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Unit 8 America in the Cold War Era and Beyond GPS 20 - The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the US. A. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, US commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy. [778 – 782, 784 – 786] B. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China, the outbreak of the Korean War, and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy. [786 – 789, 793 – 795] C. Describe the impact of competition with the USSR as evidenced by the launch of Sputnik I and President Eisenhower’s actions D. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. [848 – 850] E. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive, and growing opposition to the war. [Ch. 30] F. Analyze the anti-Vietnam War movement. Ch. 30] G. Describe the foreign policy decisions of President Richard M. Nixon involving the Vietnam War, détente with the USSR and his trip to China and Ford’s continuation of many of those polices. H. Explain the Carter administration’s efforts in the Middle East including the Camp David Accord, his response to the 1979 Iranian Hostage crisis as well as his foreign policies and decisions. .[967 – 969] I. Describe the foreign policy decisions and international events that occurred during Ronald Reagan’s presidency that helped lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the victory of the United States in the Cold War. J. Explain why George Bush ordered Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm and how those military operations was perceived by various parts of the Arab World K. Describe the foreign policy decisions and international events that occurred during President Clinton’s presidency. L. Analyze the response of President George W. Bush to the attacks of September 11, 2001 on the United States, the war against terrorism, and the subsequent American interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. EQ 142 - How did Truman deal with the USSR and other foreign problems after World War II? Cold War – def = era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from 1946 to 1990. Yalta Conference o Conflict over Poland USSR – “matter of life and death” USA/Britain – Free and Sovereign Poland Compromise – Soviet friendly government, free elections soon Declaration of Liberated Europe Germany – West Germany key to defending Europe o Divided in two parts free/communist, Berlin divided in two parts free/communist o Soviet lies – Truman Decisions Truman’s Actions o Potsdam Conference No appeasement of Stalin/communism German reparations/atom bomb threat o Iron Curtain Speech – Winston Churchill Communist takeover of Eastern Europe – satellite nations disregard of Declaration of Liberated Europe Long Telegram o George Kennan – “a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” o Containment – keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions.” o Truman Doctrine – to aid, “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” o Marshall Plan – European Recovery Plan = American aid to help rebuild Europe and the world after WW II o Berlin Airlift Soviet Blockade of West Berlin 11 months, every 5 minutes, US cargo plane, 2 million tons NATO – first time in US history, US pledges military support to Western European nations EQ 143 - How did “losing China” affect US politics and society? Failure of Truman/Democratic Party policies o “losing China” means [according to Republicans] – Truman and the Democrats failure of containment policy when China became Communist o September 1949 – Soviet Union tests atomic weapons o 1950 USSR and China sign treaty of friendship and alliance Political Impact o Truman and Democrats unpopular – 1950 Election of Eisenhower/ Republican Party controls Senate o Rise of political power of Joseph McCarthy Social Impact o Hollywood Ten, Black list, Bomb shelters, Second Red Scare o Rise of conservative sentiments / social conformity West Germany key to defending Europe - Japan key to defending Asia EQ 144 - Why did over 50,000 American soldiers die in the Korea War? After WWII Korea divided into free/democratic South Korea and enslaved/communist North Korea along 38th Parallel June 25, 1950 North Korea invades South Korea o President Truman’s perspective – invasion a test of containment policy o President Truman obtains UN Security Council approval to intervene militarily o US and UN troops push North Korean passed 38th Parallel to border with China, China intervenes o General MacArthur, hero of US forces in Philippines, sought expansion of war against China, Truman wanted limited war – afraid of possible atom bomb exchange MacArthur fired by Truman – civilian control of military MacArthur receives hero’s welcome o US troops died to prevent the spread of Communism Effects of Korean War o US begins military buildup o US signs defense alliances with various nations o US begins support of French in Vietnam EQ 145 - How did Senator Joseph McCarthy rise to prominence and then fall into disrepute? New RED SCARE o Soviet official Igor Gouzenko defects to US with documents revealing “a massive effort by the Soviet Union to infiltrate the organizations and government of Canada and the United States with the specific goal of obtaining information about the atomic bomb.” o Alger Hiss and the Rosenburgs o Soviet Union explodes atom bomb, China becomes communist o State/local governments, universities, businesses, unions, churches o Senator Joseph McCarthy, Republican Wisconsin List of 205 names in State Department Fear of communism wins McCarthy election Def. - McCarthyism – damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges Downfall – Army-McCarthy hearings – censure EQ 146 - How did President