Download THE NATION SPLITS APART

THE NATION
SPLITS APART
• War
PRE CIVIL WAR
of 1812- nationalism after defeating Great Britain
• Missouri
Compromise- Missouri annexed as slave,
Maine as free. Slavery admitted below Missouri
• Industrial
Revolution- Greatly impacts the country,
mainly the North. Urbanization. South- cotton booms
and so does slavery
• Texas
Revolution- Free from Mexico, annexed to US
• Mexican
American War- US defeats Mexico, gains
more territory
POPULAR SOVERIGNTY
•
Consent of the people
•
Voters in a territory can decide whether they want
to ban or permit slavery
•
Ex: Wilmot Proviso-to prohibit slavery in the Mexican
Cession
•
Stated that slavery would never exist in any part of the
territory
•
The House (Northern Majority) approved the proviso,
•
•
Died in the Senate (Southern Majority)
Significance: never became law, but it demonstrated the
increase of Sectionalism
SLAVERY IN THE WEST
•
Mexican Cession revives the debate over slavery in the western territories
?
CALIFORNIA
•
1849: gold-seekers headed to California
•
California boom towns
 San Francisco
 Sacramento
•
Territory from Mexico must be organized
•
Slavery question for California
•
Taylor proposed to admit California and New Mexico immediately as states, rather than as
territories first
•
•
49ers do not want to compete for jobs against slave labor
Entering as a free state will upset the balance between free & slave states that
had been set in the Missouri Compromise
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
•
Senator Henry Clay… Addresses sectional disagreement
•
Northern Abolitionists = Free CA
•
Southerners = CA as a free state would destroy the balance of power in the U.S.
•
Henry Clay dies before it’s passed
•
Stephen Douglas divides bill into several laws, knowing it would not pass as one
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
1.) California = free state
2.) Divide Mexican Cession = Utah & New Mexico
Territories
3.) Utah & NM = popular sovereignty
4.) Texas gives up land in New Mexico in exchange for
financial aid from the U.S.
5.)Abolishes slave trade in Washington DC
6.)New fugitive slave law- heavy penalties against anyone
aiding runaway slaves
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
• System
of escape routes
leading to freedom
• Members
were called
conductors
• Hiding
places were called
stations
• Harriet
Tubman
 Was most famous escaped
slave
 Returned to the South over
20 times to help others
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
• Federal
crime to assist runaway slaves
• Can
be arrested even in areas where
slavery was illegal
•
•
Slaveholders & their agents could take
suspect fugitive slaves before U.S.
commissioners to prove ownership
Any could testify, except the accused slaves
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
Trials
• Commissioners
= $5 (Free Man)
• Commissioners
= $10 (Slave)
Aiding Fugitive Slaves
• $1000
• 343
• 11
fine & 6 months in jail
Total Cases
blacks freed
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
•
Harriet Beecher Stowe
•
Tom, a kindly old slave taken from his wife and sold “down
river” in Louisiana.
•
Tom becomes a slave of a vicious planter who, in a fit of
rage, beats Tom to death.
•
The novel sparks outrage in the South
•
Brought the horrors of slavery to the forefront of
most Northerners
Copies Sold
•
•
1st Year = 300,000
10 years later = 2 million
KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT
•
Senator Stephen Douglas from Illinois wanted to build a railroad to the Pacific
Ocean starting in Chicago
•
Proposed bill that would divide Kansas & Nebraska
•
Overturns Missouri Compromise
•
Popular Soverignty- since the people vote, allows for the possibility in the North
•
Southerners wanted the railroad to start in New Orleans and go through the south to SO
Cal
•
Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in May 1854
•
The K-N act would divide the Louisiana purchase into Kansas and Nebraska
•
Popular sovereignty would decide the question of slavery in each territory
•
Congress did not pass Douglas’s railroad bill
BLEEDING KANSAS
•
Antislavery and pro-slavery groups moved to get
people to Kansas ASAP
•
Abolitionists helped northern families to move to Kansas
•
Southern families poured in as well
•
Most settlers were pro-slave because they came from
Missouri which was a slave state
•
Elections were held about the slave status
•
1,000’s of men came from next door Missouri to vote proslave and then went home
•
Slavery was accepted and the Pro-slave government
set up in Lecompton, KA
•
Abolitionists were outraged by the corrupt
elections, formed their own govt in Topeka 30 miles
away
BLEEDING KANSAS
Sack of Lawrence
•
1856 an 800 man posse of pro-slavers rode to Lawrence to arrest free soiler (opposed
slavery) leaders
•
The leaders escaped before the posse got there
•
Posse burned and looted the town, and murdered a man
Pottawatomie Massacre
•
John Brown decide to get revenge, he said “fight fire with fire”- angry at abolitionists for not doing
more
•
John Brown pulled 5 ABOLITIONISTS from their homes at night & hacked them up with
swords and knives
•
Kansas fell into civil war and around 200 people were killed
BLEEDING KANSAS
• N.Whig,
Charles Sumner
ridicules the Kansas-Neb.
