* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ch. 20 girding for war
Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries wikipedia , lookup
Missouri secession wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Perryville wikipedia , lookup
Galvanized Yankees wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Island Number Ten wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Gaines's Mill wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Port Royal wikipedia , lookup
East Tennessee bridge burnings wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Seven Pines wikipedia , lookup
Lost Cause of the Confederacy wikipedia , lookup
Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
Fort Fisher wikipedia , lookup
Texas in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Wilson's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Union blockade wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
Battle of New Bern wikipedia , lookup
Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Blockade runners of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Anaconda Plan wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Baltimore riot of 1861 wikipedia , lookup
Jubal Early wikipedia , lookup
Confederate privateer wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Economy of the Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Girding for War: The North and the South I. II. Secession a. Lincoln’s Inauguration i. Lincoln traveled to DC at night partially disguised to avoid assassins ii. Done in secrecy at night iii. He wanted no conflict in his inaugural address because the North and South were connected together b. The Possibilities i. Uncontested Secession – 1. What share of the national debt should the South take with it? 2. What portion of the territories should the Confederacy have? 3. How would the fugitive-slave issue be resolved? 4. How would the Underground Railroad be handled? ii. Delight of European Nations – 1. Would balance the power (an ancient concept) 2. They would be safer against America 3. Could more easily defy the Monroe Doctrine South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter a. Federal Property In the South i. The Seceding States seized the U.S.’s arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borders ii. When Lincoln took office, only two federal forts remained in the South b. Fort Sumter i. One of those forts, in Charleston harbor (one of the most important southern ports), had provisions that would last only a few weeks – until April 1861 ii. Lincoln didn’t want to have to surrender the fort, but he didn’t want to send reinforcements for fear SC would fight back iii. Lincoln decided to send an expedition to provision the garrison, not to reinforce it iv. Lincoln notified SC of his intent, but they took it as an act of aggression and fired on the fort on April 12, 1861. The fort surrendered c. Northern Thought i. They had wanted peace, even in succession ii. However, the assault on Fort Sumter provoked the North into a fight d. The Call For Troops i. Lincoln called for 75,000 militia on April 15th. Many people volunteered III. IV. ii. The president also decided to blockade southern seaports (but it was relatively weak) Brother’s Blood and Border Blood a. Border States i. Were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia (they tore themselves away from the rest of Virginia) ii. If the North had fired the first shot, most of these States would have joined the South and possibly helped them win iii. The border States: 1. Had a population of more than half of the entire Confederacy 2. Almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South 3. Increased by almost half its supply of horses and mules b. Keeping the Border States Intact i. In Maryland, he declared martial law and sent in troops. Maryland threatened to cut off Washington from the North ii. Lincoln deployed Union soldiers in western VA and Missouri (Missouri had their own civil war going on) c. The North’s War Aims i. No to free the blacks. This would’ve driven the border States into the South. Even southern IL, OH, IN had prosouthern settlers/sympathizers in it ii. Lincoln’s purpose was to save the Union at all costs d. Indian Territory (OK) i. Most of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles) sided with the Confederacy ii. Some owned slaves and felt loyal to the South iii. To secure their loyalty, the Confederate government agreed to take over federal payments to the tribes and invited them to send delegates to the Confederate congress. In return, the tribes supplied troops to the Confederate army iv. A rival faction of Cherokees and most of the Plains Indians sided with the Union. After the war, they were herded onto reservations e. Brotherly War i. There were many Northern volunteers from the Southern States and many Southern volunteers from the Northern States ii. The loyal slave States contributed 300,000 soldiers to the Union iii. Many brothers fought on opposite