Eisenhower deal with the USSR and other foreign problems during the 1950s? Eisenhower’s Goals o Strong Economy to show superiority of American way of life o Domino Theory of Communism o Massive Retaliation – willingness to use atomic weapons /Brinkmanship o Cut down military – conventional forces o increase nuclear weapons – from 1000 to 18000 B -52 bomber ICBMs Submarines – nuclear powered Covert operations – CIA o U2 incident Eisenhower’s warnings – military industrial complex Sputnik o creation of NASA o National Defense Education Act – more math/science, foreign languages EQ 147 - How did President Kennedy deal with the Soviet Union early part of the 1960s? Kennedy’s Flexible Response – move away from reliance on atom bomb/brinkmanship o Buildup of conventional forces o Willingness to fight limited wars to stop spread of communism o Use of Special Forces – Foreign Aid expansion – Peace Corps Cuban Missile Crisis – Fidel Castro o Bay of Pigs Fiasco – Kennedy and US weak o Berlin Wall built October 22 – Kennedy TV speech – Soviet missiles in Cuba o US naval blockade – quarantine of Cuba o Fear of possible nuclear war – Cuban Missile Crisis treaty to ban testing of nuclear weapons Soviet Arms buildup matched by US buildup EQ 148 - Why did over 50,000 American soldiers die in Vietnam? Goal in Vietnam similar to Korean War – stop the spread of communism Background Info – Vietnam War Before WWII Indochina – French colony WWII Indochina occupied by Japan After WWII French Troops assert colonialism Indochina Ho Chi Minh – Communist, Vietminh – US helps, Declares independence US supports French colonial claims because of communist threat/domino theory French defeated - Geneva Accords – 1956 No Election - US intervenes o Steps toward Vietnam –Democrats fear of “losing Indochina” Step 1 - Vietcong vs South Vietnam – US aid to South Vietnam Step 2 – Vietcong Terrorism working - Kennedy increases aid to South Vietnam / Support of unpopular leader Diem Step 3 - Vietcong attack on US ships - Johnson’s Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United and to prevent further aggression.” Step 4 – Vietcong attack US bases – North Vietnam bombed – Johnson popularity rises Step 5 1965 first US combat troops 180,000, 1966 360,000 Step 6 Vietcong tactics – ambushes, booby traps, guerilla tactics, terrorism, Ho Chi Minh Trai – no full scale invasion of North Vietnam/fear of China attack – strategy war of attrition EQ 149 - Why did public opinion toward the Vietnam War dramatically change after the Tet Offensive? Credibility Gap o 1965 – 66 percent approval ratings of policy in Vietnam o 1967 General Westmoreland enemy on brink of defeat Antiwar Movement o Teachins – university professors/students against war o Anger at Draft system - college students vs. minorities MLK Muhamad Ali Draft dodgers/dissenters “Television War” o Evening News o Walter Cronkite – “bloddy stalemate” aftet Tet Offensive 1968 Tet Offensive o Military disaster/defeat for Vietcong o Major Political victory – public shocked at attack and mounting US losses – General Westmoreland’s request for more troops EQ 150 - How did student led organizations and other groups grow in opposition to the war? Massacre at My Lai o November 1969 200 unarmed South Vietnamese o Vietnam Veterans against the war – John Kerry o May 1970 Cambodia Invasion – Kent State Pentagon Papers – active deceit of Congress/public about Vietnam war EQ 151 - How did the anti-Vietnam War movement affect US policy and society? Legacy of Vietnam o South Vietnam Falls, Killing fields of Cambodia o 58,000 US dead, cost of war killed LBJ’s Great Society War Powers Act – limiting presidential powers as commander in chief Vietnam Vet’s psychological problems Lack of confidence in US Government Lack of trust/respect for government First defeat in US history – Shook confidence in American Institutions EQ 152 - Why did Nixon visit China and why did this visit shock everyone? Nixon’s Background o Vice President of Eisenhower o Lost close election to JFK o Staunch Anti-communist – Alger Hiss accuser Henry Kissinger’s influence o National Security Advisor for Nixon o Helped shape Nixon’s foreign policies Sought a gradual approach to withdrawing from Vietnam Sought to diminish America’s Anti-communist crusade Sought a practical approach “Real politik” o Negation and engagement rather than confrontation Détente – Nixon’s foreign policy approach o A relaxation of tensions between the US and USSR/China “We most understand that détente is not a love fest. It is an understanding between nations that have opposite purposes, but which share common interests, including the avoidance of a nuclear war. “ – Nixon Purpose of Nixon’s Visit to China o Implement Détente ideas o Play China and the USSR against each other o Get Soviet Union to be more accommodating toward US EQ 153 - How different was Nixon’s foreign policy of Détente with the Soviet Union from earlier president’s approach with the Soviet Union? Earlier approaches – Confrontations by Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Nixon Summits with Brezhnev o First time since World War II a US president visits Soviet Union o Signed SALT I treaty [Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty] a plan to limit nuclear arms Agreement to increase trade and exchange scientific information The United States and the Soviet Union had their best relationship of the whole Cold War Period during Nixon’s presidency. EQ 154 - How did President Carter try to bring peace to the Middle East? Carter’s Foreign Policy – “our commitment to human rights must be absolute… the powerful must not persecute the weak, and human dignity must be enhanced.” 