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WESTWARD EXPANSION ORIGINAL 13 STATES – 1607 NEW ENGLAND STATES – MANUFACTURING, FISHING, LUMBER & TRADE Thin Rocky Soil-Subsistence Farming Massachusetts- Religious reasons-Puritans-Plymouth Colony Rhode Island- Religious reasons-Roger Williams Connecticut- Religious reasons- Thomas Hooker New Hampshire-Economic – John Mason & Fernando Gorges MIDDLE STATES – TRADE & AGRICULTURE –(BREAD BASKET) New York – Economic – New Amsterdam by Dutch New Jersey – Economic – John Berkeley & George Carteret Pennsylvania – Religious Freedom – William Penn Delaware – Economic – Swedish settlers SOUTHERN STATES – AGRICULTURE Warmer climate & rich soil-Large farms/Plantations Virginia – Economic – John Smith – Jamestown 1607- 1st permanent English settlement Georgia – Protection from Spanish Florida- Haven for debtors – James Ogelthorpe North Carolina – Economic – Group of eight aristocrats South Carolina – Economic – Group of eight aristocrats Maryland – Religious – Haven for Catholics – Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore THE UNITED STATES IN 1783 After the American Revolution, the United States claimed lands east of the Mississippi River, including the Northwest Territory. Northwest Ordinance was used to settle the western lands in an orderly fashion. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE – 1803 President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France. He paid Napoleon, Emperor of France, $15,000,000 (3 cents an acre) for 850,000 sq. miles. Doubled the size of the United States. In 1804 Lewis & Clark were chosen to lead the expedition to explore new territory. They traveled up the Missouri River, crossed the Rocky Mountains and traveled the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Sacajewea was hired as their guide. WEST FLORIDA – 1810-13 EAST FLORIDA 1819 1813- Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the Seminole & Creek Indians at the Negro Fort. 1819 – United States defeats Seminole Indians. Secretary of State John Q. Adams negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain for the acquisition of Florida for $5,000,000 of forgiven debts, and the U.S. gave up claims to Spanish Texas. BRITISH CESSION – 1818 BRITISH CESSION – 1842 The Convention of 1818 set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the U. S. and Canada at the 49th parallel. The Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842, negotiated by Secretary of State Daniel Webster, settled the long-time feud with England over the border between Maine & Canada. TEXAS ANNEXATION – 1845 Texas was a Mexican Property with American settlers led by Stephen F. Austin. Texans rebelled when Santa Ana abolished local government. The Mexican government tried to force the Texans to be catholic and end slavery. Texans defeated Santa Ana at San Jacinto and declared independence in 1836. Texas wanted to become part of the United States but President Andrew Jackson refused because he did not want to start a war with Mexico and because Texas wanted to enter as a slave state, and the Missouri Compromise said that a slave state could only enter the union if there were a free state entering, to keep the balance of free & slave states. Finally annexed in 1845 when Oregon came in as a free state. Texas was the first and only independent republic to join the union. OREGON COUNTRY – 1846 Adams-Onis Treaty - Spain gave up its claim to Oregon Country. Britain settled boundary dispute by compromise in 1846 with Pres. James K. Polk of U.S. Oregon came into the Union as a free state in 1859 through a joint resolution in Congress, where Texas was admitted as a slave state in 1845. MEXICAN CESSION – 1848 United States claimed the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas; Mexico claimed the Nueces River was the southern border of Texas. 1845 – President Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to offer to buy the disputed land, in Texas, plus New Mexico & California. Mexico refused 1846 – Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor with troops to the disputed area in Texas. April 24, 1846 – Mexican soldiers attack a small force of Taylor’s men, and a report is sent to Pres. Polk. May 11, 1846 – Polk tells Congress that Mexico had “invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil.” Congress passed a Declaration of War against Mexico. Supporters of the War were Democrats with Polk Opposed to the War were the Whig Party and northerners who thought that the new territory would just spread slavery. Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln demanded to know the exact spot where the first attack took place. He claimed that it was in Mexico and that Polk had no grounds for declaring war. Polk’s 3-part plan: 1) Drive Mexican troops out of the disputed border region 2) U.S. would seize New Mexico and California 3) American Forces would take Mexico City General Zachary Taylor secured the Texas border. General Stephen Watts Kearny took New Mexico without firing a shot and headed towards California. June 1846 – John Fremont & Kit Carson led a group of Americans to proclaim California independent. They called it the Bear Flag Republic. July 1846 – Commodore John Sloat captured Monterrey and San Francisco. Sloat declared California annexed to the U.S. and replaced the Bear Flag with the U.S. flag. After Sloat left, many Californios took up arms against the Americans, but General Kearney showed up in time to put down the rebellion. General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City in September 1847. February 1848 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, officially ending the war. Terms of the treaty are: 1) Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande as the southern border. 2) Mexico ceded (gave) California & New Mexico to the United States. 3) The United States gave Mexico $15,000,000. THE GADSEN PURCHASE – 1853 The United States paid Mexico $10,000,000 for a strip of land along the southern edge of Arizona and New Mexico. The United States needed the level land for the railroad.