Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Technology during World War I wikipedia , lookup
American entry into World War I wikipedia , lookup
United States home front during World War I wikipedia , lookup
Historiography of the causes of World War I wikipedia , lookup
History of Germany during World War I wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of World War I wikipedia , lookup
Home front during World War I wikipedia , lookup
Causes of World War I wikipedia , lookup
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk wikipedia , lookup
WORLD WAR ONE EQ: HOW DID WWI BEGIN? CAUSES OF WWI M: Militarism A: Alliances N: Nationalism I: Imperialism A: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand CAUSES OF WWI: M A N I A M ILITARISM: Keeping armed forces always ready for war A LLIANCES: Agreements between countries forced them into war • When one country gets in to a conflict, the other countries get dragged in to it N ATIONALISM: Deep devotion to country; Can unify a country but causes intense competition among countries I MPERIALISM: competition for colonies pushed European nations to the brink of war A SSASSINATION: Killing of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand ALLIANCES LEADING TO WWI Otto von Bismark - Germany Unifies & works to keep peace in Germany Believes France wants revenge for loss of Franco-Prussian War in 1870 Sought to isolate France with treaties & alliances: Signs treaty with Russia in 1881 Forms Triple Alliance in 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS SPARKED WWI • Austria- Hungary and Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina • Austria-Hungary takes them over and this upset Serbia Serbian Response • Bosnia June 28, 1914 • Gavrilo Princip member of Serbian terrorist group assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife (Heirs to Austrian Throne) Austria’s Response • Austria planned to attack Serbia called on Germany its’ ally to help • Serbia had an alliance with Russia • July 23rd- Austria sent Serbia ultimatum (final demands) w/ 48 hours to respond • End all anti-Austria activities & Let Austrian officials do investigation of Ferdinand murder • Serbia agreed to all terms but investigation July 28, 1914: Austria declares war on Serbia EQ: HOW DID ALLIANCES & TECHNOLOGY IMPACT WWI? DOMINO EFFECT OF ALLIANCES • Austria declares war on Serbia for death of Ferdinand • Germany pledges support for Austria (German nationalism) • Russia pledges support for Serbia (Slavic nationalism) • Germany declares war on Russia • France pledges support for Russia • Germany declares war on France • Germany invades Belgium on the way to France • Great Britain wanted to sit out but allies with Belgium, GB declares war on Germany COUNTRIES PICK SIDES TRIPLE ALLIANCE (CENTRAL POWERS) Austria-Hungary Germany Bulgaria Ottoman Empire (Turkey) TRIPLE ENTENTE (ALLIED POWERS) Russia (leaves war in 1917) France Great Britain Japan Italy (switch sides in 1915) US (join in 1917) WHY IS IT A “WORLD WAR?” • Alliances forced many nations to declare war against each other • By the end, 30 nations on 6 continents will be involved • War started quickly since militaries are ready to fight (militarism) • It takes less than 2 months for most of Europe to be at war • First battle Aug. 22, 1914 TWO FRONT WAR • Germany wanted a quick victory in France and Russia, neither one happened • Schlieffen Plan: German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia • Plan to go through Belgium to France, didn’t go far enough west • Forced to retreat at First Battle of the Marne • Schlieffen Plan fails - Germany has to fight two-front war • Western Front: Between Germany & France • Eastern Front: Between Germany & Russia NEW TECHNOLOGY USED IN WWI • Machine guns- 600 bullets per minute • Poison Gas – Burned, blinded the soldiers • Mustard Gas • Tank – Smashed through barbed wire • Created by the British • Airplanes • 1917 Fighter Planes fought above trenches • Red Baron – Germany’s best pilot • Submarines • German U-boats • Guns and torpedoes used as defense TRENCH WARFARE IN WWI • World War I had weapons that were far more destructive but the tactics were not as advanced • Tactic of choice: Trench warfare • The war became a stalemate: neither side gets an advantage, long and bloody battles without any winners • No Man’s Land: Space between the trenches • Soldiers had to cross no man’s land to attack the enemy trenches RUSSIA STRUGGLES • Pushes into Austria & Germany but soon Russia is unable to sustain their force • By 1916, Russia suffering at war • Many casualties • Few supplies • Not Industrialized • Lagged behind Western Europe • Tried rapid industrialization in 1890’s which leads to: • Low wages, child labor, unsafe working conditions • Great divide between rich and poor • Revolutionary movements grow • But huge army keeps Russia a formidable force RUSSIAN REVOLUTION • Military failures, food shortages, and soaring inflation led to riots and strikes in Russia • Vladimir Lenin takes power • Followers called Bolsheviks • Leads Bolshevik Revolution (1917) • Changes govt to a communist system • Govt owned everything • Went as far as taking food from peasants to feed soldiers • Many unhappy with conditions; leads to civil war • Millions die from war, famine & flu • Bolsheviks win; Soviet Union (USSR) established in 1922 • Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Russia withdraws from the war in 1917 FIGHTING IN ASIA, PACIFIC, & AFRICA • Japan joined allies to capture German held islands in the Pacific • Australia and New Zealand seized islands also in Pacific • Ottoman Empire - Held the Russian Fleet in the Black Sea and stopped the Allies getting supplies into Russia • Africa - Fighting to take German colonies in Africa UNITED STATES’ AND WWI • In 1914 US announced a policy of neutrality • Isolationist view: country is best served by staying out of other countries affairs Events that pull the US into the war: 1. Unrestricted submarine warfare • German U-boat attacks • Lusitania sunk: 1200 people dead, 128 Americans • Germany violates Sussex Pledge by sinking 3 US ships UNITED STATES’ AND WWI CONT 2. Zimmerman Telegram • Telegram from German diplomat (Arthur Zimmerman) to Mexico intercepted • Wanted Mexico to join the war and fight America • Germany in exchange would help Mexico get back its lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona • This angered Americans • U.S. joins war in 1917 - “To make the world safe for democracy” PROPAGANDA • Information intended to influence people’s beliefs or actions • Usually used for political cause or point of view • France and Britain painted Germany as arrogant and cruel • Used to encourage men and women to join war effort SIGNING OF ARMISTICE • Nov 1918 - French, German, and British representatives meet in France • Germany agreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918 at 11a.m. • Armistice - Halt in fighting • Same train car used 22 years later for the French to surrender to Adolf Hitler • Kaiser Wilhelm removed - a new German Republic formed THE BIG FOUR • Group of leaders known as the Big Four dominate peace talks: • Woodrow Wilson - United States • Georges Clemenceau - France • David Lloyd George - Great Britain • Vittorio Orlando - Italy TREATY OF VERSAILLES •Britain & France want to punish Germany make them pay •Allied Powers force Germany to sign Treaty of Versailles, in June 1919 Result of Treaty of Versailles: 1.League of Nations created to keep world peace 2.Germany must: •Accept full responsibility •Pay reparations – 33 billion to Allies •Decrease military to 100,000 TREATY OF VERSAILLES 3. Territory - New nations formed from land owned by Central Powers, land returned to France, France & GB take control in Middle East • Countries of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia are created • Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire all lose lands = end of Empires • New countries created in southeastern Europe; Russia gives up land RESULTS OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES • Creates feelings of bitterness on both sides • German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war • America never signs Treaty of Versailles • Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe • Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence • Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want