* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download HOTA Civil War Notes - SHS IB 2008 / FrontPage
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Island Number Ten wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Shiloh wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
Anaconda Plan wikipedia , lookup
Blockade runners of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Wilson's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Battle of New Bern wikipedia , lookup
Red River Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Origins of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Lost Cause of the Confederacy wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Gaines's Mill wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Seven Pines wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Texas in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
Jubal Early wikipedia , lookup
Economy of the Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Civil War Notes 1 Origins/Path to the U.S. Civil War *Slavery was the main component that lead to the Civil War Importance- fought on own land, against self, end of institution of slavery, cost in human life (630-650 thousand deaths associated with war)(pop. = 30 mill then) *How did US territorial expansion contribute to the US Civil War? Examples of Expansion (1845-1861) o Texas (1845) o Oregon (1846)- Oregon, Washington, Part of Idaho o Mexican Cession (1848)- New Mexico, Arizona, California *, parts of Nevada, Colorado and Utah o Gadsden Purchase (1853)- to construct a southern transcontinental railroad Lead to tension between the north and South associated with the determination of slavery in the territories who had the authority to determine the fate of slavery in the territories *Manifest Destiny- divinely ordained, God has chosen the American people, to spread the US from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts Assumptions: our way of life was better, superior 1. Form of government- republican democracy 2. Religion- Protestant is the truest form of Christianity 3. Economic system- Protestant work ethic would make good use of land; west had greater access to goods and services, capitalistic work system and maximization of resources Even after we achieved a Pacific coast, we still expanded- Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Haiti Americans have larger population density than the French in Louisiana Purchase why France sold it (justification) Demographic The Annexation of Texas (1845) *Background 1835-1836 Texas Independence Movement American citizens/ former American citizens led the revolution in Texas: because Mexican government gave land grants to Americans o Issues with the form of government- dictator (Santa Ana) o Santa Ana attempting to crack down on control over Texas: pay taxes, make sure they practice Catholicism, Texas had previously become largely self-governed Sam Houston- military brains; Stephen Austin- political brains of the Texas Independence Movement Civil War Notes 2 o Mexican government was very close to abolishing slavery throughout Mexico unacceptable to the slaveholding Americans who inhabit Texas o Economy of east Texas largely cotton (also corn, indigo, rice) o Texans had no say in the Mexican government and the decision to abolish slavery *The Alamo Rallying call (200 Tejanos with fort, 10,000 Mexican troops) “Remember the Alamo” American heros present at the Alamo (James Bowie, Davey Crockett) *San Jacinto- battle that led Texa to it’s independence (Texans were vastly outnumbered); large lunch/siesta was the downfall of Mexicans because Houston chose to attack during their siestaSanta Ana was wounded in attack. Santa Ana signed treaty, though Mexican government denied the legitimacy of the treaty because Santa Ana was duress 1836 (achieve independence) 1845 (annexed) were not immediately annexed Treaties require a 2/3 majority approval of US Senate but there was dispute over slavery in Texas. (North did not approve) Texans began serious negotiations with Britain (The Lone Star Republic) which was absurd because Britain had abolished slavery and fought against slavery in other countries but did so in order to put pressure on US (and more distant political center) 1845 President Tyler annexed Texas through the use of a joint resolution which only requires a simple majority of votes in Congress to pass it (Tyler’s only legacy) – passed 3 days prior to Tyler’s leaving office *Polk’s Presidency (1845-1849)-Southern, slaveholding democrat “54’40 or Fight”- Polk’s campaign slogan of what he promised to set the boundary of our country or flight with the British for the land Negotiated and compromised a 49° border and acquired Oregon Territory (perception is that Oregon Territory was halved in negotiations = no war less “free” land; so that we could fight with Mexico over a slave state “Slave Power”) Polk was the architect of the “Slave Power” *Causes of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) 1. When US annexed Texas, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations = tensions associated with the annexation of Texas. Claimed they still controlled Texas because the independence treaty was signed under duress. Stopped paying the over $3 million debt. 2. * Polk wanted to fulfill Manifest Destiny by buying California (almost ½ of Mexico) but Mexico refused his offer (in San Francisco, there was a natural deporter port) and New Mexico to trade with Asia/China; Wouldn’t formally entertain the offer because angry Civil War Notes 3 with the US over Texas, thought California was worth more and it would be political suicide to sell half of national territory, issue of slavery. 