sides. Lincoln’s wife had four brothers who fought for the Confederacy The Balance of Forces a. Advantages of the South i. Could fight defensively to a draw to win independence ii. Had a vast territory iii. Fought on their own soil, so they were familiar with the land iv. Fighting to preserve their way of life, so they enjoyed a morale advantage at first V. v. Had the most talented officers. General Robert E. Lee was offered command of the Northern armies, but when VA seceded, Lee felt honor-bound to go with his native State. Lee’s chief lieutenant and right-hand man for much of the war was Stonewall Jackson vi. Southerners rode horses and were taught to shoot at a young age vii. South seized federal weapons, ran Union blockades, and developed their own ironworks b. Advantages of the North i. As the war went on, Southern manufacturing could not keep up (shortage on shoes, uniforms, and blankets) ii. Food was in short supply because of the South’s bad transportation system. The South had less than 30% of the railroad track and the Union quickly captured or destroyed 20% of it iii. The North could produce its own food and had most of the industry iv. The North produced ¾ of the nation’s income v. The North had the superior navy to: 1. Blockade the South 2. Trade with European nations vi. Had a larger population (22 million North; 9 million seceding States) vii. The expanding immigrant population led to large number of them joining the Union forces (1/5 of the Union forces were foreignborn) c. Strengths and Weaknesses In the Long Run i. Northern strengths outweighed those of the South ii. However, many events could have turned the outcome d. What Ifs? i. What would’ve happened if… 1. The Border States had seceded? 2. The uncertain States of the upper Mississippi Valley had turned against the Union? 3. The early Northern defeats would have led to an armistice? 4. Britain and/or France had broken the Union’s naval blockade of Southern ports? Dethroning the Cotton South a. Dependence On Foreign Help i. The South depended on getting foreign countries to help them win ii. Most of Europe’s ruling classes were openly sympathetic to the Confederate cause 1. They hated the American democracy 2. They like the South’s semifeudal, aristocratic social order iii. The working people of European countries were for the North 1. They felt the war might get rid of slavery if the North won 2. These people couldn’t vote, but the aristocracy didn’t want to anger them b. Foreign Trade With the South VI. i. British textile mills depended on the South for 75% of their cotton supplies ii. Between 1857-1860, British warehouses were stocked up with surpluses. The real pinch didn’t come until a 1 ½ later, when thousands of workers were unemployed iii. By this time, Lincoln had announced his slave-emancipation policy. The “wage slaves” of Britain were not going to demand a war to defend the slaveowners of the South c. Relief From the Cotton Famine In Britain i. Hunger among unemployed workers was partially eased when certain kind-hearted Americans sent over several cargoes of foodstuffs ii. As Union armies penetrated the South, they captured or bought supplies of cotton and shipped them to Britain iii. The Confederates shipped a limited quantity through the blockade iv. Cotton growers in Egypt and India increased their output v. Booming war industries in England, which supplied both the North and South, relieved unemployment The Decisiveness of Diplomacy a. The Trent Affair (late 1861) i. A Union ship stopped a British ship (called the Trent) and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats ii. The British: 1. Prepared troops 2. Sent troops to Canada 3. Demanded surrender of the prisoners and an apology iii. Slow communication on both sides cooled off tensions iv. Lincoln released the prisoners b. The Alabama i. Britain was building ships to raid Northern shipping (commercedestroyers) ii. They were not warships, as prohibited by English law. However, they picked up guns elsewhere iii. The Alabama had Confederate officers and it was manned by Britons, but it never entered a Confederate port. Britain became the chief naval base of the Confederacy iv. This ship captured 60 vessels and was eventually sunk in 1864 v. The results were: 1. British competitors were pleased 2. The North had to divert naval strength from the blockade c. Stopping the British-Built Confederate Raiders i. The British realized that building ships to be used against the North was a dangerous precedent that could be used against them ii. 1863 – London seized a raider being built for the South and began to loosely enforce their laws against them VII. VIII. iii. Confederate commerce-destroyers captured more than 250 Yankee ships and severely crippled the American merchant marine iv. Northerners considered capturing Canada when the war was over Foreign Flare-ups a. The Laird Rams i. 1863 – Two Confederate warships were being built in England (by the shipyard of John Laird and Sons) that were much more