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(Abstract)
\i.Sc Appliecl Chcmistrr,- syllabus under Choice based Credit Semester System
I)rogramme with effect from 2O0B admissions - implemented - orders issued
GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH - I J SECTION
No. GA tlJ2i42sl2Oo8
Dated, Calicut University. P.O., 20.Al.2OO9.
Read:
1. U.O.No.GAl /.lr I l373l08 dated Ol .07.2008
2. Item No.1 of the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies
Applied Chemistry held on 27.O8.2OO8
in
Item No.2 (xxxvi) of the minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of
Science held on 29.O8.2OO8.
4. Item No.ll A(30) of the minutes of the meeting of the Academic Council
held on 07.10.2008
ORDER
As per paper read as 1 above Choice based Credit Semester System was
introduced for all PG regular programmes in the Departments/Schools of this
U
niversity.
The Board of Studies in Applied Chemistry vide paper read as 2 above,
consiclered the s-vllabus (Semester I & II) of MSc Applied Chemistry (Choice based
Credit Semester System) prepared by the Departmental Council, Department of
Chemistry, University of Calicut in tune u.ith the regulations of the Choice based
Credit Semester System programme & approved the sarne.
The Facult_v- of Science vide paper read as 3 above, endorsed the same and
\
w'hich was approved by the Academic Council vide paper read as 4 above.
Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the syllabus of
Ivl.Sc Applied Chemistry
1 and 2 Semesters with effect from 2008 admission.
The syllabus has been appended.
Orders are issued accordingly.
sd/ASSTSTANT REGTSTRAR (G&A-I)
For REGISTRAR.
'fo
The Head of the Department of Chemistry,
University of Calicut
Copy to : 1. The Controller of Examinations/EX Section
DR (PG) / Exam. Enquiry/ Information
Centres/@ & A-l 'F' Sn./G&A III/
CCSS SN,DCMS/SF/FC
ForwardedlBy order
AQ?^v;Li
SBCTION OFFICER
l) \Rarnanr\(l&A l\.1 se(liorr\or(ler\a23 08 2l I 2009 tloc
Courses ollbred for M Sc Applied Chcrnistry programme under CCSS
(.ourse codt:
'fitle
Type
of thc course
ir
iir
Credits
Scnrester I
,-*i
1C0l
ACI
I
C02
lnorganic Chenristry
ncil
rc03
Organic Chenristry I
I
I C10,1
Physical Chcnrislry
Core
J
Core
)
;\.CI
ACII
ICO5
AClt lc06
ACII ICOT
Scnrcstcr
,\cll
Quantum Chenristry
I
I
l)rar:tical lnorganic
I
Core
3
Core
J
Core
.,
.,
l)ractical Organic
I
Corc
l)ractioal I'hvsical
I
Core
)
Crlrc
-t
Corc
3
2
2c08
Croup 'l'lrcory
&
Spcutrosct-rpy
ACI I 2CO9
Inorganic Chemistry II
ACI I 2C t0
Organic Chemistry
ACII2CI
l'hysical Chenristry
I
ACTI2CI2
ll
ll
Core
J
Core
J
I)ractical Inorganic II
Core
2
ACll2Cl3
l)r'aclical Organio
Il
Core
2
Aclt 2cr4
l)raictical l'hysical
I
I
Core
2
Scnrester 3
ACII3CI5
lnorganic Chemistry
Core
3
,,\CI I 3C I6
Organ)c Chernistry III
Core
4
ACil 3Cr7
[)hysical Chcrnistry
lll
Core
3
Core
2
III
ACI-I 3CIIJ
Praclical : Instrunrental methods of Analysis
ACII
Computational Chcmistry
E.lectivc
1
ACI I 3 tr02
lnstrumcntal mcthotls ol'Analysis 1'heory and lnstrumenlation
lllective
4
ACI I 3EO3
Organr-rmctallic Chemistry
Electivc
4
Acl l -lti0.l
Chcnristry of Nano materials
ElecLive
4
ACII 3E05
Solid state Chernistry
Eler:tivc
4
ACI I 3lj06
Synthctic Organic Chemistry
Illectivc
,1
Core
lt
3DOI
Sernester.{
ACll 4Cl9
Proj ccUDissertation
nL-l I 4E07
l3
ACII lE0ti
I)ioorganic Chcmistry
ACI t 4809
Natural products
ACI I 411l0
Industrial catalysis
ACH 4Eu
Chenr istry o l' Sl,nthetic Poll,nrer
Dlcctivc
4
ACtt4El2
Chemistry
Dlectivc
4
ACI I 4II I3
ioirrorganic Chemistly
o
Ele
lNatural Polymer
ctir
e
4
lllcctivc
.t
ElecLive
4
Elective
4
Fuel Cells
Elective
4
ACI 4ll l4
I'hamraceut ical Clrenristry
Il]octive
4
ACI 4Ul5
Chenristry of Ceran.ric Materjals
Electivc
4
ACI]4EI6
Crecn Chemistry
Elcctive
4
ACI'i 4til7
Advanccd Synthcsis and Catalysis- New Synthetic
Methodologies
llleclive
4
Minimum credits required for a pass
Core Courscs (othcr than proj ect/d issertation )
Elective Courses
Proj ect/Di sscrtation
'fotal
:
:
:8
-a1
.
4ti
16
lL
For Morc Details:
llead of the Departmcnt, Departnlent oi'Chcmistry Universityy of
ol Calicrrt,
Calic
Calicut tJnivcrsity
[Jnivcrsity P.O.,
I'].O., 673 635.
635. Kerala.
-t-
i
UMVERSITY OF CALICUT
M.
Senrester
Sc.
Applied Chem.istry
I Quantum Chemistry
ACH
IJNIT
(3 Credits)
1COT
I
a) Mathematical concepts
Co-ordinate systenr: Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar co-ordinates and their
rclationships. Conrplex nunrbers: Definition, conrplex conjugate, Absolute value
of
a
complex nunrber, contplex functions.