Act insults several S.
Dem.s and slavery
• Preston
Brooks, the next
day confronts Sumner,
and beats him in
Congress with a cheering
crowd watching
• Many
congressmen start
coming with guns &
knives
ABRAHAM
LINCOLN
LINCOLN AND TODD
•
Born in Kentucky
•
Served four terms in Illinois legislature, one in
Congress
•
Was a Whig, joined Republicans in 1856
•
Supported their effort to halt the spread of slavery
•
Nominated for a Senate seat
•
Challenges Douglas to 7 debates across Illinois
•
Mary Todd Lincoln has been described as a short, lively
woman who came from a prominent Lexington, Kentucky,
family of slaveholders. Her husband, U.S. President
Abraham Lincoln, is supposed to have said that while
STEPHEN DOUGLAS
• Democrat
• Influential
Illinois
Senator for 9 years
• Involved
in the
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
LINCOLN V DOUGLAS- SLAVERY
DOUGLAS
LINCOLN
•
main issued in the campaign involved
slavery in the West
•
Claimed democrats wanted to spread slavery
across the continent
•
slavery was wrong but didn’t say he wanted
to stop slavery
•
“One of the methods of treating it as a wrong is to
make provision [ensure] that it shall grow no
larger”
•
Douglas Race-Baits Lincoln
•
Hoped that voters would be shocked by
Lincoln’s comments and not vote for him
•
“Lincoln thinks that the Negro is his
brother…Those of you who believe that the
Negro is your equal… of course will vote for
Mr. Lincoln.”
•
Criticized Lincoln for saying the nation could
not,
•
“Remain half slave and half free.”
•
On his view of racial equality he says:
•
“African Americans are not necessarily the
political or social equals of whites”
•
Douglas said that republicans wanted to
make every state a free state
•
But, “in the right to eat the bread which his own
hand ears, he [an African American] is my equal
and the equal of Judge [Stephen] Douglas.”
•
“This would only lead to a dissolution
[destruction] of the Union and warfare
between the North and the South.”
LINCOLN V DOUGLAS
• Douglas
wins
position in
Congress
• Lincoln
wins
popularity
DRED SCOTT
DECISON
DRED SCOTT
•
Scott was a slave to Dr. John
Emerson, an army surgeon in St.
Louis
•
Scott traveled into free states
with Dr. Emerson
•
When Dr. Emerson dies, Scott
sues for his freedom since he
lived in free states
•
The judge, Judge Taney, is from a
slave owning family in Maryland
and writes the majority decision
•
Keep in mind, the majority of the
Supreme Court was from the South
DRED SCOTT CASE
Supreme Court has 3 issues to decide
1.) Was Scott a US Citizen, therefore even able to sue in
federal court
2.) If Scott lived on free soil, does that qualify him as free
3.) Is it constitutional to prohibit slavery in the Louisiana
Purchase
MARCH 1857- DECISION
Issue #1- Was he a US citizen, therefore
allowed to sue
African American’s free or slave were not
citizens
They “had no rights which a white man
was bound to respect”
Did not have the right to sue
MARCH 1857- THE DECISION
Issue #2- Since he lived on free soil, does
that qualify him as free
Scott’s residence on free soil did not
make him free
“Status as free or slave depends on the
laws in Missouri”
MARCH 1857- THE DECISION
Issue #3- Constitutionality of prohibiting
slavery in Louisiana Purchase
Declared the Missouri Compromise
unconstitutional
Slaves were considered property
therefore…
Congress had no right to ban slavery in
any federal territory
DRED SCOTT
CASE
LINCOLN’S RESPONSE TO THE
DECISION
•
African Americans are “entitled to all the natural rights
in the Declaration of Independence; the right to life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
•
The sons of Peter Blow, Dred Scott’s original slaveholder,
helped pay Scott’s legal bills. Following the Supreme
Court’s decision, these childhood friends bought Scott and
his wife Harriet and freed them. Scott died within the
year.