heavily armed than the Alabama. They were to sink the blockading squadrons and attack Northern cities ii. In retaliation, the North would’ve invaded Canada iii. The government of London relented and bought the two ships for the Royal Navy. This satisfied both parties, but disappointed the Confederates iv. 1872 – England paid Americans $15.5 million for damages caused by wartime commerce-raiders b. Violence Between the British and the North i. British authorities tried to prevent violence, but Canadians plotted to burn Northern cities or steal from them ii. Hatred of England was fierce among Irish Americans, and they unleashed their fury on Canada. They raised several tiny armies of a few hundred men and launched invasions of Canada notably in 1866 and 1870 iii. The national government didn’t do much to stop the Irish Americans because they were key voters c. Development of Canada and the Civil War i. Canada was united after the Civil War. The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867 ii. It was partly designed to bolster the Canadians (politically and spiritually) against possible vengeance from the U.S. d. France and the North i. Napoleon III of France dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City in 1863 ii. The following year, he installed a French official as emperor of Mexico (Maximilian) iii. Both were against the Monroe Doctrine iv. Napoleon was gambling that the Union was too weak to enforce its Monroe Doctrine policy in the Western Hemisphere v. The U.S. had to be careful with France until the end of the war. By the end of the war, France realized it was over in Mexico and cut off support of Maximilian’s reign. It was overthrown by the Mexicans and he was executed in 1867 President Davis Versus President Lincoln a. Weaknesses of the Confederate Government i. The Constitution could not logically deny future secession to the secessionist States IX. X. ii. Jefferson wanted a strong central government, but States’ rights supporters fought him to the end: 1. Some State troops didn’t want to serve outside their own borders 2. GA at times seemed ready to secede from the secession and fight both sides b. Problems For Jefferson Davis i. Was a good speaker and leader, but didn’t enjoy popularity and was often butting heads against his congress. At times there was serious talk of impeachment ii. Davis was more inclined to defy rather than go by public opinion iii. He suffered from nervous disorders iv. No one could handle all the civil government and military operations like he was doing c. Lincoln vs. Davis i. The North had a long-established government that was financially stable and fully recognized both at home and abroad ii. Lincoln was more flexible and able to interpret public opinion iii. Lincoln also had more of a sense of humor than humorless Davis, which helped him through tough times Limitations on Wartime Liberties a. Lincoln and the Constitution i. Lincoln wanted to abide by the Constitution, but to preserve the Union, he needed to bend it ii. Congress, as is often true in times of crisis, accepted the president’s questionable acts b. Questionable Actions i. While Congress was not in session, he ordered a blockade ii. He increased the army without Congress’ consent (Congress later approved) iii. Suspended the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists might be arrested iv. Arranged for “supervised” voting in the Border States (you had to hold a colored ballot indicating your party preference and walk between two lines of armed troops) v. Suspended certain newspapers and arrested their editors on the grounds of obstructing the war c. Jefferson Davis and Possible Questionable Acts i. Was not able to do what Lincoln did because the South supported States’ rights ii. For example, a railroad in Petersburg, VA prevented the joining of tracks that would have shipped military supplies for the war effort Volunteers and Draftees: North and South a. How Were the Northern Armies Filled? i. North – manned solely by volunteers at first ii. Each State was assigned a quota based on their population XI. iii. 1863 – After volunteering had slackened off, Congress passed a federal conscription law for the first time. The law favored the rich because it allowed people to hire substitutes or purchase an exemption for $300 b. Draft Riots i. In New York City, a riot broke out in 1863 by Irish Americans (who hated blacks) ii. Disordered lasted for several days in the city and many lives were lost iii. In other places conscription met with resistance and an occasional minor riot iv. 90% of Union troops were volunteers (social and patriotic pressures were strong) v. As able-bodied men became scarcer, bounties for enlistments were high (you could make $1,000) c. Bounty Brokers i. Some people, known as Bounty Brokers, induced many poor and drunken people to enlist ii. Some of them enlisted and volunteered elsewhere, making more money (one did this 32 times) iii. Desertion wasn’t just by Bounty Jumpers. The Union and Confederate