3. Pre-existing border dispute: Polk put troops in the disputed area of Texas, where Mexican territory and Texas territorial boundaries were… US/Texan position: Rio Grande Mexican position: Nueces River In 19th century, Rio Grande was a large navigable river = movement of goods. Nueces River was not as nice of a river. There was arable land between the Rio Grande and Nueces River. 4. Polk put troops in the disputed territory in order to instigate an offensive attack by the Mexicans so that we would have a justification to go to war – “American blood shed on American soil.” Lincoln was one of the few who questioned Polk’s motives Fought most of the war in Northern Mexico but fought one major battle in Central Mexico at Vera Cruz (naval attack). Most Mexican soldiers were fighting in the North, so few experienced soldiers were available to fight against the Americans at Vera Cruz. They were mostly young adult and children (ages 13-18). Americans took over the capital, Mexico City. Many people suggested we annex all of Mexico because we had conquered the capital and had the ability to do so but we did not because most Mexicans lived in central/southern Mexico. Americans didn’t know what to do with the Mexicans if they had taken over the whole country, thought they were a mongrel race (though mestizo). American racism saved Mexico from losing its entire territory. Effects *Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) Senate ratified the treaty (2/3) o US government paid Mexico $15 million and assumed the $3.25 million debt owed to US citizens by Mexican government- American people didn’t want to feel guilty o US got California, New Mexico*… which was over ½ of Mexican national territory Polk oversaw the annexation of the most amount of territory in US history *There were 13,000 American deaths and 50,000 Mexican deaths. (Most died from disease and unsanitary camp conditions.) *Military experience of the military generals that prepared them for future Civil War officers (Lee, Grant) (the Civil War lasted longer = more deaths) * More tense relations with U.S. and Mexico and U.S. and Latin America (before, U.S. was seen as a big brother to Latin America = looked up to U.S./wanted to emulate U.S. We were the Civil War Notes 4 protectors of Latin America because of the Monroe Doctrine.) Lead to the demise of this Big brother/protector image increase in bad neighbor perception. Monroe Doctrine (1823)- The Americans were closed to any future colonization (we were concerned Britain would take advantage of weak newly independent countries)(selfinterested: protect U.S. from future European attacks and trade with Latin America) *Debates over status of slavery in new territories Civil War *Wilmot Proviso- People thought that this war was fought to procure slave states. Amendment was added to a military appropriations bill (started in house because only ones elected directly by the people). Slavery would be banned in all land acquired from Mexico. This never became law but was important because it proves the existence of a “Slave Power.” The issue in 1848 election was the Wilmot Proviso. *Compromise of 1850 Background: Path to statehood of land acquired by Mexico was dramatically accelerated due to the discovery of gold in northern California. Probably the most lawless place during the Gold Rush (especially in respect to Native Americans – about 90% died within the first 5 years) need to create law and order. Petition into Union as free state (because there were few slaves there) significant section of California below the 36°30’ line. Southern states discuss secession or disillusion “crisis” North- California admitted as a free state, slave trade ended in Washington D.C.; New Mexico granted territory from Texas (NM, UT opened to slavery but as pop. sov.) South- slavery was to remain legal in D.C.; *Stronger fugitive slave laws in 1850- grossly unfair (= more belief in a “slave power”) 1. Denied trial by jury – judges determined guilt or innocence 2. Marshalls/Judges paid $5 if bring in a “runaway slave” $10 if found guilty. Free blacks should be entitled to due process but they weren’t = ABSURD! 