Elenrents of operator algebra: Definition of an operator, Linear and nonlinear operators, 'Del'
and 'del squared' operators and their expressions in cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates. Eigen flnction andEigen va.lues of an operator, Eigen value equation, Hernritian
operators, Eigen functions of conrnruting operators, Well-behaved functions, normarlized and
orthogonal 1unctions.
b) Brief history of quantum mechanics
Plank's quantunt Postulates, Einstein's quantunl theory of radiation, Explanation of plroto
electric eff'ect, Milliken's verification of Einstein's photoelectric equation, wave-particle
duality of radiation, wave particle duality of particles, de Broglie matter waves, Electron
dithaction, Heisenberg's Matrix Mechanics (brief nrention), Schrodinger's wave mechanics,
Deduction ofSchrodinger equation flonr classical wave equation.
c) Formulation of quantum mechanics - The Postulates of quantum mechanics
State function postulate, Operator postulate, Eigen value postulate, Expectation value
postulate, Postulate of time dependent Schrodinger Equation of nrotion, Conservative slstenl
and tinre-independent Schrodinger aluation, Stationary states, Formulation of a quantunt
mechanical problem.
UNIT
II
a) Quantum nrechanics of translational motion
The particle in a one-dinrensional box-complete treatment. The particle in a three-dinrensional
box (consider rectangular and cubic boxes), Separation of variables, Degeneracy, Symmetry
breaking. Treatnrent of nrore than one particle (non-interacting) in a box. Introduction to
Tunneling.
b) Quantum Mechanics of vibrational motion
Harmonic oscillator (complete treatnlent): Method of power series, Hermite equation and
Hermite polynornials, Recursion fbrmula, Rodrigue's fbrnrula, Wave functions and energies,
Important f'eatures of the problem, Harmonic oscillator and nrolecular vibrations, Threedinrensional harnroni c oscill ator.
I.'MT
III
Quantunr Mechanics of rotational motion
Rigid rotator (complete treatment): The wave equation in spherical polar coordinates. Planar
rigid rotator (or Particle on a ring), The Phi-equation, Solution of the Phi-equation, Handling
of Inraginary wave functions, Wave functions in the real fornr, Polar diagranu.
Nonplanar rigid rotator (or particle on a sphere ), Separation of variables, The Phi-equation
and the Theta-equation and their solutions, Legendre and Associated Legendre equations,
Legendre and Associated Legendre polynontials, Spherical harmonics (Imaginary and real
fornrs). Polar diagranu of spherical harnronics. Spherical harmonics as eigen functions of
angular montentunl operators L2 and L., Quantization of angular momentun'I, Angular
nromentum quantunl numbers, Space qu anti zati on.
-o
UNIT IV
Quantunr Meclranics of Ilydrogen - Likc atonrs
P<ltential energy ol'hydrogen-like systenrs. The wave ecluation in spherical polar cooldinatcs,
Separal.ion ol varial'rles. The R, Theta and Phi equations and their soltrtions, Laguerre and
Associated Laguerre polynonrials, Wave l'uncl.ions and energies ol' hydrogen-like atonrs,
Olbitals. Radial lunctions and Radial distrihution lunctions and their pkrts, Angular
l'unctions (Spherical harnronics) and their plots, Orhital diagrants.
Explanation ol'IJydlogen spectrunr, Fine structure, 'fhe postulate ol-spin by Uhlenbcck and
Goudsrrtith, Dirac's Relativistic Schlrxlinger equation lill hydrogen atom and discovery of
spin, Flydrogen wave functions including spin or Spin orbitals, Construction of Spin orbiruls
lionr Orbitals and Spin lirnctions.
UNIT V
Many-electron atonrs and approxirnation melhods
Many-budy problern, Approxinratit)n nrefthods. Independent ;tarticle nrodel, Distribution of
electrons in ntany electron atonrs, St<lner's rule.
Variation ntethod, Variation the<lrenr witlr prootl lllustration of variation theorenr using a trial
ttnction [e.9., x (a-x) | tbr particle in a lD-box, Variation treatnrent lbr the ground state ol'
Ileliunt atonr, Efl-ective nuclear clrarge.
Perturbation method, 'finre-independent perturbrtion nrethod (non-degenerate cirse only),
Illustrttion by applicatiorr to particle in t lD-box with slanted bottonr, Peltur-bation treatnrent
ol'l,lre glound state of the helitrnr atonr.
I-Iartree-Iiock S el t-Consi stent Fi el d ([-IF-S CF) nrethod.
Slater's treatment o1'conrplex atonrs, Slater Orbitals, Slater's rules lbr calculating Slatcr
orbitals.
UNIT VI
'
Elcctron spin and atonric structurc
Construction ol' wave tunctions including spin lir many electnrn atoms, Synrnretric and
antisyntnretl'ic wave lunctions, Pauli's antisynlnletry principlc, Slatel deternrinants, Pauli's
exclusion principle.
Vector tnodel ()f fltoms and spectr<tscopic terrns
Cotrpling of angular rnomenta, LS and jj- couplings, LS coupling and Spect-nlscopic ternt
synrbols fbr aftrnt^s. Brief nrentiort of selection nrle in atonric spectroscol)y. Electronic
sPectfunl of hydrogen atotu - the line stllrcture of H* line ol'theBalnrer series. The elcctlrnic
spectr-unr ol'IIeliunt and Lithiunr ittonts- Brie[ discussion.
UNIT YII Chenrical Bonding
I
i) Schr<ldinger ecluation lirr a nrolecule, Brlrn - C)ppenheinrer approxinration.
ii) Molecular orbiral (MO) rheory
MO theory of FIz*. MO theory ol'I'lz. MO treatnrent ol'honronuclear diatonric molecules Li2,
Bez, Cz, Nz, Oz, Fz and hetero nuclear diatonric molecules LiH, CO, NO, HF. Correlation
diagrants, Noncrossing rule. Spectroscopio ternr synrbols tbr diatonric molecules.
iii) Valencc Bond (VB) thcory
VB therxy of I{2. VB theory of nrore conrplex nroleculqs: Bonding in BeH2, H2O, NFI,,
Orbital overlap. Molecular geonlet-ry, I-Iybridization, Exanrples: Methane, Water, Ethylene,
and Acetylene, Multiple bonds, VSEPR theory.
