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Chapter 2 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-BASIC CHEMISTRY Name________________________ I.Concepts of Matter & Energy Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as ________________________________states on earth/solid has definite volume and shape;liquid only definite volume and gas-has neither Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas chemical alters _________________________. ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter__________________________________________ ________________________energy of motion and potential is _____________________. Energy forms: 1. ______________________-stored in chemical bonds-involved in cellular respiration 2. _________________________-comes from movement of charged particles-used in nerve impulses 3. __________________________-Directly involved in moving mattereg.movement of limbs 4. __________________________-travels in waves;electromagnetic spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visible light,radio,UV,gamma Energy is usually converted from one form to another-some of initial energy is lost to environment II. Composition of Matter 112 _____________-alike in atoms and unique atomic #/represented on periodic table,organized by atomic # and short hand representation is _________________-Look at Chart p.30 Atoms made of positive protons and neutral ____________in nucleus,surrounded by _______electrons,in energy levels Atomic # = # protons Atomic mass #= # p+n Atomic mass –average of all isotope masses for an element ______________________________are atoms that differ in number of neutrons,are identified by mass number,and one medical use is as tracers in medical diagnosis.---see.pp. 8 and 9 __________________________________occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms _____________________-2 or more combined chemically;more specifically a compound 1 2 bonds we see in living things are __________________,w/a transfer of electrons and ___________________________w/a sharing of electrons Outer -_____________________electrons determine bonding capacity and thus properties _______-charged atom Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons ,as seen in water A) B) C) Water bonds to other water atoms by H- bonds-a weak bond These combined H-bonds create a high surface tension 3 reaction types synthesis ----2H2 + O2 2H2O __________------H2O 2H2 +O2 Exchange---2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 +H2 OR HCl + NaOH HOH +NaCl III. Biochemistry:Chemical Composition of Living Matter __________________ contain carbon ,but not all are involved in living things(inorganic lack C-CO,CO2 and cyanide 3 exemptions-they are inorganic) INORGANICS_WATER 1. high heat capacity(ie before a temperature change thus preventing us from sudden body temperature changes. 2. ___________________________-“universal solvent” Solute dissolves in a _________________ to make a solutionThus water able to transport many materials 3. chemical reactivity __________________________reaction---water added to the bond. 2 4.____________________________-protective as in CSF or amniotic fluid…………………………………….. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- SALTS Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion besides OH…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2 Easily separate into ions_____________________________________ Because ions are charged particles,all salts are ______________________________-able to conduct a current ______________-pH<7 and proton donor ______________-pH> 7 and proton acceptor pH measures H+ concentration Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral _____________prevents sharp pH change FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in Living Things: 1. Carbohydrates-FIRST SOURCE FOR ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have C,H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE Sugars inc. monosaccharides(Glucose and fructose,,disaccharides(Sucrose,lactose,maltose) and polysaccharides(starch and glycogen)….Examples of 3 starches_________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 2. Lipids-made of C,H and O---look at lipid table p.47 ---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol ___________________________________-are solid fats with all C-C bonds filled-no double or triple bonds…. ___________________________________-are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C double bond Neutral fats_triglycerides-in fat depositsin subcutaneous tissue and around organsprotect,insulate and major energy source Trans fats----oils solidifies by adding H atoms---considered bad for the cardiovascular system Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)-help your heart and immune system Phospholipids found in cell membrane ______________________fat soluble-inc. cholesterol and hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids ________________________a breakdown product of cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat digestion and absorption ____________________-cortisol;aldersterone Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acid-membranes(used in labor,blood pressure,movement in digestive tract and in inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL-bad cholesterol) 3. PROTEINS-made up of monomer of amino acids;>50% organic matter,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20 amino acids,polypeptide is another word for protein and peptide bonds join amino acids 4 Fibrous(or structural) Proteins are in most body structures;provide strength-eg.collagen in bones,cartilage and tendons…..also KERATIN—protein of hair and nails Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and DO things--FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS----examples:enzymes-regulate reactions---H-bonds and van der waals force help them-like hemoglogin,keep their shape Draw an enzyme –substrate complex and label active site Enzymes usually end in –ase(sugars in –ose) 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS-made of C,H,O,N and PDNA provides heredity and RNA takes DNA’s info to make proteins/the monomer is a nucleotide consisting of sugar,nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.Label the nucleotide for DNA,then RNA: - ATP is the energy storage molecule-This is what carbs are broken down into so we can get usable energy---ATP and ADP continually recycle 5 6