3. Defendants had no ability to cross-examine prosecution witnesses 4. Defendants could not call witnesses on their behalf (or really present any tangible evidence) 5. Those who convicted of assisting runaway slaves had to do community service (assisting U.S. Marshalls/bounty hunters becoming slave catchers/hunters) Northern states ban together and say they won’t enforce it. South claimed Northerners were violating Constitution (but South violates Const. too.) Greater hostility from North to South. $10 million to slave states Civil War Notes 5 NM and UT possibly opened to slavery Congress pledged they had no authority to regulate interstate slave trade (because they would/could blame possible secession on North.) *Presidents of 1850’s- relatively unknown because they didn’t provide strong leadership 1. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) died 2. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) took Taylor’s place 3. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)- from New Hampshire- appealed to Northerners but was a pro-slavery, pro-southerner and didn’t believe slavery was a significant issue. U.S. foreign policy/imperialism: Gadsden Purchase 4. James Buchanan (1857-1861)- Southern Democrat (did not stand on divisive issues) president when secession began *U.S. Foreign Policy under Pierce 1. Matthew Perry’s expedition to Japan- ultimatum: open ports to American vessels/commerce or we will launch attacks on ports (use naval superiority and artillery) Aggressive foreign policy shocked them out of self-imposed isolation = very quick modernization (became VERY powerful) 2. Ostend Manifesto- Cuba was the most lucrative island in Caribbean. Wanted to annex Cuba. Secret plan to acquire Cuba from Spain- Purchase! $120 million (Belgium). Also, a contingency plan to create the necessary military force if negotiations did not go well with Spain. Slavery was legal in Cuba = upset people in the North (secret, $, slave status, possible war could result)(end up going to war later) 3. William Walker’s Nicaraguan Campaign wanted Nicaragua annexed into U.S. (he had become President of Nicaragua) American Citizen. Deposed the legitimate Nicaraguan government and became president and wanted Nicaragua to be annexed as a slave state (no direct connection to U.S. government.) *Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Key provision: (Republican party was established by those who do not agree with it) Popular sovereignty would determine the status of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska territories (referendum). Background: o Primary sponsor was Stephen Douglass (senior senator of Illinois- Democrat) o Wanted a federally funded transcontinental railroad (had to do something for the South so that they would vote for a Northern route through Illinois). Gain support of Southerners for a northern federally funded railroad. o He also aspired to be the President and wanted to gain the support of people in his state. Civil War Notes 6 o Bought a significant amount of land to the west = personal economic motives (land would appreciate) o By sponsoring Kansas-Nebraska Act, he would gain Southern Democrats but instead many Northern Democrats joined the Republican Party Effects: invalidated the Missouri Compromise (superseded); had a referendum o Referendum fraud, corruption (created many problems) those who weren’t entitled to vote who voted, or voted multiple times typically people from Missouri (moreso on proslavery side and seemed to indicate proslavery in Kansas but was called into question. “Bleeding Kansas” o “Bleeding Kansas” – mini- Civil War: fighting over slavery “Beecher’s Bibles”- Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (antislavery book) dramatic impact on people in North. The south banned this book (makes south feel attacked). Henry Ward Stowe asked for donation so he could buy guns/weapons for abolitionists in Kansas – to be used. Pottawatamie Creek- John Brown’s attack at – God told him he was chosen to lead a bloody attack against slavery and he was the one to initiate it. Attack carried out in a biblical fashion – attacked men in their tents with swords. (ardent abolitionist). Congressional violence- senators claimed other senators were responsible Sen. Sumner said something negative about South Carolina senator and his family member beat Sumner in his congressional office with a canecausing life-threatening injuries. Abolitionists were like dogs- beat them into submission (100’s of people in South sent canes to the cane man.) o Political issues- 2 governments organizes themselves in Kansas. When both entities petitioned Congress for admission to the Union, neither were accepted= reason it was not annexed in 1850’s. o Political Realignment- lead to the demise of the Whigs, defection of Northern Democrats (became regional political party Southern) Establishment of the Republican Party (six months after K-N Act) because of the outgrowth due to K-N Act. No expansion of slavery! Stop emancipation of slaves ¾ must approve a Const. amendment = long term extinction of slavery. They