UNIT
VIII
Chcrnical llonding
II
i) MO theory fbr more conrplex nrolecules - HMO theory of linear conjugated hydrocarbons
(Ethylene, Butadicne, Allylic anion), Charge on an atonr, bond order, Calculation of ti'ee
valencc. IIMO theory of ar<>matic hydrociutons (benzene). Fornrula lilr the roots of Lhc
lluckel deterrrtinarttal equation, Flost-I-Iuckcl cilcle nrnenronic device tbr cyclic: polyenes.
hltermolecular I'6rces - Inter molecular lorces - ion dipole, dipole-dipole, ioninduced dipole, dipole-induced di;loie and dispersion interactions - rtathematical
ii)
expressions - donor-acceptor interactions - Lennard Jones porcntial.
REFERENCES
1 . F.L. Pilar, Elententary Quulum Clwmistry, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
2. P.W. Atkins, Molecular qu(uilum nrcchanics,2"d Erlition, Oxfbrd University Press, 1983.
3. M.W. Hanna, Quanlunt ircclutnics in Chemistry,2"d Edition, W.A. Benjamin Inc., 1969.
4. I.N. Levine, Qutuilunt Chenisttl, 5'h Edition, Pearsou Education Inc., 2003.
5. D.A. McQuarlie, Quontum ClwnisttT, University Science Books, I983.
6. J.P. Lowe, Quantunt Chentistry,z"d Edition, Acadenric Press Inc., 1993.
7. A.K. Chandra, Introduction to Quanltutt Clrcmis't17, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1994.
8. L. Pauling and E.B. Wilson, Intrutluction to Qututttutt Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1935 (A
good source book for nrany derivations).
9. R.L. Flurry, Jr., Quannrm Chenristry, Prentice Hall, 1983.
10. R.K. Prasad, Quttnlunt Chenistry,2"d Edition, New Age International' 2000
11. M.S. Pathania, Quuiunt Clrcmistry uttl Spectroscopy (Problenrs & Solnlions), Vishal
Publications, 1984.
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
M.
Semester
Sc.
Applied Chemistry
I Inorganic Chemistry I (3 Credits)
ACH
1CO2
UNIT I
Peliodic properties of elements. Periodic anomalies of the nonmetals and posttransition metals. Octet rule, concepts of resonance and hybridisation, VSEPR
nrodel,structure of molecules.Electronegativity and partial ionic character, lattice
energy, Born-Lande equation,Fajans and Slater's rules, radius ratio rule,structure of
simple solids.
UNIT II
Acid-Base chemistry - concepts of Bronsted and Lewis, strength of acids and bases,
Flard and soft acids and bases.Comparison of softness and hardness, charge/size
etTects. The Drago-Wayland equation. Heterogenous acid-base reactions. Surface
acids and Super acids. Classification of solvents. Acid base concepts in non-aqueous
solvents, levelling effect. Reactions in liquid NHr, SOz, HzSO+ and HF, Molten salts.
UNIT
III
preparation, reactions, structure and bonding, styx numbers, closo,
nido, araclino polyliedral structures. Boron cluster compounds. Wade's rule,
polyhedral borane anion, carbornes, metalloboranes, metallo carboranes, synthesis,
structure and bonding. Borazines and borides
Boronhydrides
-
UNIT IV
Polymorphism of C, P and S. Fullerenes and endohedral metallo fullerenes. Silicates
and aluminosilicates - structure, molecular sieves - zeolites. Silicones- synthesis
structure and uses.Carbides and silicides. Phosphorous-nitrogen, phosphoroussulphur and sulphur-nitrogen compounds-synthesis, structure, bonding and uses.
UNIT V
Extraction of elements, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Reduction of oxide ores Ellingham diagram, reduction potentials, Latimer and Frost diagrams, Pourbaix
diagrams. Principles of powder metallurgy. Metallic corosion and passivity. Isopolyand heteropoly anions of Mo and W.
Halogens in positive oxidation states, Interhalogens, pseudohalogens and cluster and
polyhalides, Metal halides. Noble gas Chemistry - noble gas compounds, formation
structure, bonding and stability.
UNIT VI
Lanthanides and Actinides, sources, extraction and separation, stable oxidation states,
oxidation state IV of Ce, Pr and Tb, oxidation state II of Eu, Sm and Yb. The
lanthanide-and actinide contractions, difference between 4f and 5f orbitals, separation
of lanthanides and actinides, Lanthanide complexes, use of lanthanide complexes.
NMR-shift reagents. Uranyl compounds. Trans - actinide elements. Super heavy
elements - production and chemistry.
h
TJNI'T'VII
Introductiort 1o coordination chemistry. 'l'ypes ol'ligands, anrbidcrrtate, chelate altcl
ntacrocyolio lgarnds ancl complexes, isomcrism ernd nornenclature., I.'oiination
corlstatt[s, Iitctors inllLrenoing stabiliLy, nrethods ol' detellrination ol' stability
constzlnts. Chelate and rnacrocyclic cll-eots. Verlance bond theory altd its limitarions.
TJNIT
VIII
'l-hc crystal freld-and ligancl Ileld theorios
- Orbilal splitting in octahcdral, tetrahcdral,
s(lrretl'e planar, sLluare pyrarnridal ancl triogonal biphyralnidal Ilclds. Signi(icance ot'
l0Dq, farctors allecting crystal field splitting, spectrochcmical and nephclauxetic
sclies, Jahn-'l'cl cr cll'ect.
