygiene and making touching problems of
husbandry ,feeding management and making benefits of animals from
different types and purposes.
Disease :
Disease is defines as departure from health and includes any condition
that impairs normal body function . Or may defined as any abnormality or
deformity or changes in some body tissues and its functions due to some
factors and disease has causes and symptoms.
Or can defined as any changes in common animal health that cause defect
in body biological function and change it from normal to abnormal
condition .
Or is defined that the condition in which the animal show anatomical
,chemical ,physiological deviation about normal condition.
In its broadest term it can apply to any biological abnormality which results
in impaired fertility ,livability ,productivity or product quality.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Classification of Diseases:
A-Due to Biological causes:
1-Bacterial diseases:
It is diseases that happen due to bacterial infections like tuberculosis
,Anthrax ,Brucella abourtus
2-Viral diseases :
Diseases caused by viruses like foot and mouth (FMD), Sheep pox ,Cattle
plague ,and Rabies.
3-Fungal diseases:
Diseases caused by fungus like Actinomycosis ,Ring worm.
4-Protozoal diseases:
Diseases caused by protozoa like prioplasmosis, coccidian.
5-Parasitic diseases :
Diseases caused by parasite ,like live flukes ,tap worm, ectoparasite like
tick ,Mites.
6-Unknown cause diseases:
Disease without any cause.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
B- Due to infection:
1-Infectious diseases caused by biological causes like Anthrax, FMD ,Cattle
plague which can penetrate to the body and multiplication causing
symptoms and able to transmitted from infected animal to normal or human
(Zoonotic Disease ) by direct or indirect ways.
2-Non-infectious diseases:
Disease caused without infection but it happen due to some internal and
external influences which cause deviation in normal body functions ,like
metabolic diseases (Milk fever) in cattle or deficiency of Calcium in Sheep
which cause parturition paralysis .Or which one due to bad feeding and
quality ,or it may be contained bad matter like (Fungi) which cause tympany
in cattle ,and colic in horses ,Diarrhea in calves ,or it may be caused due to
deficiency in some trace elements like ,Fe ,Co ,Cu, which cause nutritional
anemia , and Rickets in small animals ,also the poisonous plants in the field
has poisonous effect in animal when it eaten .The Sparing field plants like
alfalfa with Chemical component which cause poisoning to animal when it
eaten by mistake .Also there are many noninfectious causes which causes
disease like Swolling the pines or pieces of many or wires when it found in
feed that cause many injuries in Diaphragm and peritons like
(TRP)traumatic reticulo-peritonitis.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
C-Due to its spread:
1-Epidemic diseases:
It is an infectious diseases which spread rapidly between animals that has
susceptibility , infection like Cattle plague which spread rapidly between
Cattles and glanders disease in horses.
2-Non –epidemic diseases:
Also it is infectious diseases but doesn’t spread from infected animal to
another like (Tetanus).
D- Due to duration of disease:
1-Per acute diseases:
Like Anthrax in Sheep in which the mortality happen during hours.
2-Acute diseases:
Like Glanders in horses which continue for few days and its end in
mortality or it became chronic.
3-Subacute diseases:
Like Tetanus in horses ,the duration of disease is slow and which take many
weeks.
4-Chronic diseases:
Like Tuberculosis (T.B) , the duration of disease is long and which take long
time may be years.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Causes of Diseases:
Any disease has cause or predisposing causes which prepare the animal
to became susceptible to infection ,and there are many predisposing factor
like.
1-Hereditary factors:
Hereditary factors play an important role in induce the infection between
animals ,and there aren’t hereditary infectious diseases ,but the animal
parturition with infectious diseases which doesn’t hereditary and the
infection transmitted through the uterus to fetus ,like Ring bone in horses
that the hereditary play an role for susceptibility to induce the disease like
physiological deviation and deformity.
2-Age:
Commonly aged and small animal both infected with disease but the age
play an important role as disposing factor for susceptible like Strangle which
infected small horses in age ,but the old animals as predisposing factor for
digestive disease and emaciation and joint disease (Arthritis).
3-Sex;
The sex has an role in incidence of the disease and there is disease for
male and female like milk fever in cattle because it differ anatomically than
male but in true that all disease infected both male and female like FMD
,Cattle plague ,Brucellosis.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
4- Disease :
The disease play an important role for susceptibility for another disease
which may be more severity like pulmonary infection may susceptible
animal to infected by (T.B).
