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Name Key BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2004 – KEY EXAMINATION #2 (PART 1) Date MULTIPLE CHOICE.For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (20%, 2% each) 6. Which of the following is why dogs come 1. Which of the following is an assumption in such diverse breeds as pugs, of scientific philosophy? chihuahuas, poodles, and great danes? a. Different events cannot have the a. Artificial selection. same cause. b. Genetic drift. b. Only experimental observations can c. Outbreeding. prove hypotheses to be true. d. Sexual selection. c. Sense experience reflects reality. e. None of the above. d. The universe is disordered. e. None of the above. (None are assumptions) 7. Low genetic diversity in cheetahs is a result of… 2. In a population at Hardy-Weinberg a. bottleneck effect. equilibrium, if the frequency of BB is b. heterozygote advantage. 0.64, then what is the frequency of bb? c. neutral alleles. a. 0.04 d. phenotypic plasticity. b. 0.20 e. random mating. c. 0.32 d. 0.36 8. If a population of 5,000 is undergoing e. None of the above logistic growth with a yearly intrinsic rate of increase of 0.50, and a carrying 3. The “creation” of curly winged flies in the capacity of 10000 then what is the size of laboratory in The Evolution Explosion is the population after 2 years? (round decimals up) an example of which of the following? a. 6125 a. genetic drift b. 7336 b. gene flow c. 7500 c. heterozygote advantage d. 7657 d. natural selection e. None of the above. e. sexual selection 4. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? a. no genetic drift b. no gene flow c. no mutation d. no natural selection e. no random mating 5. Local species richness would be greatest under which of the following conditions? a. low nutrients, low disturbance b. low nutrients, intermediate disturbance c. internediate nutrients, intermediate disturbance d. high nutrients, low disturbance e. high nutrients, high disturbance 9. Which of the following is a correct species name? (wolf) a. Canis Lupus b. Canis lupus c. Lupus d. lupus e. None of the above 10. Which of the following increases genetic variation in a population? a. Genetic drift b. Inbreeding c. Mutation d. Natural selection e. None of the above (all decease variation) FILL-IN-THE-BLANK.For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words in the available space, sketch, or label as appropriate. (10%) 1. Fill in the missing ranks in the Linnean 3. Identify three things that are “wrong” or Classification. (2%) misleading about this illustration. (6%) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 2. Fill in the lines on the population growth graphs below. (2%) Exponential Growth a. Depicts evolution as progress. Logistic Growth b. Depicts evolution as linear. # # c. Shows social bias with a male time time European as “goal” of evolution. DEFINITIONS.For the following BIOLOGICAL words or phrases define them as accurately and concisely as possible. (20%, 4% each) 1. Ecological succession: Change in community structure over time (usually regulated by competition). 2. Genetic drift: Change in gene frequency in a (frequently small) population due to chance. 3. Monophyletic group: A group composed of an ancestor (ancestral species) and all of its descendants. (or… An ancestral species and everything it becomes.) 4. Natural selection: Differential reproduction (survival) based on differences in inherited characteristics. (or… Differences in reproduction due to differences in inherited characteristics.) 5. Science: A belief that natural phenomena have natural causes that can be revealed by empirical evidence. Name Key BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2004 EXAMINATION #2 (PART 2) Date FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS.For the following, address each in as concise and lucid a manner as possible. Do NOT exceed the space provided. (50%) 1. The Amazon Basin of South America (called Amazonia) is a hot, wet tropical forest area along the equator. (a) Briefly explain why Amazonia is climatically wet? (6%) Wet – Air Cells/Intertropical Convergence; Warm wet air rises at the equator cooling and releasing water as rain. (It then moves to about 30° N & S Latitude where it descends and warms picking up water as it moves back towards the equator.) Amazonia is one of the most species rich places on the planet. (b) What are two regional patterns of species richness that would allow you to predict that Amazonia would have high species richness? (2%) Amazonia is (1) in the tropics, is (2) a large area of similar habitat, and is (3) in the middle of a large continent (not an island or a peninsula). The climatic conditions in Amazonia during the last ice ages caused repeated periods where the rainforest was broken into smaller areas separated by grassland, later the tropical forest continuous again. (c) Briefly, how could this past pattern increase species diversity in Amazonia? (4%) This process would cause significant amounts of allopatric speciation via the separation of areas of the same habitat. (Allopatric speciation is the most common mode of speciation.) 2. Two populations of white clover were sampled for their genotype for a cyanide production gene. The allele C increases cyanide production by the plants. The allele c blocks cyanide production. Cyanide discourages grazers but harms or kills the plant when the temperature dips below freezing. cc individuals CC individuals Cc individuals climate population St. Petersburg, Russia 0 200 800 cold Istanbul, Turkey 500 450 50 warm (a) Calculate the Hardy-Weinberg expected numbers for both populations and indicate if each is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (8%) St. Pete. 200 c alleles/2000 alleles = 0.10 = freq. of c, freq. C – 0.90 P2 = 0.102 = 0.01; 2pq = 2(0.10)(0.90) = 0.18; q2 = 0.902 = 0.81 Expected = 10 CC; 180 Cc; 900 cc Istanbul. 550 c alleles/2000 alleles = 0.275 = freq. of c, freq. C – 0.725 P2 = 0.7252 = 0.52; 2pq = 2(0.725)(0.0.275)=0.40; q2 = 0.2752 = 0.08 Expected= 520CC; 400Cc; 80cc Both populations are NOT at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (b) Interpret your results above in terms of evolution of the two populations using all the information above. Briefly, what evolutionarily is happening to the allele frequencies in each population? (4%) St. Petersburg – The population is evolving due to selection against C. Istanbul – The population is evolving due to selection against c. 3. (a) Use the data below to construct a phylogenetic tree of the mythical species in the left column. Show the derived traits on your phylogenetic tree. (14%) garden gnome field gnome eastern pixie western pixie island pixie troll (outgroup) wings absent absent present present present absent garden gnomes warts no warts no warts no warts no warts no warts warts field gnomes nose stubby stubby slender slender slender slender eastern pixies ear tips rounded rounded rounded pointed pointed rounded western pixies eye color green green green golden golden green size small small small small small large island pixies pointed ear tips golden eye color stubby nose wings no warts small size (b) Island pixies are very anatomically distinctive, having undergone more evolutionary change than other pixies and gnomes. Based on the distributions map of these species below, why would you expect island pixies to have changed so much via evolution? (4%) island pixies west. pixies The island pixies are on an island. They likely have or experienced a small population land size if the species started via a founding event. Therefore, the species probably experienced genetic drift. (Possibly natural selection if the island environment is notably different than the mainland environment.) east. pixies field gnomes garden gnomes water c) In the laboratory field gnomes and garden gnomes will mate and produce fertile offspring. However, field and garden gnomes are very distinctive anatomically, never contact each other in the wild (see map above), live in different habitats, and eat very different foods. Indicate if people using the Biological Species Concept and the Evolutionary Species Concept would recognize either one species (gnomes as a single species, including both field and garden) or two species (field gnomes & garden gnomes as separate species). Briefly explain their reasoning. (8%) Someone using the Biological Species Concept would recognize only one species of gnome because this concept only considers ability to interbreed. Someone using the Evolutionary Species Concept would probably recognize two species of gnome because this concept considers all data (data concerning independent evolution such as morphological and ecological differences).