I
ITIIFURIiNCES
l. D.l'-. Shrivcr, P.W. Attains and C.ll. Langlbrd, lnorganic Chemistry, Ilt.US.
2. K.F. PLrrcell ancl J.C. Kotz, lnorganic Chcmistly, W.B. Saunders Company.
3. J.E. Lluheey, lnorganio Chenristry - Principles of SLructure and Reactivity.
4. I".A. cl.tto. and G. wilkir-rson, Adv.ocd Inorganic chcmistry.
5. L.V. Azarol], IntrodLrctiorr to Solicls, Mc Graw llill. New york.
6. C. Wullsberg Inorganio chemistry, Viva,2OO2.
7. Il. 1r I)ouglas, D.ll Mo Daniel and J..l Alcxandcr. Conceots and rnodels o['
Inorganic chcrnistry, 3'd Ed., John Wilcy,200l.
vvs:rf requ?
.aJnemele ebinitcs
_
zrsr-f .zbnuoqrnoc lyns.rU .zlneltser ttt'rle-5ll,tlA
.::,;,,.. ii:: I'i'lr, jt.,.j:t_Lr ;,,:-; _ .::,.-.,.iLj-
"6^
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
M.
Semester
Sc.
Applied Cltemistry
I Organic Chemistry I
ACH
(3 Credits)
1CO3
UNIT I
a) Bonding -M.O. Theory, Electron Delocalization and Aromaticity
Molecular Orbitals, Huckel M.O Theory, Qualitative applications of HMO theory to
delocalized fl systems (ii) Valance bond theory and Resonance (Including resonance
energy and resonance hybrid). (iii) Stability of delocalized zr- systems of (a) butadiene
molecule (b) allylic cation, anion and radical by V.B. theory and MO theory. (iv)
Stability of cyclic n-systems by HMO- theory. Aromaticity, Antiaromaticity, Mobius
twist and aromaticity, Homoaromaticity, Aromaticity of different Annulenes,
Aromaticity in charged rings and Aromaticity in fused ring systems. (v) Stability of
benzylic systems.
a) (i) Hydrogen bonding ( inter and intramolecular ) (ii) Effects of hydrogen
bonding on (a) boiling point of liquids, (b) acidity/basicity, ( c) stability of
hydrates, (d) Stability of conformational isomers (e) Characteristics of erythro and
threo isomers ( to be illustrated with examples in each case) (iii) crown ethers.
UNIT II
Acidity, Basicity, Solvent effects in Organic Chemistry
Acidity and Basicity, Definition of pKa, Lewis acids and Bases, Bronsted acids
,
and
Bases, HSAB principles
Soiute solvent interactions, inlemrolecular forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole
forces, dipole induced forces, electron pair donor-electron pair acceptor interactions
(EPD/EPA). Solvation and Co-ordination numbers. Classification of Solvents:
Solvents with poor hydrogen bonding capability, Solvent with moderate Hydrogen
bonding capability, Solvents with Strong Hydrogen bonding capabilities.
Classification of solvents according to chemical constitution- Molecular liquids, Ionic
liquids and liquid crystals. Classihcation of solvents according to acid-base behavior:
- Classification of organic solvents according to Bronsted Acid-Base behavior.
Amphiprotic solvents Qlleutral, protogenic and protophilic solvents. Water as an
amphiprotic solvent. Aprotic solvents: - Dipolar protophilic solvents, Dipolar
Protophobic solvents and inert solvents (examples only). Properties of Hard Lewis
acids, Soft Lewis acids, Hard Lewis Bases and Soft Lewis bases- Examples.
Classification of solvents in terms of specific Solute/Solvent interaction (Dipolar
aprotic solvents, protic solvents and apolar aprotic solvents. Solvent effect on
atsorption spectra: - Examples of positive solvatochromic dyes and negative
solavtochromic dyes.
UNIT
III
Basic concepts in the Study of organic Reaction Mechanisms
Acidity constant, Hammett acidity function, reactive intermediates and their
characterization. Isotope effects, stereochemical correlation, Kinetic Vs
thermodynamic control.
Tralsition state, Potential energy Vs reaction co-ordinates, substituenet ef1-ects
(inductive. mesomeric, inductomeric, electromeric and field effects) on reactivity.
Quantitative correlation of substituent effects- Linear free enelgy relationships,
-+-
I-larnntet ccluations, scparation
of polar resonance and steric effects and 'l'a11's
equations.
UNIT IV
Stereochemistry
Dissynrmetry, asymmetry, chirality-simple and alternating ( mirror ) axis of
symmelry- conditions lbr optical activity , isotopic asymmetric variation and specilic
rotation of the same compound in sign and magnitude under dilferent conditionsrelative and absolute configurations, - D and L notaLions, - sequence rule- R ancl S
systems in cyclio and trcyclio compounds - optioal isomerism of compounds
contaitring one or morc asymnretric carbon atoms. Enantiotopic, Ilomotopic ,
Diastereotopic hydrogen atoms, proohiral oentre.
Optical isomerism of compounds haviug no asymmetric carbon atom. Biphenyls:
Condition lbr optical activity in biphenyls- number of substituents and their size in
relation to the stability of optical isomers, l{&S notation. Atropisomers- Restricted
rotation in biphenyls- molecular overcrowding- chirality due to lblding of helical
structure. Allenes and Spiro compounds- (structure alone) - Condition fbr optical
ar:tivity and R & S notations.
Optical isomerism of Nitrogen & Sulphur compounds. Condition fbr opticat activity
and R&S notations. Modern theory of the structure of C: C, absenoe of liee rotation
in clouble bonds, nomenclature of geometrical isomers, E& Z notation of compounds
with one ol'more double bonds in acyclic systems.
Stercoohemistry of Aldoximes, and ketoximes. Types of isomers. Methocls of
detennining
the configuration of
geometrical isomers
in acyclic systems,
interconvertion of geonretrical isomers.
