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ANTH 2346
EXAM 3 REVIEW
Additional Readings & Vidoes
Make sure to be familiar with the main issues discussed in the additional readings and what each
video is an example of.
Methods:
Who are the “Nacirema”? What is the lesson for anthropologists of the Nacirema story?
What is the process of the scientific method and what are the main parts employed? Understand
the difference between a hypothesis and a theory. How is data used in relation to hypotheses and
theories? How does the scientific method differ from other ways of explaining the world?
What are the main ethnographic field methods used today, what are the strengths of each, and
what are possible examples of each?
In which parts of the world do anthropologists currently carry out research?
How long are anthropologists usually in the field?
What is participant-observation? Examples?
What are questionnaires, open-ended questions, and structured interviews?
What is the difference between ethnography and ethnology? What does each involve?
What is culture shock and what advantages can it provide the ethnographer?
What are informants? Key cultural consultants?
What are life histories? What is the genealogical method? What can they provide?
What methods are used in urban anthropology and other studies in large-scale societies?
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
What is applied anthropology and how does it relate to development? What are the different
kinds of applied anthropology discussed in class?
Theory and Ethics:
Who were Edward Tylor and Louis Morgan? What did they do?
What is (Social) Evolutionism?
Who was Franz Boas and what did he contribute to anthropology?
What are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? What are the advantages and disadvantages of
each? How do anthropologists face problems relating to each?
What are the main theories and perspectives discussed in this chapter, when were they popular,
and who were their main proponents (when given)? These are:
Historical Particularism
Functionalism
Cultural Materialism
Structuralism
Cognitive Anthropology
Symbolic/Interpretive Anthropology
Neo-Marxist Anthropology
Feminist Anthropology
Postmodernism
Reflexive Anthropology?
What is androcentric bias?
What are the ways in which anthropology has developed from early ethnography to our modern
scientific inquiry?
What are ethnographic realism, native anthropology, and reflexive ethnography? What are
polyphony and the dialogic process?
What are the emic and etic perspectives?
What are the primary ethical concerns in anthropology? What are the main parts of the
American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics?
Language and Communication:
Understand how language is symbolic.
What do the terms conventionality, productivity, and displacement mean in linguistic studies?
What is the difference between structural linguistics and sociolinguistics (or anthropological
linguistics)?
To what does semantics refer? What can a culture’s lexicon tell you about that culture? What
are culturally symbolic freight and affective meaning? What is ethnosemantics?
On what do sociolinguistics focus their research? How does language relate to identity? How
does it relate to social stratification? What are symbolic capital and symbolic domination and
how do they relate to dialect?
What is language display?
Be able to differentiate between a language and a dialect. How effective is each in terms of
communication?
You should be familiar with the central argument of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and what
researchers think of it today (the “modified” Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis).
What roles can non-verbal language play in communication?
What are two main arguments about language survival and the role of anthropologists?
What is a dialect? What is A.A.E.V. (or B.E.V or Ebonics.) and how does it compare to
Standard English?
What are the different ways in which languages can change? I.e., what is the role of culture
contact in the formation of pidgins and creoles? What are examples of each?
Be able to differentiate between style shifting and diglossia.
What is historical linguistics and how is it helpful in determining population origins? Also,
what are mother and daughter languages?
Social Inequalities: Class & Caste
How does the American Dream relate to social stratification?
What does it mean to say a society is egalitarian, ranked, or stratified?
How do functionalist and conflict (or Neo-Marxist) theories explain social stratification?
What do power, wealth, and prestige refer to in terms of social stratification?
Understand the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses. What are some examples of
each? How do these relate to closed or open stratification systems?
What is a caste system? What are the Hindu and Edo Japanese caste systems and how do they
demonstrate ascribed status?
How do class systems differ from caste systems?
Social Inequalities: Race & Ethnicity
How is race understood by anthropologists and how does that differ from how it is understood
by the average American public? What is the basic American Anthropological Association’s
(AAA) statement on “race”?
How many subspecies of human exist today?
