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Download Unit VI Civil War Notes
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Country Divided Decade of Chaos – 1850’s Sectional conflict Expansion Slavery – popular sovereignty Mexican War – Manifest Destiny Stephen Douglass Debates vs. Lincoln (Slavery v. Union) 1858 Kansas/Nebraska Act (popular sovereignty) Abolition Underground Railroad – Harriet Tubman Led 300 slaves to freedom – including elderly parents Dred Scott – Judicial “Black man does not have rights that the white man is obligated to respect” Justice Taney – prop. Cannot sue govt. Invalidates Missouri Compromise John Brown – violence/God? White man dying for the Black cause “Bleeding Kansas” Harpers Ferry Fredrick Douglass – literature/politics Freed slave – self-educated “North Star’ Harriet Beecher Stowe – Literature (spark of the war) “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” – instigated northern feelings against slavery Preacher family – never experienced slavery Encouraged to write about the plight of slavery Married Calvin Stowe Magazine paid $300 for the book Sold 10,000 copies – 1st week Sold 300,000 copies 1st year – millions over the years Slavery’s role in the war Theme: A series of major North and South crisis events in the 1850’s culminated in the election of antislavery Republican Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860. His election caused seven southern states to secede from the union and form the Confederate States of America Civil War The North effectively brought to bear its long-term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating war against the south. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the south, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed. Lincoln’s diplomacy Election 1860 Four-way election Lincoln – rep. Douglas – northern dem. Breckenridge – southern dem. Bell – Union Lincoln received no electoral votes in slave states South knew they lost control of gov’t Seven states secede “Save the union” Lincoln maintained theme until emancipation (1863) Start of war South Carolina fried on Fort Sumter arousing the north for war (April 12, 1861) Lincoln called for federal troops Drove four more states to confederacy (Virginia/Arkansas/Tenn./N.C.) Border states became the key (political battle ground) Maryland/Kentucky/Missouri/Delaware/W.V. Mostly white Recourses and production Stayed with north because south “shot first” Lincoln – combination of political leadership (persuasion) and force to keep Border States in union Theme: Lincoln’s skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial Border States in the union and maintain Northern morale, while his effective diplomacy kept Britain and France from aiding the confederacy. Confed – advantages 1 – upper class European support 2 – military leadership 3 – defensive position on its own soil Union – advantages 1 – lower class European support 2 – industrial and population resources 3 – political leadership Discussion – French and British involvement – who would they support? 2 Chronology States rights v. Slavery Slavery as a cause vs. Slavery as not a cause Northern Plan Civil War North’s attitude – toward the south? toward slavery? Battleground (geography) Fronts Battlefields 1st two years 1861-1862 Manassas Goal – cut the railroads at Manassas Then move toward Richmond (confed. Capital) 37,000 union v. 22,000 confed Bull Run Creek Union appeared to be winning – confederate held (Gen’s Beauregard/Jackson) Beauregard ordered counterattack – union retreated Spectators retreated – “The Great Skedaddle” Blocked union retreat to Washington 5000 casualties Thousand-mile front Surround south – Atlantic/gulf/Miss. River/Ohio River Cut off Europe and supplies Gen. George McClellan (replaces Winfield Scott) Army of the Potomac Reform/re enforce/trained/morale “Little Mac”/”young Napoleon” Made a great army but did not lead it anywhere U.S. Grant relieved to desk duty Sherman requested 200,000 more troops Relieved of duty – thought to be crazy No one believed the Generals casualty numbers No one thought this would be a long or bloody war End of 1861 – 700,000 men in union. ? in confederate Ironclads Confed began with no navy By fall of 1861 began building steel Merrimack Union employed Eriksson to stop Merrimack Monitor Gun turret 100 days 47 patentable inventions Union Cumberland shot first at Merrimack Merrimack rammed Cumberland Monitor vs. Merrimack 5 collisions 3 41/2 hours – Merrimack retreat (confed. blew her up) 1862 - Lincoln sees emancipation McClellan – sat outside of Richmond No will to fight Union – looks bleak – Europe to recognize