UNIT V
Conformational Analysis- Part I
Dil'ference between configuration and confbrnration. Internal lactors affecling the
stability o1'molecules- dipole interaction, bond opposition strain, bond angle sirail.
Perspective and Ncwman projections- representation of dil'lerent confbrmaLions.
Ccl.rfbrmation of acyclio compounds- lithane, n-butane, alkene dihalides, glycols,
chloro hydrines, tartaric acid, crythro and threo isomers, aldhydes and ketones
(acetaldehyde, acetone).
Interconversion of axial and equatorial bonds in chair confbrmation- clistanoe between
the various I{ atoms and C atoms in both chair and boat conformations.
Monosubstituted cyclohexane - methyl and t-butyl cyclohexanes- flexible and rigid
systems. Conlbrmation o1' disubstitLrted cyclohexanes (1:1; 7:2; 1 :3 and 1 :4).
Conlbrmation ol' substitutcd cyclohexanone- 2-bromocyclohexanone, dibromo
cyclohexanone, (cis& trans) and 2-bromo-4, 4-dimethyl cyclohexanone. Anchoring
groLlp and conlbnnationally biased molecules, Conformations of 1:4 cis and trani
disubstituted cyclohexanes in which one of the substituent is t-butyl and their
importancc in assessing the reactivity of an axial or equatorial substituent.
Conlormations of decaline, adamentane, sucrose and lactosc.
UNIT VI
Conformational Analysis Part 2
Ef'feot of confbrmatiou on the course and ratc of reactions in (a) Debromination of dl
and meso 2, 3-dibromobutane or stilbene dibromide using KI. (b) Semipinacolic
deamination of erythro and threo
l,2
-diphcnyl- 1-(p-chloro phenyl)-2-amino ethanol.
-t
(c) Action of methyl magnesium bromide on
2-phenylpropionaldehyde (Stereo
of asyrnmetric induction). (d) Dehydrohalogination of
(dl
and rneso) and erl.threo ttu'eo- bromo-1,2-diphenl,l propane.
stilbenedihalide
Effect of conformation on the course and rate of reactions in cyclohexane systems
illustrated by: (a) SN2 and SN1 reactions for (i) an axial substituent, and (ii) an
equatorial substituent in flexible and rigid systems. (b) E1, E2 eliminations illustrated
by the following compounds. (i) 4{-Butylcyclohexyl tosylate (cis and trans) (ii) 2Phenylcyclohexanol (cis and trans) (iii) Menthyl and neomenthyl chlorides and
benzene hexachlorides. ( c) Pyrolytic elimination of esters ( cis elirnination) (d)
Senipinacolic deamination of cis and trans-2-aminocyclohexanol (e) Esterification of
axial as well as equatorial hydroxyl and hydrolysis of their esters in rigid and flexible
systems. (Compale the rate of esterification of menthol, isomenthol, neomenthol and
neoisomenthol). (f) Esterification of axial as well as equatorial carboxyl groups and
hydrolysis of their esters. (g) Hydrolysis of axial and equatorial tosylates. (h)
Oxidation of secondary axial and equatorial hydroxyl group to ketones by chromic
chemical direction
acid
UNIT VII
,
Chemistry of Free Radicals
Generation and Characterization of free radicals- Stable and persistent free radicalsDetection of free radical intermediates- Structural and stereochemical properties of
radical intermediates. Radical ions-Reaction mechanism involving radical
intermediates- Free radical substitution and addition reactions- Intramolecular
reactions- Rearrangement and fragmentation reactions of free radicals- Electron
transfer involving transition metals- Carbenes and Nitrenes- Formation of Singlet and
triplet carbenes, addition to double bonds, insertion and rearrangement.
UNIT VIII
Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Aromatic electrophilic substitution: - Mechanism, rate controlling factors, formation
of C-C bonds, C-N bonds, C-S bonds and C-halogen bonds. Nucleophilic aromatic
substitution by Elimination- Addition , nucleophilic aromatic substitution by
Addition- Elimination mechanisms. The benzyne mechanisms, aromatic radical
substitution, SRp I mechanism
REFERENCES
1. F.A. Carey, R. J. Sundberg- Advanced Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press.
2. T.H. Lowry, K.S. Richardsen- Mechanism and theory in organic Chemistry,
Harper Collins,
3. Jerry March- Advanced Organic chegristry McGraw Hill'
4. Nasipuri- Stereo Chemistry of Orgariic Compounds, 1993 Edn.
5. Kalsi- Stereochemistry of Organic compounds Wiley Eastern.
6. E.L.EIiel and S.H.Wilen , Stereochemistry of Organic compounds, Wiley
Interscience.
7. P.Y.Bruice, Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
8. Mitland Jones Jr. Organic Chemistry, Norton and Company'
9. RAU Jones: Physicaiand Mechanistic Organic Chemistry, Cambridge University
Press.
7
I]MVERSITYOF CALICUT
M.
Scmester
Sc.
Applied Chenistry
I Physical Chemistry I
ACH
IJNIT I Thermodynamics
(3 Credits)
1CO4
I
rhermodynanrics (brief nrention). Thermodynanric criteria for
equilibriunr and spontaneity. Third law of therntodynamics - Statement of the law and
explanation., Need for the third law, Nernst heat theorem, Apparent exceptions t<l third law,
Applications of third law, Determination of absolute entropies using third law.
Unattainability of absolute zero. Residual entropy. Deternrination of relations connecting
the thermodynanric pa:'tial derivatives by the method of Jacobians (The discussion to be
confined to closed thernrodynanric systems).