5- Climate :
Any change in climate act as a predisposing factor for disease ex
Anthrax infected the Cattle and equine in hot area rather than moderate
climate , but the respiratory infection and kidney disease are mostly happend
in cold areas rather than the hot because the continuation exposure to cold
which reduce the body resistance , consequently increase the susceptibility
of animal to disease .
6-Ventilation:
Ventilation is one of many susceptible factors for disease .Animal found
in bad ventilation pen and the air which pass through it burden with dust and
consequently it exposure to infected with respiratory disease like T.B and
pneumonia ,and pollutant air will irritate the mucous membrane which
endothelium for respiratory system and decrease its resistance.
7- Floor:
There are many infected microorganisms which can multiplicated in the
soil especially when it saturated with water after runoff like microorganism
which cause Haemorrhagic Septicemia ( H.S) ,or this microorganism which
may survive in stalic condition in the soil and when the condition is proper
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
,it cause the infection like microorganism which cause tetanus in horses and
the Anthrax in Sheep that which still in the soil for many years.
8-Feed and water:
Increasing intake of feed one of predisposing factor which lead to cause
Digestive Disturbance like tempany and impaction which may be cause
stomach and Rumen rapture , also feeding animal on unbalance ration which
may decrease the body resistance then increase susceptibility of animal to
animal to disease also the fermented feed cause Digestive desterbances and
drinking pollutant water by animal which lead to causes disease.
The summary of above is:
Disease results from a combination of
A- indirect cause (called stress ) that reduce resistance .
B- Direct cause that produce disease.
Direct causes of disease can divided into two categories :
1-Infectious disease : result from invasion of the body by another living
organism (bacteria ,viruses ,Fungi ,protozoa ,and a variety of internal &
External parasite ).
2-Non infectious diseases are caused by nutritional problems (deficiency or
Excess) ,Chemical poisons, traumatic injury ,or even excessive stress).
Technically speaking , all infectious disease are parasitic and all parasitic
invasions are infectious .By convention ,the word ″parasite″ is often used to
identify infectious diseases caused by animal form most of which can be
seen with the naked eye (worms, lice ,mites and the like).The word
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
″infections″ is generally reserved for invasion by other forms ,which all
happen to be microscopic (bacteria ,virus ,Fungi ,etc).
Reservoirs of infection:
Disease are introduced from reservoirs of infection defined as any source
or site where a disease-causing organism survives or multiplies and from
which it can be transferred to a host .A reservoir of infection may be animate
or inanimate :
A- Animate or living reservoirs includes:
1- Chicken and other domestic poultry /animals.
2- Exotic and cage birds.
3- Wild birds
4- Wild animals (including rodents).
5- Livestock.
6- Household pets.
7- Earthworms, snails and slugs .
8- Arthropods (fleas ,mites ,ticks ,lice and mosquitoes that bite ,sow bugs,
crickets and grasshoppers that chickens eat).
9- Human.
B-Inanimate or non-living reservoirs of infections include:
1- Feed containing Fungi or bacteria.
2- Water , usually stagnant and rich in organic matter in which bacteria
,Fungi ,or Protozoa thrive .
3- Litter , soil and dust harboring spore-bearing organisms that produce
disease when they get into animal tissues often through a wound.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
4- So called ″fomites″ articles that can be contaminated by disease –causing
organisms (crate ,incubator) . crate used for carrying chickens , an
incubator used for hatching chicks or a brooder in which chicks are raised
A fom it can be either a reservoir of infection or merely a vehicle that
serves as a means of spreading infectious organism s from one place to
another.
How Disease spread:
Once a disease has been introduced ,it may spread from one chicken to
another in two ways:
1-Vertically : From an infected hen to her chicks by means of hatching egg
(or in the case of some viruses from an infected cock through semen
fertilizing the eggs).
2-Horizontally : from one bird /animal to another through direct or indirect
contact.
Direct contact occurs when an infected bird and a susceptible bird ,peck
,preen or mate one another .Disease that spread through contact with the skin
of an infected bird/Animal include pox and influenza (caused by viruses )
and Staphylococal and sterptococal infections (caused by opportunistic
bacteria ) Staph . and strep. Infections also spread through direct mucus
contact during mating.
Indirect contact occurs by means of a vehicle (sometime).