adopted other stances to broaden their appeal. *Immediate Caused of the Civil War 1. Election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 2. Secession of South Carolina in December 1860 political debate: do states have the right to secede from the U.S.? (which started due to slavery- Republicans gained the Civil War Notes 7 presidency and control Congress) states from the lower South were more likely to secede because most fighting would take place in the Upper South less likely to secede Northern/Republican position- NO! Generally opposed to secession. - The people created the U.S. and only the people can dissolve it. Confederate (South- YES!) States ratified that Constitution so states have the right to un-ratify the constitution- SECEDE (state conventions were called to ratify Const.) 3. Failure to Compromise Crittenden Compromise- Kentucky senator didn’t want war in Kentucky/South and so passed a compromise calling for the extension of the 36°30’ line (via Const. amendment) to Pacific Ocean Republican leaders were vehemently opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories. (Southerners blames it on Lincoln) If Republicans had agreed to it- Southerners would have opposed- Dred Scott Case 4. Attack at Fort Sumter *1861-1865 (4 years)- surprising because of the South’s few advantages (surprising Confederacy lasted so long.) Advantages of the Union o Population was MUCH greater Exs. Union had 2.5 to 1 advantage 22 million; 9 million (1/3 of which were slaves) Population disparity is greater. (slaves continued growing cotton to purchase ships/artillery from England) - 1864: 44% of free, military aged men were enlisted in the Union military 90% in the Confederacy (56% of Union men can help contribute by other means.) (Women had a greater role in the war because there were more men off fighting.) - Women in the Confederacy- more likely to work outside of the home, head of households, nurses (though not a female dominated profession), factory workers - 1:4.4 Confederacy to Union free, military aged men - 2:1 men in Union army to Confederate army o Industrial Output: 10 to 1 factory output - Iron production: 15 to 1 (ind. Input raw “ingredient” for weapons) - Firearms: 32 to 1 (if this number remained constant, war would not have lasted so long) (Confederacy went on crash course to try to catchup making own weapons- new urban center of Confederacy= Atlanta. Industrial Capital Civil War Notes 8 o o o o of South of Confederacy, so when Atlanta fell to Union- burnt city to ground (Birmingham- steel capital). - Textiles: 14 to 1 (for a white there was still commerce between North and South but began to produce own textiles)(uniforms-Union) - Naval Ship Tonnage (carrying capacity) owned by government designed to wage war (union had established Navy, Confederacy did not) 25 to 1 - Merchant Ship Tonnage (Union sold wheat on international markets imposed to 9 to 1. - Coal production (energy source) factor input- 38 to 1. - Railroads (mileage) 2.4 to 1 transport supplies to the troops (food, medical supplies, ammunition, artillery) Agricultural Output - Wheat (North) 4.2 to 1 - Corn (south) 2 to 1 - Wheat kept the British out of the war because they bought wheat from North can’t support south in war. Union did not have major food shortages to the war – Confederacy had major food shortages because they couldn’t sufficiently produce staple good products. - 7000% inflation over 4 years. (hyperinflation) - Significant amount of hoarding farmlands were destroyed = food shortage because fought on Southern land. o Livestock 1.8 to 1 domesticate- eat Union lost 500 horses/day (Kentucky-horse capital) - Wealth 3 to 1 U.S. had existing government (80years) Confederacy had to plan out government (Const. laws, etc.) - Nominate candidates for office - Establish laws/determine tax collection - U.S had established: Dept. of War/Defense, Treasury Dept., State Dept., U.S. Army (Westpoint), U.S. Navy (Anapolis) - After Fort Sumter, there was a lull in fighting = able to establish a government Union had a more sophisticated banking/finance system which when combined with far greater ability to finance a major war (banking center- New York City southerners did invest in Northern industry) Methods of Financing the War a. Raise existing axes, levy new taxes b. Loans c. Print More money = inflation *Confederate Advantages Civil War Notes 9 1. Economy- cotton production 24 to 1 2. Confederates had a greater number of experienced, decorated and well-trained military leaders. 3. Union’s goal was more difficult to achieve – had to conquer entire Confederacy where the Confederacy simply needed to make the cost of the war too high for the Union so that the Union would withdraw. (Confederates did not have to conquer/defeat the Union; rather, they sought to make the cost of the Union achieving its objective (reunification) greater than what the Union public would be willing to be 4. Confederates were planning on fighting a primarily defensive war. *Advantages Associated with Defensive Warfare a. Ability to establish fortifications increase casualties (4 to 1 when attacking a heavily fortified position.. 