armies each had about 200,000 of them d. How Were the Southern Armies Filled? i. The South also relied on volunteers at first. However, since the Confederacy was much less populous, it had to pass a conscription law much faster (April 1862 – a year sooner than the Union) ii. As in the North, a rich man could hire a substitute or purchase exemption. Slaveowners who 20 slaves or more might also claim exemption iii. This made for bad feeling among the less prosperous iv. No large draft riots broke out like in New York, but conscription agents avoided the mountain whites, who were for the Yankees The Economic Stresses of War a. Raising Revenue In the North i. Taxes – 1. Excise tax – put on tobacco and alcohol were increased 2. Income tax – created for the first time ii. Customs duties – 1. Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 – a. Increased existing duties 5-10% b. This was to provide revenue and protect protection for manufacturers who were paying higher taxes on their goods iii. Paper Money – 1. Issued $450 million in paper money at face value; inflation occurred (80%) XII. 2. It was inadequately supported by gold, so its value was determined by the nation’s credit. Money fluctuated with the fortunes of the Union army and at one point was worth only 39 cents on the gold dollar iv. Bonds – 1. Netted over $2.5 billion in the sale of bonds v. National Banking System – 1. National Banking Act – a. Designed to stimulate the sale of bonds and establish a national bank note currency b. Banks that joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them c. This was the first unified banking network since 1836 and it lasted until 1913 b. Raising Revenue In the South i. Customs duties – 1. Were cut off with the Northern blockade ii. Bonds – 1. Netted $400 million iii. Taxes – 1. Increased sharply 2. 10% tax on farm produce 3. States righters were opposed to taxes by the central government and little revenue was raised this way iv. Paper money – 1. Printed paper money with complete abandon; inflation occurred (9,000%) 2. $1 billion in money was produced 3. Confederate dollar worth only 1.6 cents when Lee surrendered The North’s Economic Boom a. Economic Successes of the War i. New Factories – 1. Helped by the protective tariff 2. Manufacturers and businesspeople made lots of money ii. Millionaire Class 1. War bred a millionaire class for the first time 2. Many were speculators and peculators (people who embezzled (arbitrarily took) money) iii. Yankee Scams 1. Dishonest agents sold blind horses to government purchasers 2. Manufacturers supplied shoes with cardboard soles and fast-disintegrating uniforms that were poorly made iv. Labor-Saving Machines XIII. 1. These machines allowed the North to expand economically, even though most of its manpower was being drained off to the war a. Sewing machines and machinery that could make sized clothing changed the industry forever b. Mechanical reapers released thousands of farm boys for the army and produced surpluses of grain v. Petroleum 1. Found in PA in 1859 2. Started a new industry vi. Pioneers Move West 1. Free gold nuggets and 160 acres of free land under the Homestead Act of 1862 b. Economic Failures of War i. Only one was ocean-carrying trade ii. They were being harassed by the Alabama and other raiders c. Civil War and Women i. Opened new opportunities for women 1. Became clerks 2. Manufacturers (sewing machine). ¼ industrial workers were women a. Shoes b. Clothing 3. 400 posed as male soldiers 4. Spies 5. Nurses (all made nursing a respectable profession) a. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – i. America’s first female physician ii. Created the U.S. Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field. The commission: 1. Trained nurses 2. Collected medical supplies 3. Equipped hospitals b. Clara Barton – i. Nurse for the Union army ii. Searched for missing after the war iii. Found the Red Cross in 1881 c. Dorothea Dix – i. Nurse for the Union army ii. Was the one who was concerned for conditions at almshouses and for the insane. Got legislation passed to improve conditions ii. Organized bazaars and fairs that raised million of dollars for the relief of widows, orphans, and disabled soldiers A Crushed South a. Financial Results of the War in the South i. The blockade and destruction in the South (the war was fought mainly there), took a big toll 1. South had 30% of the nation’s wealth at beginning; 12% by 1870 2. Average per capita income of Southerners was 2/3 of Notherners; by the end of the war it was 2/5 b. Transportation Problems in the South i. Pulled up rails from the less-used lines to repair the main ones ii. Gourds (half of hard-rinded fruit) were used to make dishes iii. Window weights were used for bullets iv. Pins became scarce c. Resistance and the End of the War i. South was resourceful and high spirited to the end ii. Women wanted to cut off their hair to pose as men and fight in the war iii. The South didn’t gain anything positive from the war