First
IINIT
II
ancl second laws
Thermodynamics
of
II
of solutions: Partial molar quantities, Chemical Potential, Variation of
Chemical Potential with ten'rperature and Pressure, Partial molar volume and its
deternrination, Gibbs-Duhem equation, Thernrodynamics of ideal and real gases and gas
mixtures. Fugacities of gases and their determinations, Activity, activity coeftlcient,
standard states of substances (for solute and solvents). Duhem-Margules equation and its
applications. Therntodynamics of ideal solutions, Deductions of the laws of Raoult,
ebullioscopy, cryoscopy and osn'rotic pressure. Non-ideal solutions, Deviations from
Raoult's law, Excess functions - excess free energy, excess entroPy, excess enthalPy and
Thern.rodynamics
excess volume.
tlNIT
ttl
Thermodynamics trI
Thermodynanrics of in'eversible processes-Sinrple examples of irreversible processes.
General theory of nonequilibrium processes. Entropy production. The phenomenological
relations. Onsager reciprocal relations, Application to the theory of diffirsion, therntal
diffusion, thermoosnrosis and thermomolecular pressure diff'erence, Electrokinetic eff'ecs.
The Gl ansdorf-Pregogi ne equati on.
REFERENCES
I . S. Glasston e, Thermodynamics for Chemists, East-West, I 973
2. Rajaranr and Kuriokos e, Themotlynamics , East-West, 1986
3. R.P. Rastogi and R.R. Misra, An introtluclion to Chemical lhermodynamics, New Age
International
4. D.A. McQuarrie and J.D. Simon, Physical Clrcmistry, A Molecular Approach, University
ScienceBooks,1997.
K.J.Laidler, J.H.Meiser and B.C.Sanctuary, Physical Chenistry, Houghton Mifflin
Conrpany, New York, 2003.
6. Pigoggine, An introtluction to Themtodynamics of ineversible processes,Interscience
7. B.-G. Kyle, Chemical antl Process Therntodynantics,2"o Edn, Prentice Hall of India
8. G. K. Vemulapalli, Plrysical Chemistry, Printice Hall of India
9. H. Margenran and G.M. Murphy, vol. chap. I The Mathematics of Physics and
-5.
Chenristry.
lo
-
UNIT
lV
Electrochenristry I
Derivation of Debye - IJuckel - Onsagar equation o[ conductivity. Validity of the Debye I-Iuckel - Onsagar equation tilr arlueous and non aqueous solutrorrs. Deviations lionr the
Onsagal equation. Signilicance of the degree of dissociation and its detcrnrination.
Conductance ration and Onsagar equation. Dispelsion of conducLance with high po(ential
gradients. The Debye-IIuckel linriting law and its various-fbrms- Qualitative
and
quantitative tests of the Dcbye-I{uckel liniting equation. Activity and activity coetTicients
in electrrllyic solutions.
UNIT
V
Dlectrochcmistry
II
Gnlvanic cells. Standard electrode potentials. Revenible cells. Concentration cells wiLh a
without transt'erence. Liquid junction potential and its deternrination. Deternrination olsolubility of sparingly soluble salts. 'lenrperature c<leflicient of EMF and determination ol'
G, I-I and S. Fuel cells.
UNIT
VI
[,lectrochcnristry
III
Poltrization, Dissolution and decomposition potentials. Concentration polarizrtion.
Deconrptrsitirllt voltage (Potcntial) and its deternrination. Over voltage - I-Iydrogen over
voltage, oxygen over voltage, nretal deconr;rosition over voltage and their deterrrrination.
Mechanisnt of anodic and cathodic processes (Theories of overvoltage) - Ionic diffusion as
llre slow process, Ionic discharge as the slow process. Principles of polarography. The
dropping nrcrcury cathode. The half wave potentials.
REIERENCLS
l. D. A. Mc Innes, 'l'he Principles of electrochenristly, Dover Publications.
2. S. Classtone, Introduction to ElectroclrenrisLry, Van Nostrand.
3. Bockris and Reddy, Modern Aspects and Electnrchenristry Vol. I
& II, Acadenric
Press.
4. L I Anthropov, Thurretical Electrochcnristr-y, Mir publishers.
UNIT VII Crystallinc state
I
CrysLal syrntnetry. Synrnretry elenrcnts and syntntetry <lperations. Screw axes anfl gli4e
planes. Allowed conrbinations oloperations leading to 32 crystal classes. Mathenratical prooI
lirr thc non-existence of 5-tilld axis ol'synrnretry fbr crystals. I-Iernrann - Mauguin notaiions.
Steleographic Prrljections of sonre sinrple clystal classes (e.g. l, I
nt,21nt, 21tnt,222,
ntntnt). Trlnslational syrnntetry, screw axes and glide planes. Intro<Iuction to space groups.
UNIT
VIII
Cryslallinc State
lI
Reciprrrcal lattice. X-rays and internal stnrclure ol' crystals, XRD nreasur-ements. Lauc
nlethrxi. Rotating crystal ntethod. Powder nrethod, Scattering factrlr. Intensities of difliactetl
X-rays atrd sl.ttctttral analysis, Intensity and its rclation with the atonric arrangenrent. Electron
density in c.ystals. Electron density nraps (briel'nrcntion). Fourier synthesis.
REIIIRENCES
l. D.A. McQuarrie and J.D.
Sinron, physical Clrenristry, a
nrolecular
Uni versi ty Science Books.
2- G.K. Venrula Palli, Physical Chenristry, Prentice IIall.
3. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chenrisrry, EI_BS Oxlirrtl University press.
approach,
UMVERSITY OF CALICUT
M.
Semester
Sc.
Applied Chemistry
II Group Theory
and Spectroscopy (3 Credits)
ACH 2CO8
UNIT I Molecular Symmetry
in rlolecules. Identity, Rotation,
Exanrples. Point Groups and
operations.
Rellection, Inversion and Improper rotation
their deternrinations.
Symmetry elernents and symnretry operations
UNIT II Mathematical Groups
Mathenratical group - Deflnition, Examples, order of a group' Abelian and cyclic
groups, Group Multiplication table. Rearrangement theorem. Sub gloups and classes
in group. Similarity r.ranslormation. Conjugate elements. Matrices. Addition and
"
ol'matrices, Inverse of a matrix. Character of matrix. Diagonal matrix,
rnultilrlication
Direct sum and direct product of square matrices, Block diagonalized matrices.