Are there more genetic differences between or within culturally constructed racial groups?
What are the differences in how racial categories are currently constructed in the U.S., Brazil,
and Japan? What does the case of the Burakumin demonstrate?
What does the history of the U.S. Census tell us about the construction of race?
Are there scientifically demonstrated relationships between “race” and intelligence?
What is hypodescent?
Be able to define and distinguish between ethnicity and race.
What role does endogamy play in the development of racial and ethnic social stratification?
What do anthropologists mean when they refer to ethnic identity, ethnic boundaries, and ethnic
marking?
What is relational ethnogenesis?
How do current nation-states typically relate to indigenous populations or ethnic groups? What
does it mean to say that nation-states are imagined communities?
Be able to define ethnocide (which includes forced assimilation), genocide/ethnic cleansing,
ethnic expulsion, and colonialism. What are examples from the text and/or lecture, including
the situation in the former Yugoslavia and in Rwanda?
What are the assimilation and multicultural models? Where does the U.S. currently fall along
this continuum?
What is a diaspora? Examples?
What is transnationalism?
Making a Living:
How does myth relate to subsistence? What are examples from the readings?
How do adaptive strategies relate to subsistence strategies as proposed by Cohen?
How did the rise of domestication and agriculture and then industrialization change subsistence
strategies?
What does foraging entail and what cultural correlates are commonly found in foraging
societies? What is an example of a foraging society?
Understand what horticulture and pastoralism entail and what cultural correlates are commonly
found in each type of society.
Differentiate transhumant and nomadic pastoralism. What are examples of each?
What is horticulture and how does it differ from agriculture? What techniques are often used in
horticulture?
Know what agriculture entails and what cultural correlates are commonly found in agricultural
societies. What are irrigation and terracing, and how do they relate to political centralization?
How do the amount of leisure time, the amount of labor, the intensity of land use, the reliance of
wild plants and animals, the degree of social equality, the degree of population density and
urbanism, and the degree of craft specialization change as one moves along the continuum from
foraging to agriculture (i.e., along the cultivation continuum from least to most intensive)?
Understand the process of the “agricultural transition” (see slide on posted lecture). How do
agriculture and health correlate? What are some of the risks/costs incurred by transitioning to
agriculture? How is the Irish Potato famine an example of such risks?
What correlates with the transition to industrialization?
Economic Systems:
What is economics and what is an economic system? What is economic behavior?
What are productive resources and how are they allocated in foraging, pastoral, horticultural,
and agricultural societies?
What is craft specialization and how does it vary based on subsistence strategy?
What are the different ways labor can be organized?
How is labor typically divided by gender based on subsistence strategy?
Understand the Marx’s concept of the mode of production.
What is the market principle and what are the cultural associations?
You should understand the different forms of reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange as
they relate to different subsistence strategies. What does the Trobriand Island kula ring
demonstrate?
You need to be familiar with chiefly redistribution and the idea of the potlatch. Specifically,
you need to know what it is and how it functions in terms of both the gaining of prestige and
leveling wealth in a society.
What is the market exchange system? How do workers relate to their own production in
capitalist societies?
Political Systems:
How does the historic Asante state demonstrate the relationship between power and other
aspects of social life?
What is political organization? How do power and authority differ? What are a political
ideology and a political process?
How do rebellion and revolution differ?
To what do social complexity and social differentiation refer?
How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ?
Know the four basic types of political systems (band, tribe, chiefdom, and state) and the social
and cultural features that are correlated with each type. In particular, what roles do ascribed
and/or achieved status play in each type of system? How is prestige, rank, and/or status
achieved or negotiated in each type? How egalitarian or socially stratified is each type
typically? How is conflict managed or controlled in each type? What kind of leadership is
associated with each type? How is How and to what degree is labor divided by gender in each?
To what degree (if at all) are economic exchange relationships connected to kin and/or fictive
kin relationships in each type?
Know the kinds of integrating forces that are found in tribes. Specifically, you should be
familiar with age sets.
What are the defining features of states?