30% casualty rate in major battles) for those waging offensive war b. Greater intelligence/cooperation/help from the civilians (provided aid, food, water, medical care, INTELLIGENCE to Confederate military) c. Ability to seize potentially advantageous positions (“highground,” ambush) (kill more of them than you) d. Fighting for their family, home, farm instead of political ideals. PSYCOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE (war of Northern aggression)- primarily fought in their home state. 5. Physical size of the south o 3500 miles of coastline o Almost 2,000 miles wide o 1000 miles long o Take a lot of manpower/resources to conquer territory. Lincoln insisted that the four slave states in the Union remain in the Union. *Battle of Bull Run (1st major battle of the Civil War) July 1861 in northern Virginia Background: Lincoln under much political pressure to act quickly but needed a strong military acted too hastily. Confederacy won the battle He nature of the end of the battle was noteworthy because the Union troops RAN back to Washington D.C. and displayed that the Union troops were undisciplined and uncoordinated. Significance: Broke up the idea that this war would be over by Christmas. Confederacy had greater confidence in themselves. *Union strategy (“strategery”… lolz!) Bases on General Scott’s Anaconda Plan Civil War Notes 10 1. U.S. Naval blockade of the Confederate coastline to prevent Confederacy from engaging in trade acquire war materials. Also, decreases the Standard Of Living wanted economy to collapse. - Relatively successful- many Confederate ships with cotton were intercepted and the cotton was sold to Britain. 2. Naval Campaign to take control of the Mississippi River (mid 1863) Cut the Confederacy into two parts- (Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana) and support they bring. Avenue of Trade- extra helpful- Union can intercept ships and are able to use the River to transport wheat for themselves = allows the economy to rot Offers opportunity to reach the lower South without marching across the Upper South 3. Military invasion of North Virginia with intention of taking the Confederate Capital at Richmond. The people don’t react well but it has little significance mostly symbolic (typically a result of the lack of ability to win). (Montgomery, AL became the defacto capital; industry relocated to Atlanta) Richmond built fortifications while McClellan waited. 4. Diplomatic policy of the Union wanted to ensure that no foreign country gave the Confederacy diplomatic recognition which could form alliances. State Department- Secretary of State William Seward *Confederate Strategy 1. Defensive war- advantages heavily fortified Richmond 2. Limited offensive war- take advantage of opportunities to invade/attack the Union Major gamble because they are taking (Antietam and Gettysburg) many troops who become prisoners of war/ POW’s they could become trapped behind enemy lines. Tying to 3. Economic- much greater economic strategy 4. The Diplomatic strategy- to gain an alliance with major power (like Britain) *Why didn’t the British form an alliance with the Confederacy? 1. British relied upon Northern wheat. Lincoln threatened Britain to cut off wheat supply. 2. Enhances and accelerated cotton production in India (colony) and Egypt (quazi-colony). Increase British exploitation in those colonies - Union seized cotton from ships intercepted and in the southern islands they took over and Union sold cotton to Britain - There were still four slave states that were part of the Union. Civil War Notes 11 3. British were strong advocates of abolishing slavery (at first didn’t know that the war was over slavery) Then, after Emancipation Proclamation, knew that war was over slavery = British did not support slavery. 4. British waiting/looking for dramatic Confederate victory on Union soil before forming alliance with Confederacy = did not. 5. Diplomatic efforts of Lincoln and Seward (Sec. State) (wheat Britain) Trent Affair British ship in international waters was stopped by Union and searched for contraband. Found two Confederate diplomats in ship Lincoln under domestic/international pressure waited several weeks until pressure died down. Gave a formal apology to Britain and returned Confederate soldiers. If Lincoln decided differently and could have allied with Confederacy. *Primary theatres of Battle, General Course of the War (1861-1862) 1. Eastern theatre North Virginia Union was less successful during this period. Confederacy has the upper hand (Richmond had not yet been captured.) McClellan’s Richmond Campaign/7Days Battle - Decided to attack Richmond by water and took over 6 months to get into position - Each day he didn’t attack, Richmond strengthened fortifications. Roughly a draw because Lee’s brilliance End of