confederacy Lincoln – we must “change or lose” McC. – wanted more troops (110,000) Confed. Jackson – occupying 3 federal armies Jackson – “Stonewall” Religious/killer (pray+fight) Demanding not well liked Long marches – God and country Well prepared South as a nation – successful, developing nation France/ England needed cotton South with withheld cotton to pressure Europe North could not have Europe involved Slaves view of the war Slaves understood the issue before the war Lincoln – tried to encourage slaves to go back to Africa – money issue - He feared political ramification - Reaction of north if emancipated - Emancipation seems the only answer Battles: Fair Oaks Confed. Joe Johnson – wounded Robert E. Lee – takes over 11,000 casualties (c6000/u5000) Headed to confront McClellan Mechanicsburg – divided troops 2 days to push McC. Out of VR. Seven Days – Death 6 of 7 union victories McC. – retreated (coward or treason) Lee lost 20,000 Put fear into union leadership McC continues to ask for more men Returns to Washington Richmond still confed War is spread all over Maine>Tenn.>N.M.>Georgia Emancipation? Fredrick Douglass increases the pressure Lincoln decides and announces to emancipate slaves Cabinet advises to wait until victory Victory to make it valid Lincoln replaces McC w/ John Pope 4 Pope charged into Virginia – 2nd Battle of Bull Run Union Disaster Pope to Minnesota to deal with Indians McC back in charge Antietam Lee invades north – divides army To federal rail center – Harrisburg, PA Positioned at Sharpsburg, MD. – at Antietam Creek McC arrives – superior troops Lincoln – pressure from all sides Defends goal to keep union together He would do it to free slaves/not to free slaves/whatever it takes Battle: Bloodiest union victory 1st left confed – Stonewall was attacked union – Hooker – wounded Cornfield/heavy casualties confed – withdrew 6am-10am – 8000 men dead and wounded 2nd Lee leads confed Confed held until NY found position McC – held off final charge 3rd right union – Burnside vs. confed - Tombs cross creek to sharpsburg McC refused troops to Burnside No ground gained at Antietam Union – 2108 dead/ 10,103 wounded Confed – 10318 casualties (1/4 of army) McC – plenty of reserves never used them Could claim victory/could have won war Lincoln – came to Antietam – wanted McC to pursue Lee Relieves McC of command Reinstates U.S. Grant – “he fights” Grant fails at Vicksburg Emancipation Proclamation Document – Lincoln issues sept 22, 1862 (Jan 1 1863) Bring war to a higher objective Political Freed slaves in the states controlled by North South outraged Resurged to the North 5 “The union as it should be” Liberators Work to keep Eng. and Fr. from opposing a country that tried to rid slavery Slavery as a cause – a new spirit of the Black Slave 1863 Lee moves forward (Gettysburg) Trying to take pressure off Vicksburg Lee and Jackson leading unbelievable campaigns Jackson dead by May ’63 Gettysburg (battle) 150,000 men – 3 days Southern Penn Lee – 70,000 men – 3 cores 1- James Longstreet 2- Richard Uhle (Stonewall’s old division) 3- A.P. Hill Union commander – George Meade Confed march through Maryland Lee took supplies, cattle, sent free blacks back to slavery Day 1 Greatest military battle South fought from north North from the south All forces converged on Gettysburg Confed push union south End of the 1st day – union army held high ground Lee overruled generals – wanted head to head Day 2 Gathered through night 65,000 confed vs. 85,000 union Lee wanted hills taken Big and Little Round Tops Lee attacked 4pm Vs. Meade 360 Maine 20th – Chamberlain To hold hill against 10x their size 5 changes of position 1/3 killed in 11/2 hours Running out of ammo Chamberlain – charged in order to survive Confed surprised and retreated Company B rose and fired Captured 400 confed by the small force Alabama vs. Maine 82 % fallen (Minnesota) in 5 minutes 6 100 % co F 6th North Carolina Unsure of who won the day Lee claimed victory Day 3 Lee wanted center attack the next day Lee was unchanged – Longstreet wanted caution Pickett’s Charge – Lee’s “invincible army” 23 yr old Gen G.O. Custer – crazy charges Held off Meade from getting to rear Pickett’s first command in battle Traded barrages – ammo low – union tried to bring confed army in the open 13,000 men 3 divisions – 200 yards 11-cannon/1700 muskets Regiments just disappeared – impressive charge/easy target After Pickett’s Charge Lee took the blame (to men and Govt) Casualties Confed 28,000 Union 23,000 51,000men lost 1/3 of all men engaged Longstreet “saddest day” 17-mile wagon train back to Virginia – south will never invade north again Lincoln furious for