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Name________________________________ Period_____________Date_____________ Chapter 20 Reconstruction Section 1: Rebuilding the South Reconstruction was the process of reuniting the nation and rebuilding the southern states without slavery. It lasted from 1865 to 1877. Politicians disagreed about the conditions southern states would have to meet in order to be allowed back into the Union. 1. Why do you think politicians disagreed about the conditions? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It made slavery illegal throughout the United States. Some abolitionists and former slaves were not satisfied. They wanted voting rights and all the other rights and freedoms that white men enjoyed. 2. Why were some abolitionists and former slaves not satisfied with the Thirteenth Amendment? ___________________________________________________________________ In 1865 Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau. Its purpose was to provide help for all poor people in the South. It distributed food, helped people find jobs, and established schools and universities. Lincoln was assassinated, and Vice President Andrew Johnson (Democrat-Tennessee) was sworn into office. He took over Reconstruction. He established a system for setting up new southern state governments. However, members of Congress refused to accept many of the new southern representatives. They had been leaders in the Confederacy, and many Republicans felt they could not be trusted to be loyal citizens of the United States. 3. Why did members of Congress refuse to accept many of the new southern representatives? ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Section 2: The Fight over Reconstruction Free African Americans faced prejudice and persecution in the South. Every southern state passed Black Codes. These were laws that limited the freedom of African Americans and denied them their civil rights. Radical Republicans became angry. They believed the South was returning to its old ways. They wanted the southern states to change much more than they already had before they could return to the Union. 1. What were the Black Codes? __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Republicans in Congress proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This act gave African Americans the same legal rights as white Americans. President Johnson vetoed it. Congress overrode his veto and followed up by proposing the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment gave African Americans citizenship and all the protections of the law that came with it. 2. What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866? Was it passed? ________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ In the 1866 congressional elections, Republicans won a majority of both houses of Congress. They used their power to pass a series of Reconstruction Acts. These acts required southern states to write new state constitutions supporting the Fourteenth Amendment. They were also required to give African Americans the right to vote. Until they did so, Union forces would remain in their states and they would not be allowed back into the Union. 3. What were the Reconstruction Acts? __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ President Johnson opposed Congress’s actions and broke one of their newly passed laws. Congress impeached him but did not remove him from office. In the election of 1868, Republican war hero Ulysses S. Grant took the presidency. African Americans in reconstructed states had voted for Grant and helped him win the election. Congress then passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Women were still denied the right to vote, which upset many women’s rights activists. 4. Do you think that the South will follow the Fifteenth Amendment? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Section 3: Reconstruction in the South Southerners were not happy about Republican control of the South. They called northern Republicans who came to the South carpetbaggers. They called southern Republicans scalawags. But reconstruction governments did much for the South. They built schools, hospitals, and prisons. They helped build or repair railroads, bridges, and buildings. 1. Why would southerners not be happy about Republican control of the South? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ African Americans were soon elected to public offices. Many white southerners disapproved of African American officeholders and opposed Reconstruction in general. A group of white southerners formed the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan used violence and terror against African Americans, white Republicans, and public officials. Congress passed laws to control the Klan, but racial violence continued in the South. 2. What groups of people did the Ku Klux Klan target? ____________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ The Republican Party eventually began losing its power. Scandals in Grant’s presidency and a poor economy hurt Republicans in the elections of the 1870s. President Hayes was a Republican, but he had to compromise with Democrats about Reconstruction. He removed all federal troops from the South. 3. What do you think might happen in the South once federal troops are gone? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Southern governments began passing Jim Crow laws. These laws required segregation, or the forced separation of whites and African Americans in public places. They also used violence and poll taxes to try to keep African Americans from voting. In the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court ruled that segregation was allowed if “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans. 4. What do you think life was like in the South for an African American? ___________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Section 4: The New South Many African Americans became sharecroppers. In this system, a landowner provided the land, tools, and supplies. Sharecroppers provided the labor. They had to give most of the crops to the owner. Whatever was left was theirs. Most sharecroppers remained poor and in debt. They depended on cotton crops to survive. 1. Is this system much different from slavery? Why or why not? ___________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ The southern economy went up and down with cotton prices. Some business leaders wanted to strengthen the southern economy. The wanted to create a “New South.” They built textile mills to produce cotton fabric. These factories attracted workers from farms. Working conditions were difficult and dangerous. The pay was low. Many factory workers were women and children. 3. How would mills create a “New South?” _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ The New South movement brought new appreciation for the arts and music. Southern literature developed a unique style. Authors such as Mark Twain and Joel Chandler Harris wrote colorful stories about life in the South. Southern music also became more popular after the Civil War. 4. Who were two famous authors that wrote colorful stories about the South?_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION: 1. If you had been president after the Civil War, what would your Reconstruction plans have been for the following groups of people: a. The freedmen (former slaves) ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b. Former slave owners ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c. Confederate Generals and Politicians ______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________