summer 1862- never really did anything Antietam Sept. 1862: Davis ordered this attack: Union victory (but 5,000 people died in THIS battle. Costly victory. Also battle took place on Union soil (Maryland). Lee’s Marching Orders - His plan for retreat if the war went poorly. Why did McClellan not act on his opportunity to attack/capture Confederate soldiers? - McClellan probably thought it was a trap; could have been a fake. - Didn’t want to risk losing more men (5,000 men already dead; 30,000 missing or wounded0 - Compassion, esp. among officers - Key Union victory to announce the Emancipation Proclamation (one week later) 2. Western theatre- along the Mississippi River and its tributaries Civil War Notes 12 Union naval forces coming up through mouth of Mississippi River and came through tributaries and met in the middle. By end of 1862, Union had seized all but 1 major city- Vicksburg New Orleans- Union took because at mouth of Mississippi River Battle of Shiloh- Tennessee/General Us. Grant - Union victory - Before Antietam - 3,000 people dead (thousands of Confed. POW’s) - KKK- ghosts of battle of Shiloh 3. At Sea Union has the upper hand = naval blockade – impacting supply import to the south and decrease the ability to sell cotton Union navy took sea islands in SC/GA = cotton When navy invaded islands, slaves stayed on the plantations and continued growing cotton. Union purchased the cotton from the slaves and sold it to Britain. Monitor vs. Merrimac/Virginia- first time in naval history that two ironclads faced off. (Monitor often harassed other Confed. ships). Pivotal point in military history – everything hereafter = steel. 1st operational submarine CSS Hunley (Confed.) (sunk off the coast of South Carolina) tried to deliver a mine to a Union boat. *Home Front Issues At the outset of the war = 2 waves of enlistments o Initially 2-3 month enlistments o Moved to 1 year enlistments First Conscription (DRAFT) Laws Established o Confederate Exemptions/loopholes/practices that benefitted the wealthy Hiring substitutes (Conf. and Union) by putting a want ad in a newspaper – “signing bonus” Cheaper in the Union but caused a manpower issue and both sides stopped. Twenty slave rule (Conf.) – automatically exempt from service because crops were the basis of the southern economy = need them to run economy (1/2 slaves in Confed.) Commutation fee $300 (Union) Three times what average people made – need to pay for war Certain professions were exempt from the draft exs. managers, engineer, in any key war related industry Wealthier people are often more educated positions are less dangerous when drafted Civil War Notes 13 o The war in the Confederacy benefitted the rich. 25% of slave owners made in the top 50% o Union factories profited from the war o Corporate interests more likely to go to war *Arguments Against the War Union: “Peace” Democrats/Copperheads—much more formal, political Confederacy: State’s Rights Groups—Confederate gov’t usurped their rights Arguments: 1. Financial impact-cost to certain businesses, increase in taxes: average person was impacted by (new) income tax, property tax, sales tax 2. Cost in human life 3. Military draft/conscription NYC Draft Riot (July 1863) 105 killed, targeted recruiting station, killed US Army officials and blacks 4. Racism (i.e. “Nigger Doodle Dandy” “Peace” Democrats/Copperheads) 5. Impact on the civilian population (esp. in Confederacy) exs.: food shortages riots as well as inflation, where wages didn’t keep pace w/ the increase in prices 6. Consolidation of power in the hands of the President violation of civil liberties Ex. Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus-giving the Pres. power for any purpose/reason to arrest/detain any person such as because they exercised their freedom of speech (against the war) Lincoln did this to prevent Maryland from seceding (and losing the nation’s capital) *Lincoln & Slavery/Emancipation Lincoln’s fears concerning emancipation (esp. in reference in his ability to unify the country) 1. That 4 border states would join Confederacy Significance: lose some of the statistically advantages; harder to capture Mississippi River because if Kentucky and Missouri were to join the Union it would probably double the two years it had taken to conquer it 2. That there would be a dramatic increase in the desertion rate in the Union Army that would increase the difficulty of winning the war (he said, “half the soldiers” would lay down their arms) 3. That emancipation would lead to a decrease in popularity of the Republican Party which could Democratic Party taking over Congress (this fear was justified in that Republicans did lose seats in Congress w/ the Emancipation Proclamation but they were still a majority) 4. That the Confederate political leadership would be more resolved and determined to resist/fight until the end (i.e. it would lengthen the war) Civil War Notes 14 5. That emancipated slaves would be expected to be protected, fed and