not finishing battle – end the war? Lee offers resignation – J. Davis rejected Gettysburg Address Woman of the war Looked to help Sanitary commission – cut disease Care for wounded/supplies Clara Barton Food/care/lobby Washington South – every house a hospital Ex. 13,000+ only 370 dead Vicksburg U.S. Grant from land Adm. Porter from sea Trying to force city to surrender – by making conditions bad 48 days of siege – July 4, 1863 confed surrender confed cut in two – Mississippi controlled by union July – 1st federal draft role 20-45 $ 300 buys exemption (subs) Shakers – exempt Resistance to draft Irish immigrates – did not fight for blacks (competition) Lincoln – 1st Black regiment U.S. Grant – “arming the Negro will make good soldiers” 7 650 men – 3 days after draft riots 54th Mass. All black – Col. Robert Gould Shaw Attack Ft. Wagner – S.C. 40 % killed including Shaw Confederate victory but Black accomplishment Blacks 1% of population – by the end of war 1/10 of union army 85% of Black pop. signed into army Dedication of Gettysburg National cemetery (union) Nov. 19, 1863 Ed Everett – spoke for two hours – then Lincoln 269 words Lincoln – goal of the union “New birth of freedom” Honor death Reestablish cause and focus 1864 North losing control Death (casualties) toll growing Lincoln on the verge of reelection Difficult at the time to campaign and run a country at war No country ever held an election during civil Democrats wanted war over (win or lose) George McClellan – still popular with the people – everything Lincoln was not Most thought Lincoln would not win – he refused to drop proclamation to end war Current battles of importance Petersburg (Grant) – huge casualties Atlanta (Sherman) Reenlistment – 140,000 30 day leave for 3 years service Summer ’64 – congress passes equal pay for black and white soldiers Union victory in Mobile Bay Adm. David Farragut – “damn the torpedoes full speed ahead” Good sign for the union Lee sends Jubal Early to attack at Washington and Shenandoah Nathan Bedford Forest (confed) to defend Atlanta Lt. General – highest rank Wounded 4x – 31 kills – lost 30 horses Atlanta – key to northern victory – southern railroad hub Lincoln needs victory for reelection Sherman arrives Jefferson Davis relieves Gen. Joseph Johnson Held off Sherman for 4 months John Bell Hood – 33 – replaces J.J. Sherman puts Atlanta under siege – cut off supplies (First use of the repeating rifle) Two attacks (hood with draws into Atlanta after 2nd attack) After one week Hood abandons Atlanta (Sept 1, 1864) Sherman enters the city In Tenn. – N.B. Forest Attacked fort Pillow 8 Killed 300 Black troops – after they surrendered Grant ends prisoner exchange Confed refused to treat black and white soldiers the same Andersonville (Georgia) Confed – prison could hold 10,000 (had 34,000) Worst conditions – lack of food/disease/treatment 13,000 died in one year – mass graves People’s resolution Union- Gen. Phil Sheridan triumphs over Jubal early in Shenandoah Lincoln is re-elected (55% of pop) Helped by Sherman’s victories at Atlanta McC won three states KT/Del/NJ Confed in serious trouble Lincoln calls for more troops to finish war (Thanksgiving – National Holiday 3rd Thursday in November) South out of men Union dead fill all military cemeteries Montgomery Meigs – Quartermaster General (Georgian) Selects grounds of Lee’s home for new cemetery Becomes Arlington National Cemetery “Unions most hollowed ground” Union 2000 dead a week Late 1864 Confederate on a decline – Lee assumes command of all the southern forces Union closing in Sherman’s marches army – 62,000 men – 425 miles (25 mile supply train) Atlanta to Savanna Live off land Destroy everything – $100 million in damage 25,00 slaves flee to Sherman’s Army during march Liberation Dec. 25 Sherman emerges near Savannah Heads toward South Carolina (beginning of secession) South becomes desperate Soldiers desert Confeds try to use slaves – promise freedom after war Congress earlier passed 13th amendment (119-36) Washington March 4, 1865 Lincoln inaugurated 2nd term Grant conquers Petersburg Moves toward Richmond – destroyed Lee’s last charge AP Hill killed Jeff. Davis – evacuates confed govt Retreating confed burns city Mobs loot 9 Union enters city Lincoln arrives in Richmond Takes over confed white house Freed slaves mob Lincoln Lee heads west w/ what’s left of the Rebel army Grant in pursuit (125,000 vs. 25, 000) Battle of Franklin – Tenn. Hood confed – 13 charges Gen. George Thomas – union Hood loses 7000 men (12 confed Gen) J. Johnson back in command Appomattox - April 7, 1865 Grant writes to Lee April Lee sends word that he will surrender Lee and