Called "mechanical vector" A vehicle is any thing ,living or otherwise
,capable of transporting disease causing organisms from one place to another
.Like reservoirs of infection ,vehicles can be either animate or in animate.
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Animate vehicles include:
1- Wild birds ,Rodents ,household pets and other animals that carry
infectious organisms on their feet , feathers ,fur (as distinct from
diseased animals that spread infection through their saliva, dropping
or urine).
2- Flies or other arthropods that can carry disease on their feet or bodies
(as distinct from infected arthropods that spread disease by injection
contaminated saliva.
3- Humans who carry disease-causing organisms on their clothing ,shoes
,skin or hair including fanciers who visit one another ,vaccination
crews that travel from place to place ,meter readers ,electricians,
plumbers and feed delivery personnel.
Inanimate vehicles include:
1- Shed skin ,feathers ,dropping ,broken eggs and other debris from
infected birds ,animal.
2- Feed and drinking water contaminated by body discharges from
infected birds/ animals ,including undraind puddles and streams that
run past one flock and then another.
3- Air ,which wafts dust ,fluff ,fine bits of dried droppings and droplets
of respiratory moisture expelled by breathing ,sneezing or coughing
(most airborne infections do not spread far.
4- Needles that contaminate the blood of susceptible chickens /animals
during flockwide vaccination of infected and susceptible bird/animal
alike.
5- Used equipments ,egg cartons, waterers, feeder, feed sacks tires( of
cars ,trucks ,or wheel barrows) , and other fomites to which body
discharges containing disease –causing microbes may cling to be
transported for hundreds of miles.
Carriers:
Many diseases are spread by carriers .A carrier is a bird/ animal that does
not show symptoms of disease ,yet harbors the organism that causes the
disease carriers may be:
Active or Passive :
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
An active carrier once had symptoms of the disease but has since recovered .
A passive carrier never developed symptoms whether active or passive a
carrier sheds and spreads disease –causing organisms. Whether active or
passive a carrier shed and spreads disease-causing organisms.
Diseases that produce carriers usually are not worth curing you can cure a
bird of infectious coryza , for instance ,but you have no way of knowing if
the bird will become a carrier and spread the disease to susceptible bird in
the future.
The origins of disease :
If we are to emphasize disease preventation ,it is absolutely essential
know where diseases come from some of the more common origins are:
1-Genetic defects.
2- Management –related .
3- Feed and water –related.
4-Infectious.
‫المرض المعدي وطرق نفاذ المسبب المرضي الى الحيوان‬
Infectious disease ,living Microorganism penetration ways in animal :
Infectious diseases that infected many animals and caused by different
biological causes like cattle plague, (FMD),T.B , in that time the living
microorganisms can penetrate to animal body and multiplicate causing
specific pathological symptoms and it has able to transported and infected
healthy another animals and human (Zoonotic disease )by direct and indirect
contact and sometimes this animals can recovered from the diseases but it’s
still carrier the causative agent for long terms , whether it threat by infection
or it may be healthy ,but still infected with chronic diseases which by it
threat the contact animals like (T.B ,Brucellosis ,Glander ). this diseases
must be dignosted , indicated and irradicated to prevent it separation by
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
using biological testing materials by which can diagnostic positive cases like
Tubercline test for .T.B and Mallin test for Glanders ,Agglutination test must
be done for Brucellosis .Also there are many Ectoparasite that suckled blood
of infected animals with parstic diseases and transmitted to contact healthy
animals and causing the disease.
Also the living Microorganisms can penetrate the animal body from
different ways according to animal condition ,type of disease and the
predispoising factors and can concluded it by:
1-Skin :
When animal has healthy skin its not allowed causative
agent to penetrate ,but rarely found healthy skin without
injuries ,abrasions and chapped ,therefore living
microorganisms can penetrate animal body.
2-Mucous membrane :
The mucous membrane is less resistance than the skin ,in this time the
microbe which cause glanders disease can penetrate whitin the conjunctiva
of some lab animals like guinea pig.
3-Respiratory tract:
There are many of microorganisms can pass through the respiratory tract
with the air ,hence the microorganism reach blood stream like T.B, glanders.
4-Digestive tract:
Microorganisms reach alimentary tract within contaminated feed and water
,then can penetrate via mucous membrane to blood stream.
5-Reproductive tract :
There are many microorganisms can penetrate through the mucous
membrane of reproductive organs ,like in disease called (Coital vasicular
exanthema)
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