Download WORLD WAR ONE

WORLD WAR ONE
EQ: HOW DID WWI BEGIN?
CAUSES OF WWI
M: Militarism
A: Alliances
N: Nationalism
I: Imperialism
A: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
CAUSES OF WWI: M A N I A
M ILITARISM: Keeping armed forces always ready for war
A LLIANCES: Agreements between countries forced them into war
• When one country gets in to a conflict, the other countries get
dragged in to it
N
ATIONALISM: Deep devotion to country; Can unify a country but
causes intense competition among countries
I
MPERIALISM: competition for colonies pushed European nations
to the brink of war
A
SSASSINATION: Killing of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand
ALLIANCES LEADING TO WWI
Otto von Bismark - Germany
 Unifies & works to keep peace in Germany
 Believes France wants revenge for loss of
Franco-Prussian War in 1870
 Sought to isolate France with treaties &
alliances:
 Signs treaty with Russia in 1881
 Forms Triple Alliance in 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS SPARKED WWI
• Austria- Hungary and Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Austria-Hungary takes them over and this upset Serbia
Serbian Response
• Bosnia June 28, 1914
• Gavrilo Princip member of Serbian terrorist group assassinated Archduke
Franz Ferdinand and wife (Heirs to Austrian Throne)
Austria’s Response
• Austria planned to attack Serbia called on Germany its’ ally to help
• Serbia had an alliance with Russia
• July 23rd- Austria sent Serbia ultimatum (final demands) w/ 48 hours to respond
• End all anti-Austria activities & Let Austrian officials do investigation of
Ferdinand murder
• Serbia agreed to all terms but investigation
July 28, 1914: Austria declares war on Serbia
EQ: HOW DID ALLIANCES &
TECHNOLOGY IMPACT WWI?
DOMINO EFFECT OF ALLIANCES
• Austria declares war on Serbia for death of Ferdinand
• Germany pledges support for Austria (German
nationalism)
• Russia pledges support for Serbia (Slavic nationalism)
• Germany declares war on Russia
• France pledges support for Russia
• Germany declares war on France
• Germany invades Belgium on the way to France
• Great Britain wanted to sit out but allies with Belgium, GB
declares war on Germany
COUNTRIES PICK SIDES
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
(CENTRAL POWERS)
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
TRIPLE ENTENTE
(ALLIED POWERS)
Russia (leaves war in 1917)
France
Great Britain
Japan
Italy (switch sides in 1915)
US (join in 1917)
WHY IS IT A “WORLD WAR?”
• Alliances forced many nations to declare war against
each other
• By the end, 30 nations on 6 continents will be
involved
• War started quickly since militaries are ready to fight
(militarism)
• It takes less than 2 months for most of Europe to be
at war
• First battle Aug. 22, 1914
TWO FRONT WAR
• Germany wanted a quick victory in France
and Russia, neither one happened
• Schlieffen Plan: German plan to
defeat France, then fight Russia
• Plan to go through Belgium to France, didn’t
go far enough west
• Forced to retreat at First Battle of the Marne
• Schlieffen Plan fails - Germany has to fight
two-front war
• Western Front: Between Germany & France
• Eastern Front: Between Germany & Russia
NEW TECHNOLOGY USED IN WWI
• Machine guns- 600 bullets per minute
• Poison Gas – Burned, blinded the soldiers
• Mustard Gas
• Tank – Smashed through barbed wire
• Created by the British
• Airplanes
• 1917 Fighter Planes fought above trenches
• Red Baron – Germany’s best pilot
• Submarines
• German U-boats
• Guns and torpedoes used as defense
TRENCH WARFARE IN WWI
• World War I had weapons that were far more
destructive but the tactics were not as advanced
• Tactic of choice: Trench warfare
• The war became a stalemate: neither side gets an
advantage, long and bloody battles without any
winners
• No Man’s Land: Space between the trenches
• Soldiers had to cross no man’s land to attack the
enemy trenches
RUSSIA STRUGGLES
• Pushes into Austria & Germany but soon Russia is unable to
sustain their force
• By 1916, Russia suffering at war
• Many casualties
• Few supplies
• Not Industrialized
• Lagged behind Western Europe
• Tried rapid industrialization in 1890’s which leads to:
• Low wages, child labor, unsafe working conditions
• Great divide between rich and poor
• Revolutionary movements grow
• But huge army keeps Russia a formidable force
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• Military failures, food shortages, and soaring inflation led to riots
and strikes in Russia
• Vladimir Lenin takes power
• Followers called Bolsheviks
• Leads Bolshevik Revolution (1917)
• Changes govt to a communist system
• Govt owned everything
• Went as far as taking food from peasants to feed soldiers
• Many unhappy with conditions; leads to civil war
• Millions die from war, famine & flu
• Bolsheviks win; Soviet Union (USSR) established in 1922
• Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Russia withdraws from
the war in 1917
FIGHTING IN ASIA, PACIFIC, & AFRICA
• Japan joined allies to capture German held
islands in the Pacific
• Australia and New Zealand seized islands also in
Pacific
• Ottoman Empire - Held the Russian Fleet in the
Black Sea and stopped the Allies getting supplies
into Russia
• Africa - Fighting to take German colonies in
Africa
UNITED STATES’ AND WWI
• In 1914 US announced a policy of
neutrality
• Isolationist view: country is best served
by staying out of other countries affairs
Events that pull the US into the war:
1. Unrestricted submarine warfare
• German U-boat attacks
• Lusitania sunk: 1200 people dead, 128
Americans
• Germany violates Sussex Pledge by
sinking 3 US ships
UNITED STATES’ AND WWI CONT
2. Zimmerman Telegram
• Telegram from German diplomat (Arthur
Zimmerman) to Mexico intercepted
• Wanted Mexico to join the war and fight
America
• Germany in exchange would help
Mexico get back its lost territories of
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
• This angered Americans
• U.S. joins war in 1917 - “To make the
world safe for democracy”
PROPAGANDA
• Information intended to
influence people’s beliefs or
actions
• Usually used for political
cause or point of view
• France and Britain painted
Germany as arrogant and cruel
• Used to encourage men and
women to join war effort
SIGNING OF ARMISTICE
• Nov 1918 - French, German, and
British representatives meet in France
• Germany agreed to an armistice on
November 11, 1918 at 11a.m.
• Armistice - Halt in fighting
• Same train car used 22 years later for
the French to surrender to Adolf Hitler
• Kaiser Wilhelm removed - a new
German Republic formed
THE BIG FOUR
• Group of leaders known as the Big Four
dominate peace talks:
• Woodrow Wilson - United States
• Georges Clemenceau - France
• David Lloyd George - Great Britain
• Vittorio Orlando - Italy
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
•Britain & France want to punish Germany make them pay
•Allied Powers force Germany to sign Treaty
of Versailles, in June 1919
Result of Treaty of Versailles:
1.League of Nations created to keep world
peace
2.Germany must:
•Accept full responsibility
•Pay reparations – 33 billion to Allies
•Decrease military to 100,000
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
3. Territory - New nations formed from
land owned by Central Powers, land
returned to France, France & GB take
control in Middle East
• Countries of Czechoslovakia, Poland,
Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia are
created
• Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire all
lose lands = end of Empires
• New countries created in
southeastern Europe; Russia gives up
land
RESULTS OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES
• Creates feelings of bitterness on both
sides
• German people feel bitter and betrayed
after taking blame for war
• America never signs Treaty of Versailles
• Many Americans oppose League of
Nations and involvement with Europe
• Some former colonies express anger over
not winning independence
• Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less
land than they want