Solving linear equations by the method of matrices. Matrix tbrm of symmetry
operations. Basis.
UNIT III Theory of molecular symmetry
Representation of groups. Basis. Construction of representations using vectors
and
atolnic orbitals as basis. The representation generated by using Cartesian co-ordinates
positionecl on the atoms of a molecule (SOz and H2O may be taken as examples).
Reducible and irreducible representations. Construction of irreducible representations
by reducriol (sirnilarity transfbrmation). Great orthogonality theorem (GOT) and
properties ol' irreducible representations, Construction of irreducible representations
using GOT, Construction of character Table (Czu, Cr,, Czn, C+u). Nomenclature of
irreducible represenr.ations - Mulliken symbols, Symmetry species. Derivation of
reduction formula using GOT, Reduction of reducible representations (e.g., I.un )
using the reduction Ibrmula, Direct sum and direct product
of
irreducible
representations. Connection between group theory and quanrum mechanics.
UNIT
fV
Application of Group theory to chemical bonding
i) Vanishing and nonvanishing integrals. Transition moment integral and selection
rules. Overlap integrals and conditions for overlap.
ii) Moleculzy orbital treatment of molecules using Group theory. Treatment of HzO,
Classification of atomic orbital involved into symmetry species, Group orbital,
Symmetry adapted linear combination (SALC), Projection operator, Construction of
MOs, Electronic conliguration of HzO, Symmetries of the ground and excited states'
Electronic transitions and selection rules, Laporte selection rule tbr centro symmetric
molecules.
iii) Group theoretical
rreatment of hybridization, Construction of hybrid orbital in BFr
and CH+, Inverse transfbrmation.
-lL -
UNIT V Application of Group thcory to molecular vibrations
Molccular vibratitlns, SynrmeLry species ol'normal rnodes ol' vibration, Consrruction
ol'I-.,,,,. Normal coor-dinates and drawings ol' normal rnodes (e.g., FI2o and NH3),
Selection rules lbr IR and Raman activities, Complementary character ol' IR antl
Ratnan Sllectra, Detern.rination ol'IR active and Raman active modes ol' ntolecules
(e.9., HrO, NHr, CH+, SFo).
UNIT VI
i)
Gencral Theory of Spectra
Electro l.nilgnetic radiation and its dil'l'erent regions, Interaction ol' matter with
radiation and its el'l'ect on thc energy ol'the molecule. Origin ol'molecular spectra,
Theory ol' the origin ol' rotational, vibrational and electrcnic spcctra. Inteniity olspectral lines, Dependence ol' inLensity on population, transiLion probabilities,
Ttransition montenI integral, Selcction rules. Line widths, Doppler broatlening,
Li l'etirne
br
oadening.
ii)
Microwavc spectroscopy
Rotation specra ol'diatomic and poly atornic nrolecules, Rigid and nonrigid rotator
models, Asymrnetric, symrnetric and spherical tops. lsotope etl'ect on rotad;n spectra,
Stark el'fect, Nuclear and electron spin interactions. Rotational transitions and
selection rules. Microwave spectrometer - Princillles -Instrunrentation (briel'nrention
only). Applications.
iii) Vibrational spectroscopy
Vibrational spectra ol' diatomic anrJ poly atomic molecules, Harmgnic oscillator
model, Anharrnonicity, Vibrational transitions and selection rules. Morse pol.errtial,
Fundanrentals, overtone.s, Hot bands, Combinati<ln bands, Dillerence bands.
UNIT VII
i)
Vibratiou-rotation spcctra ol' diatomic and polyatomic molecules, p,e,R
bt'arrches.
lR and FTlll
specLr-ophotot.netcr - Principlcs - Instrumentation (brief mention only),
Applicarions.
ii) Raman spcctroscopy
Pure rotational, pure vibrational Ranran spectra, Vibrational-rotational Raman spectra,
Selection rules, Mutual exclusion principle. Rarnan spectrophotometer- principles
Instrumentation (briel'mention only), Laser Ranran spectroscopy, Applications.
iii) Electronic spcctroscopy
Basic principles, Beer - Lambert law, Molar extinction coel'licient, Intensity nl.
electronic transitions. Types ol' electronic transitions. Franck - Condon principle,
Ground and excited electronic states ol' diatomic molecules. Electronic *pectra ol
polyatomic nrolecules, Chromophores. The lhte ol' electronically exciied state
species- Vibrational re laxation, External conversion, Internal conversion,
Fluorescence, Phosphorcscence. Jablonski diagram. Electronic spectra of conjugated
molecules - dissociation and predissociatron spectra.
UV-Visible spectruphotometer - Principles
Applications.
-
Instrumentation (briel'mention only).
UNIT VTII
i) NMR spectroscopy
Magnetic proPerties oI nuclei, Theory and rneasurement techniques, Solvents used,
Cherrrical shilt and lactors inlluencing chernical shi l't, Shielding ell'ects, Spin-spin
interac[ion, Coupling constant, Factors inlluencing coupling constant. EII'ects of
chemical exchange, Fluxional nrolecules, Hindered rotation on NMR spectrum, Karl's
relationships, NMR specrrolneter- Principles and instruntentation (briefl mention
only). Uuttipte NMR spectroscopy (briet' account). Applications of NMR
spectroscopy to structure elucidation o1' simple organic and inorganic molecules.
FTNMR.
ii) ESR spectroscopy
Theory an{ ,reaior.nl.nt techniques, hyperfine interactions, Equivalent and
nonequivalent protons, Kramer's theorem. ESR spectrometer- Principles
instrumentationlbrief mention only). Applications in structure elucidation ol'simple
molecules.
iii) Mossbauer
spectroscoPY
The Mossbauer effect. Inslrumentation (brief mention only). Hyperfine interactions,
isorner shilt, electric quadruple and magnetic hyrerhne interactions' Applications'
iv) Mass SpectrometrY
Basic prirrciples, Instrumentation (brief nrention only) - Mass spectrometer,
ions,
interpreiation of mass spectra, resolution, exact masses of nuclides, molecular
Diels
retro
isotope ions. Fragmentation processes - Mclaflerty rearrangements,
of
heats
of
evaluation
and
Aklei liagmentation. Applicaiion in structure elucidation
sublimation and ionization potential.
