Download 6th grade Chapter 7 review

Chapter 7 Review
Mr. Klein
Early Greece
Greek communities were separated by rugged
mountains and steep valleys making communities
fiercely independent.
First civilization was the Minoans on the island of Crete.
Minoans weren’t Greek but traded around the
Mediterranean
Minoans collapsed around 1450 B.C. no one knows why,
but some think they were conquered by the
Mycenaeans.
Mycenaeans and Hellenes
Mycenaeans moved into Greece from Central Asia
Mycenaeans built ships and worked with bronze.
Conquered the Minoans and were proud of their military
successes in the Trojan war.
Mycenaean culture collapsed around 1100 B.C.
Dorians invaded Greek mainland from North and took over
most of mainland Greece. Starting a 300 year dark age.
Dorians introduced the iron weapons and most of the people
that were in Greece fled overseas.
These people returned later and set up trading communities
and called themselves Hellenes.
Greek Polis
By the end of the dark age nobles had over thrown kings to
rule the city state.
Each Greek city or Polis was like an independent country.
Polis had an acropolis for defense and an agora for a
marketplace.
Male citizens had right to vote, hold public office, own
property, and defend themselves in court.
Free landowning men born in the Polis were citizens because
their property made up the Polis.
Soldiers were hoplites and fought using the phalanx.
Most city-states developed into either oligarchies or
democracies
Sparta
Sparta is located on the Peloponnesus and descended from
the Dorians.
Economy based on agriculture and enslaved people of
neighboring area. Slaves are called helots.
Military society that stressed discipline, simplicity and
strength through self-denial.
Boys left homes at seven to begin training for military.
Entered army at 20 and served until they were 60.
Sparta was an oligarchy. Had two kings but assembly and
council of elders had the power.
Discouraged free thinking and new ideas and resisted change.
All that mattered was military strength and victory.
Athens and Democracy
Athens are descended from Myceneans.
Athenian men were educated in arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music
and public speaking. Also trained in sports to develop the body and mind.
Athenian farmers owed nobles money to avoid an uprising nobles agreed
to changes.
Solon was a merchant chosen to make reforms ending debts and opening
assembly and law courts to all male citizens.
Peisistratus was a tyrant that took over in 560 B.C. that made more
reforms – divided large estates to farmers with no land. Gave citizenship
to Athenians who didn’t own land.
Next Cleisthenes made the assembly the major governing body. All male
citizens participate in assembly. Created council of 500 citizens. Every
citizen could be a council member based on lottery.
Those excluded from government are women, foreigners and slaves.
Persian Empire
Persians were warriors and cattle herders from Central Asia.
Cyrus the Great built a strong army and created an empire.
Cyrus held empire together by treating conquered people fairly
allowing them to keep their languages, religions and laws.
After Cyrus rulers continued to expand the empire linking it
together with roads.
Darius I divided empire into Satrapies ruled by a Satrap who would
collect taxes, judge legal cases, manage police and recruit soldiers.
Persia also maintained a full time, paid, professional army.
Persians practiced Zoroastrianism which worshipped one supreme
god. Belief that people chose to be good or evil but good would
triumph over evil in the end.
Persian Wars
In 499 B.C. Athens aids Greeks revolting against Persia in Anatolia.
King Darius wanted to punish the Greeks for interfering. Darius sent
600 ships to invade Greece, they landed at Marathon.
Athenians defeated the Persians at Marathon even though they were
outnumbered 20,000 to 10,000.
Persia vowed revenge and Xerxes led a huge force to invade Greece.
King Leonidas and a force led by 300 Spartans held them at
Thermopylae for a week. Persians moved past and burnt Athens.
Themistocles and the Athenian navy won a great victory at the battle
of Salamis. Using smaller and faster ships to sink the bigger and slower
Persian fleet.
A combined Greek army then defeated Persia at the battle of Plataea.
Pericles
Under Pericles Athens became the economic and cultural center of
Greece and enjoyed its “Golden Age”
Athenians used a direct democracy where all citizens could participate
which worked because of Athens small number of citizens.
Pericles was Athens most important general and his wise rule guided
Athens for over 30 years.
He appointed people based on their abilities so more ordinary
Athenians became involved in government.
Under his rule Athens became a center of learning and the arts.
He also rebuilt the city after the Persian wars building temples,
monuments around the city and would later call Athens “the school of
Greece.”
Athenian Life
Athens population was 285,000 but only 43,000 were male citizens that
had political rights.
Men worked as farmers, artisans, and merchants.
Women focused on the home and families. Athens did not view
women as the equal to men so they couldn’t participate in politics or
own property.
Slavery was common in Athens.
Slaves were usually people that were captured in battle.
Slaves in mines had short, hard lives, craftspeople had it easier and
could sometimes buy their freedom.
Many Athenians were farmers but there wasn’t enough land to feed all
Athenians and trade with their large fleet was the lifeblood of the city.
Peloponnesian War
Athens began treating allies like subjects which angered many and led
them to ally themselves with Sparta.
Sparta was alarmed at the economic and political power of Athens and
they were the two strongest city states that were opposites in
government and culture.
Allies pressured Sparta to attack Athens and war began in 431 B.C.
Athens remained behind walls because Sparta’s army was stronger and
they relied on their navy but plague killed one third of their population
including Pericles.
For 25 years neither side could win until Persia supplies Sparta with
gold to build a fleet of ships.
Athens was weakened by an ill-advised invasion of Sicily. Spartan navy
won a decisive battle and blockaded Athens. With Athens starving they
had to surrender making Sparta the power in Greece.
After the Peloponnesian War
Sparta ruled its new empire in much the same way that Athens did.
Harsh treatment angered Sparta’s allies.
For 30 years Sparta was the power of Greece until Thebes under the
general Epaminondas won the battle at Leuctra using new tactics.
Afterwards Epaminondas led his army into the Peloponnesus to free
the helots and built them cities with fortifications to live in.
Sparta’s power was broken and would never be the same again.
Thebes and other Greek polis were weakened and Macedon would
soon take advantage.