Grant meet – term of surrender Formal surrender three days later (April 10, 1865) Lincoln rejoices in Washington South left in despair J.W. Booth plots 10 Reconstruction Assassination (1st presidential assassination) April 14, 1865 Fort Sumter ceremony to end the war – 4 year anniversary Same night – Fords Theater Grant – canceled Andrew Johnson – VP William Seward – Sec. of State (stabbed) John Wilkes Booth – actor/planned attack a long time Shot Lincoln / stabbed Seward Lincoln taken across street to boarding house – dead by AM Country was horrified Funeral – Washington to Springfield Ill. 16,062 miles – 12 days Oakridge Cemetery Union cavalry capture/kill J.W. Booth Georgia May 10 Jeff. Davis arrested Never tried – lived off widow Hyrum Revels (black man) replaces senate seat Alexander Stephens – confed VP – returned to congressional seat War squirmishes continue – LA/AL/MS Final casualty – John J. Williams (May13, 1865) Final conflict confed victory May 23 – Union troops parade down Penn. Ave. (Pres. Johnson/U.S. Grant) Grand Army review – 2 days 1st day – G.O. Custer 2nd day Sherman 3.5 million went to war – 620,000 dead Sherman – Indian fighter Mary Todd Lincoln – Mental inst./never recovered Clara Barton – “angel of the battlefield” Burial at Andersonville Founded American Red Cross McClellan – abroad Gov. NJ Longstreet – confed – rep./Grant’s minister to Turkey Fredrick Douglass – Most powerful Black politician Lee – swore allegiance to U.S. President of Washington College (Washington and Lee) died 1870 Grant – President Corruption Civil War – center of U.S. world Popular Govt can work 4 million Americans freed Amendment 14/15 11 Johnson Presidency Will carry out Lincoln Reconstruction (moderate) Will pardon all rebel leaders / congress apposed Theme: Johnson’s political blunders and southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of congressional military reconstruction on the south. Reconstruction accomplished some good, such as the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, but it left behind a legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. Reconstruction – Political/social/economic Life in the south (discussion) Transportation Economy People-continued defiance Cotton crops Effect of the loss of slaves (2 billion investment) Emancipation is a long process Discuss: Loyalty to old masters? Freedom with what future? What is left for slaves? Slavery is over – years of oppression - To reunite – families - Money? - Land? - What is next? - No education - Skills? Freedman’s Bureau – 1865 – Gen. Oliver Howard Food/clothing/education Limited ability to distribute land Education most successful Compare to welfare system Slavery is over – years of oppression President Johnson vs. Congress Johnson - Southern (NC) senator (only one not to leave during secession Levels of reconstruction - Economic - Presidential - Congressional - Military Impeachment - 1868 Conflict with congress over reconstruction “Accidental pres” Rumors of “drunk/womanizer” Charged with violation of the Tenure Office Act (Firing of Stanton) Congress unhappy with moderate reconstruction 12 11 article of impeachment – 10 days to prepare Vote 35-19 – one vote short of 2/3rds Two other articles same vote/others never came to a vote 7 republican senators risk careers to bolt party and go with dems. Missouri – John B. Henderson KKK – 1866 – Tenn. Ghosts of the Civil War –“fear and tricks” (terror) Beatings and murder – to keep blacks in place Nathan Bedford Forest – Imperial wizard Congress used Force Acts to stop KKK 1870/71 Came to late to help poor blacks in “deep” south Intimidation well on its way KKK – regrouped into different (smaller) organizations Clubs/societies Attacks are physical/mental/economic Expansion – Alaska Pres. Johnson Successful in foreign affairs 1867 – Russia wanted to sell U.S. as a buffer between Britain and Russia Alaska – cold/vast Over furred Feared conflict with G.B. Economic strain Sec. of State – Seward (expansionist) $7.2 million – mixed reaction from the people Why buy? Keep already good relations with the czar Possible economic benefits Fur/fish/gold Effects of Reconstruction Political Social Economics Republicans Reconstruct – narrow – concerned about protection of party Freed Blacks Willing participants – ignored – center of racial problems Southern Whites Racial dominance – desire for continued way of life Thaddeus Stevens Radical programs 13 14th amendment Move blacks into society Industrial America takes the attention away from war Hayes – Tilden election 1776 ends reconstruction Congress gives presidency to Hayes for the removal of Federal troops from the south. 14