THE RAID ON HARPER’S FERRY
•
John Brown, still trying to free all slaves comes up with plan for major slave rebellion
•
4 million slaves all united in revolt would easily over throw Southerners
•
Oct 1859- Plan requires stealing federal weapons from Harper’s Ferry- weapons would be used to
arm slaves to begin revolt
•
Just over 20 men, including 2 freed slaves begin the raid, which initially is successful
•
They take the weapons and he expects slaves to flock to him for their weapons- this does NOT happen
•
They are captured two days later, asked to surrender and Brown refuses. Many of Brown’s
men were killed, he was kept prisoner
•
Brown and four of his men were convicted of treason and hung two months later in Dec 1859
•
Though Northerners did not agree with his violence, they supported his cause and his story became
famous.
•
The Civil War begins less than a year later…
ELECTION 1860
• Republican
Party is born in 1854
• Northern
Whigs- Formed initially to oppose
Jackson and the Second Bank, party not always on
the same page.
• Northern
Democrats- grassroots, urban workers,
new immigrants
• Free-Soilers• Other
Act.
opposed slavery- free soil
miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska
ELECTION 1860
•
Abraham Lincoln- Republican (liberal)
•
Stephen Douglas- Northern Democrat (conservative)
•
John Bell- Constitutional Union (Former Whigs,
conservative)
•
John C Breckinridge- Southern Democrat (conservative)
ELECTION 1860
•
Lincoln won only 40% of popular vote
•
Lincoln won 0 electoral college votes in the South
•
Southern votes split= North strong and united= Lincoln win
•
South has lost all of its power, if added up, 123 electoral votes if South was
united
LINCOLN
• Gives
his first inaugural in March 1861
from unfinished Capital building
• We
are not enemies, but friends. We must
not be enemies. Though passion may
have strained it must not break our
bonds of affection. The mystic chords of
memory, stretching from every battlefield
and patriot grave to every living heart
and hearthstone all over this broad land,
will yet swell the chorus of the Union,
when again touched, as surely they will
be, by the better angels of our nature.
SCOREBOARD
•
Missouri Compromise 1818 (Slavery can expand)
South
•
Compromise of 1850 (Fugitive Slave Law)
South
•
The Kansas-Nebraska 1854 (Popular sovereignty)
South
•
The Dred Scot Decision 1857 (blacks not citizens)
South
•
The Election of 1860 (No Southern Support)
North
•
*****Southerners lose any effective chance to participate and succeed in the
political process
SECESSION
SECESSION
• Southerners
feared that Lincoln would abolish
slavery and end their way of living
• Lincoln
says I will not touch slavery in the
South… but it must come to an end
•4
days after Lincoln’s election, South
Carolina considers secession
• Secession-
the Union
act of formally withdrawing from
SECESSION
• Can
a state just up and leave the Union?
• Constitution
does not mention secession..
• Southerners-
Since every state voluntarily
agreed to become part of the Union (United
States), then they are allowed to also
voluntarily leave the Union
• Northerners-
You’re crazy, you cannot just
come and go as you please
SECESSION
• Dec 1860 South
Carolina secedes
• Feb
1861, SIX
more states follow:
Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama,
Georgia,
Louisiana, and
Texas
CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA
• February
4,
1861 seceding
states form
the
Confederate
States of
America- The
Confederacy.
RECENT CONTROVERSY
• Three
flags fly over the South Carolina State
House in Columbia, representing, from top,
the United States, the state of South Carolina,
and the Confederate States of America.
Controversy over the flying of the Confederate
flag over the State House increased in the late
1990s. Critics of the flag argued it should be
removed as a vestige of slavery, while others
claimed it should remain as a symbol of the
state’s heritage.
• July
10, 2015 after weeks of debate because of
racial tension, the flag was finally removed.
CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA
• Copied
slavery
the Constitution, added
• Jefferson
Davis voted
President, from Kentucky
• Davis
personally against
secession, would have rather just
served as a general in the armyhowever he took the job anyway