cared for by US Army and/or would head North and create a “refugee” process/crisis 6. That it was unconstitutional/illegal for the President to issue and executive order freeing slaves (especially within the Union) 7. That he would be perceived as weak (it would look useless as he couldn’t enforce it) *Confiscation Acts (1861 & 62) Est. by Congress, authorized Union generals to confiscate the property of anyone who “supported” the Confederate war effort… Implication…? Any Confederate property can be seized by Union Lincoln…? Forbade generals from seizing/emancipating slaves *b/w 1861 and July 1862 laws were passed that 1. Abolished slavery in D.C. 2. Banned slavery in all territories of the US 3. Banned the US Army from returning runaway slaves (meaning to Union slaveholders as well; reasoning: Lincoln didn’t want to waste/expend resources that could win the war) *The Emancipation Proclamation Announced: Sept. 1862 Effective: Jan. 1, 1863 Key Provision: any slave that was in a state still in rebellion as of Jan. 1, 1863 was now “henceforth forever free” Gap? Incentive, moral high ground for Union defined “no longer in state of rebellion” as having sent representatives back to Congress Effect/Significance: - Essentially nobody was freed because Lincoln only enacted this in places where he has no control - Slavery in Confederacy would be ended if the Union was victorious - Incentive program (why 3 months) to get states to send a voting member back to Congress Republicans lost seats in House and Senate but retained control - People were fatigued with war and didn’t want to sacrifice for black people - Desertion rate double 6 months after the declaration of the Emancipation Proclamation Blacks began joining the army (made up for desertion rates) African Americans - about 1% of Union Population - about 10% of union Army (200,000 people) Civil War Notes 15 o all segregated units (except white officers) o originally were not going to be allowed to serve combat (only menial jobs) concerned they weren’t capable; typically given suicide missions where the casualty rate was upwards from 50%. o Pay scale half of whites o Massachusetts 54th rejected all salary on principle o Jefferson Davis was crafting his own Emancipation Proclamation could turn the war around (basically, to save his ass!) Lincoln supported: 1. Colonization/deportation to Africa (Liberia) 2. Paid/Compensation for slave owners who freed their slaves (never seriously considered land redistribution for slaves) - $400 million - Sharecropping designed to keep slaves in debt 3. *White supremacy – said he’s not in favor of equlity for blacks (legally: voting, serving on juries, marrying whites) = social inequality *13th amendment Proposed by members of Congress (radical Republicans) Reacting to internal pressures within the Republican Party (churches, Douglass, radicals) Lincoln encouraged Congress to ratify (vocal supporter) needed a 2/3 vote in both houses to propose and ¾ of states to ratify Hampton Roads Conference (February 1865) - Lincoln wanted some Confederate States to bring the war to an early close - $400 million package compensation - If they rejoining the Union, could block the passage of the 13th amendment - Didn’t matter attitude from Confederate states because of Emancipation Proclamation (not actually legal) *The War (1863-1865) West: Vicksburg (July 1863)- surrendered to Union forces (siege) – gained control of Mississippi River East: - Gettysburg (July 1863) – scale of this battle; 65,000 Confederate soldiers – 50,000 casualties (8,000 deaths); Union victory = weakened Lee’s army (it became the Union’s war to lose because the Confederacy lost any hope of a British alliance) - Atlanta (September 1864) – heart of Confederate industry (adversely impacts Confederate ability to supply the soldiers); it was key to Lincoln’s reelection Civil War Notes 16 Sherman’s March to the Sea (Atlanta to Savannah) – had his soldiers spread out 60 miles wide and destroy everything in their path from Atlanta to Savannah worst civilian suffering - Grant’s Virginia Campaign - Siege of Richmond was the end of the war; surrendered at the courthouse *Over 630,000 Americans dead financial cost $20 billion - 10% of North per capita - Grew greater (rebuilt billions of money lead to a greater gap between North and South) *Reconstruction (1865-1877) Successes: Amendments (3) - 13th – abolished slavery - 14th – citizenship to anyone born in the United States - 15th – can’t deny the right to vote based on race Not successful (even for loyal governments) securing rights for African Americans Freedmen’s Bureau – provided food, clothing, clothing, medical care est. schools to educate 800,000 freed slaves (temporary); contract negotiation experts who helped them - Congress allowed it to expire Failure: No land redistribution (90% of states still in South no attempt at ending) = POVERTY Sharecropping KKK to terrorize blacks as “ghosts” of battle of Shiloh Legal loopholes – literacy test -