Download WESTWARD EXPANSION

WESTWARD EXPANSION
ORIGINAL 13 STATES – 1607
NEW ENGLAND STATES – MANUFACTURING, FISHING, LUMBER & TRADE
Thin Rocky Soil-Subsistence Farming
Massachusetts- Religious reasons-Puritans-Plymouth Colony
Rhode Island- Religious reasons-Roger Williams
Connecticut- Religious reasons- Thomas Hooker
New Hampshire-Economic – John Mason & Fernando Gorges
MIDDLE STATES – TRADE & AGRICULTURE –(BREAD BASKET)
New York – Economic – New Amsterdam by Dutch
New Jersey – Economic – John Berkeley & George Carteret
Pennsylvania – Religious Freedom – William Penn
Delaware – Economic – Swedish settlers
SOUTHERN STATES – AGRICULTURE
Warmer climate & rich soil-Large farms/Plantations
Virginia – Economic – John Smith – Jamestown 1607- 1st permanent English
settlement
Georgia – Protection from Spanish Florida- Haven for debtors – James Ogelthorpe
North Carolina – Economic – Group of eight aristocrats
South Carolina – Economic – Group of eight aristocrats
Maryland – Religious – Haven for Catholics – Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore
THE UNITED STATES IN 1783
After the American Revolution, the United States claimed lands east of the
Mississippi River, including the Northwest Territory. Northwest Ordinance was
used to settle the western lands in an orderly fashion.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE – 1803
President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France. He paid
Napoleon, Emperor of France, $15,000,000 (3 cents an acre) for 850,000 sq. miles.
Doubled the size of the United States. In 1804 Lewis & Clark were chosen to lead
the expedition to explore new territory. They traveled up the Missouri River,
crossed the Rocky Mountains and traveled the Columbia River to the Pacific
Ocean. Sacajewea was hired as their guide.
WEST FLORIDA – 1810-13
EAST FLORIDA 1819
1813- Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the Seminole & Creek Indians at the Negro
Fort.
1819 – United States defeats Seminole Indians.
Secretary of State John Q. Adams negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain
for the acquisition of Florida for $5,000,000 of forgiven debts, and the U.S. gave
up claims to Spanish Texas.
BRITISH CESSION – 1818
BRITISH CESSION – 1842
The Convention of 1818 set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the
U. S. and Canada at the 49th parallel.
The Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842, negotiated by Secretary of State Daniel
Webster, settled the long-time feud with England over the border between Maine
& Canada.
TEXAS ANNEXATION – 1845
Texas was a Mexican Property with American settlers led by Stephen F. Austin.
Texans rebelled when Santa Ana abolished local government. The Mexican
government tried to force the Texans to be catholic and end slavery. Texans
defeated Santa Ana at San Jacinto and declared independence in 1836. Texas
wanted to become part of the United States but President Andrew Jackson refused
because he did not want to start a war with Mexico and because Texas wanted to
enter as a slave state, and the Missouri Compromise said that a slave state could
only enter the union if there were a free state entering, to keep the balance of free
& slave states. Finally annexed in 1845 when Oregon came in as a free state.
Texas was the first and only independent republic to join the union.
OREGON COUNTRY – 1846
Adams-Onis Treaty - Spain gave up its claim to Oregon Country.
Britain settled boundary dispute by compromise in 1846 with Pres. James K. Polk
of U.S.
Oregon came into the Union as a free state in 1859 through a joint resolution in
Congress, where Texas was admitted as a slave state in 1845.
MEXICAN CESSION – 1848
United States claimed the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas;
Mexico claimed the Nueces River was the southern border of Texas.
1845 – President Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to offer to buy the disputed land,
in Texas, plus New Mexico & California. Mexico refused
1846 – Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor with troops to the disputed area in Texas.
April 24, 1846 – Mexican soldiers attack a small force of Taylor’s men, and a
report is sent to Pres. Polk.
May 11, 1846 – Polk tells Congress that Mexico had “invaded our territory and
shed American blood on American soil.” Congress passed a Declaration of War
against Mexico.
Supporters of the War were Democrats with Polk
Opposed to the War were the Whig Party and northerners who thought that the
new territory would just spread slavery.
Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln demanded to know the exact spot where the
first attack took place. He claimed that it was in Mexico and that Polk had no
grounds for declaring war.
Polk’s 3-part plan:
1) Drive Mexican troops out of the disputed border region
2) U.S. would seize New Mexico and California
3) American Forces would take Mexico City
General Zachary Taylor secured the Texas border.
General Stephen Watts Kearny took New Mexico without firing a shot and headed
towards California.
June 1846 – John Fremont & Kit Carson led a group of Americans to proclaim
California independent. They called it the Bear Flag Republic.
July 1846 – Commodore John Sloat captured Monterrey and San Francisco.
Sloat declared California annexed to the U.S. and replaced the Bear Flag with the
U.S. flag. After Sloat left, many Californios took up arms against the Americans,
but General Kearney showed up in time to put down the rebellion.
General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City in September 1847.
February 1848 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, officially ending
the war. Terms of the treaty are:
1) Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande as the
southern border.
2) Mexico ceded (gave) California & New Mexico to the United States.
3) The United States gave Mexico $15,000,000.
THE GADSEN PURCHASE – 1853
The United States paid Mexico $10,000,000 for a strip of land along the southern
edge of Arizona and New Mexico. The United States needed the level land for the
railroad.