1978 Camp David Accords – Carter’s Greatest foreign policy achievement o Historic peace treaty between Egypt and Israel o First ever between an Arab and Israel nation o Carter brought Egytian Anwar Sadat and Israel President Menachem Begin together to talk peace o First Step to achieving peace in the Middle East EQ 155 - How did President Carter respond to the Iranian Revolution and Hostage Crisis? Iranian Hostage Crisis = Carter’s Greatest foreign policy failure Iran o US support of anti-communist Shah of Iran o Islamic Clergy of Iran foments protests o Ayatollah Khomeini US embassy – 52 Hostages – 444 days US Freezes Assets of Iran Unsuccessful negations for release of hostages Failed Rescue attempt Every newspaper, newscast reminded Americans about hostages EQ 156 - How did President Reagan’s foreign policy decisions lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union and victory in the Cold War? Peace Through Strength – rejection of containment and détente o Viewed Soviet Union as “the focus of evil in the modern world” – “an evil empire” o Military buildup – largest peacetime buildup in American history If USSR tried to match US military buildup, this would put pressure on USSR economy force communists to reform or collapse “The Soviet Empire is faltering because rigid centralized control has destroyed incentives for innovation, efficiency, and individual achievement. But in the midst of social and economic problems, the Soviet dictatorship has forged the largest armed force in the world. It has done so by preempting the human needs of its people and in the end, this course will undermine the foundations f the Soviet System. “ Reagan “Mr. Gobachez, tear down this wall” Reagan EQ 157 - Why was President Reagan considered a great president by so many Americans and a lousy president by so many Americans? Reagan – Great President Economic Crisis of the 1970s solved Cold War Won o Star Wars o Peace through Strength – largest peacetime military buildup in US history o Reduced number of nuclear weapons – START Personal Qualities o Grace under fire o Humor o Articulation of convictions o 1984 Biggest Electoral Victory in US History “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem.” Reagan Reagan – Worst President Economic Policies o Biggest Budget Deficits in History – Lower taxes on the rich o Gap between Rich and Poor Grew - Reaganomics o Deregulation of industries Cold War policies - Nuclear tensions with USSR increase o Aid to Afghan Rebels – “Charlie Wilson’s War” o Invasion of Grenada o Iran – Contra Scandal o Gorbachev not Reagan responsible for Cold War’s end Great Political Divide – Liberalism vs. Conservatism EQ 158 - Why did President George Bush order Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1990 and 1991? Most serious crisis faced by President Bush I in the Middle East o August 1990 Saddam Hussein invades oil rich Kuwait o US fears Iraq invasion of Saudi Arabia US led United Nations coalition o Economic sanctions o Threat of war if Iraq refuses to leave Kuwait Operation Desert Shield – defense of Saudi Arabia o Buildup of US forces in Saudi Arabia – [cited by Osama Bin Laden as reason for 9/11 attacks] Operation Desert Storm – liberation of Kuwait o January 16, 1991 – Bombing of Iraq and Iraqi forces in Kuwait o February 1991 – Ground war begins 100 hours of ground battle – fastest military victory since German advances in Europe EQ 159 - How did President Clinton deal with foreign problems during his presidency? Intervention in Haiti o Use of US Military and United Nations troops o Jimmy Carter brokered peace deal o Democratically elected Haiti government reinstituted Peacekeeping in Bosnia and Kosovo o US led joint NATO action to stop “ethnic cleansing” o Dayton Accords – Peace Plan between Serbia and Bosnia Saddam Hussein defiance o Clinton orders cruise missile attacks Middle East Peace Plan Northern Ireland Peace Plan Terrorists Attacks during Clinton Term o Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania o USS Cole Acts of Criminal not of acts of War Clinton orders cruise missile attacks on Al Qaeda bases Somalia o US troops assist/protect o “Black Hawk Down” EQ 160 - Why is NAFTA considered one of President Clinton’s greatest achievements? North American Free Trade Agreement – Mexico, Canada, US o Rose exports to Mexico and Canada o Unemployment rates lowered, wages rose o Biggest economic expansion in US History o Reduced deficit – balanced budget – government surplus EQ 161 - Why did terrorists attack America on 9/11? Operation Desert Shield/Storm o Infidels in Saudi Arabia US support of unpopular authoritarian regimes o Shah of Iran o Egypt’s Mubarek US support/favoritism of Israel Lack of a Palestinian state US unsuspecting of Terrorist’s attacks as act of war Open Society – Soft Targets EQ 162 - How did President George W. Bush respond to the terror attacks of 9/11? 9/11 more Americans died in attacks than at Pearl Harbor or on D-Day Citizen’s Response o Firefighters and others go to help, 1 billion donated to help o Patriotism soars – flags everywhere – “God Bless America” sang by Congressional representatives Government Response o All Flights grounded, Armed Forces alert o NATO clause activated o Sept 14 Bush declares National Emergency Afghanistan / Taliban – bin Laden o Bush sends ultimatum o Bush declaration – nations that support terrorism = enemy of US “…this will be a war like none other our nation has faced. [Enemy] is a global network of terrorist organizations and their state sponsors, committed to denying free people the opportunity to live as they choose.” Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfield Bush Response o Cut off terrorist funding o Creation of Office of Homeland Security o USA Patriot Act o War in Afghanistan o Axis of Evil – Iraq, Iran, North Korea