REFERENCES
l. F.A. Corton, Cltentical applications of Group Theory,2'd Edidon, Wiley Eastern,
2.
3.
4.
1971.
Jail'e and Orchin, S)'mtnetry in Clrctnistry' Wiley Eastern'
L.H. Hall, Group Tirory and symnetrs^ in Chentistry" McGraw Hill
Appliccrtions'
R. McWeen y, iy,rurctry': An Intror)uctiott to Group Theory and its
Pergamon Press, London, 1963'
5.P'H.Walton,BeginnittgGrot,tpTheoryforChemistry,oxfordUniversityPress
Inc., New York, 1998.
6.A.W.Joshi,El,ementsofGroupTheoryforPlD,5lgisrs,NewAgelnt.ernational
Publishers, I 997.
.
8.
7
Press' 1998 '
P.W' Atkins ' Physicttl Chendstry"6'h Edition' Oxford University
Wiley Eastern'
Etlition'
5'h
F. Daniels and R'A' Alberty, Ph1'51gtt1 Chemistry'
r
980.
g.D.A.McQuarrieandJ.D'simon,PltysicalClrcnistry,AMolecularApproach,
UniversitY Science Books, 1997'
Houghton
K.J.Laidler, J.H.Meiser and B.c.Sanctuary, Plrysical chemistry,
Mifflin ComPanY, New York, 2003'
Tata McGraw Hill,
I l. c.N. Banweit, ir,rrdn,r"ntals of Moleatktr spectroscctpy,
New Delhi, 1994.
1962.
12. G.M. Barrow , Introtlttctirln to Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw Hill,Analysis'
4'h
13. H.H. Willard, L.L. Merit and J.A. Dean, Irtstrtrntental Metlrctls of
Edition, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt' Ltd'' 1965'
l4.N.Sathyanarayana,Eleclronicabsorpliottspectroscop),andrelatedtechniclues,
10.
UniversitY Press, 2000.
Press
Phyflirol ntethotls in Inorganic chenristry" Afflliated East-west
15. R.S. Drago,
Pvt. Ltd., 1977'
lL{
-
UNIVBRSITY OF CALICUT
M.
Semester
Sc.
Applied Chemistry
II Inorganic Chemistry fI
(3 Credits)
ACH 2CO9
UNIT I
Molecular orbital Theory - Composition of ligand group orbitals. MO diagrams for
complexes with and without pi-bonding. Electronic spectra of complexes - Terms of
dn configurations, selection rules for d-d transitions. Effect of weak ligand fields on
RS terms in octahedral-and tetrahedral complexes. Orgel diagrams, spectra of 3d
metal complexes, calculation of Dq, B and B conelation diagram. Tanabe and Sugano
diagrams. Charge transfer spectra. Spectra of f block elements.
UNIT II
,
UNIT
Magnetic properties of transition metal complexes - Types of magnetic properties.
Paramagnetism - the Curie and Curie-Weiss law. The pJ, p;fs and p spin-only
.r,pr.rrions, quenching of orbital moment in metal complexes, spin-orbit coupling,
temperature independent paramagnetism. Antiferromagnetism-types and exchange
path ways. Magnetic properties of f-block elements. Determination of magnetic
moment by Gouy method. Applications of spectral and magnetic properties in coordinationchemistrY.
III
photochemical reactions of metal complexes. Prompt-and delayed reactions' Excited
states of metal complexes - intralignd, ligand field, charge transfer and delocalized
states. Charge transier excited states and redox processes, communication between
excited state-s, radical pair models. Properties of ligand field excited states, rules for
photosubstituiion, phoio-aquation and ligand exchange reactions. Photo-isomerisation
ald photo-recimization. Photo-substitution mechanisms. Metal complex sensitizers,
chemical actinometry and photo-chromism'
UNIT IV
Reaction mechanisms of metal complexes, Classification, rate laws, Metal and ligand
substitutiol reactions in octahedral complexes - A, D and I mechanisms and
associated energetics aquation and base hydrolysis, stereochemical changes,
isomerisation und recemisation. Fuoss - Eigen equation and factors determining A
a1d D mechanisms. Lability and inertness of the complexes, trans-effect, its theories
and applications, the cis-efiect. Reactions of coordinated ligands : hydrolysis, acid
dissociation, uidol condensation, trans amination, template effect and
macrocyclisation.
UNIT V
classification, outer-sphere electron transfer, chemical
activation, Marcus theory and thermodynmics. Inner-sphere electron transfer kinetics, effect of the natuie of metal and ligand, bridging group effects. Metal-ligand
redox reactions. Two electrons-, inner-sphere electron transfer processes.
Redox reaction mechanisms
-
UNIT VI
Organometallio compouns. Classification and nomenolature. 'fhe l6 and l8 elcctron
rulcs, cleclron counting -covalent and ionic models. Carbon n- donors. Main group
organonletallics-alkyl and aryl groupsl ,2,72, 13,14 and l5,synthesis structure ancl
applications. Synlhesis structure and bonding in metal oarbonyls. Transition mctal to
carbon multiple bond- the metal carbenes and oerrbynes.
UNIT VII
l'r'ansition metal complexes with chain n donor ligands-synthesis, structure, bontling
and applications of complexes ol'ethylene,allyl, butadiene and acetylene. Complexe.s
of ring n donor [igands-synthesis, structure ,bonding and reactions of typical
conrplexes of cyclobutadiene, C5l-15-, C6I16, Ci-b and Csl-Is2-. Irluxional
organometallios.
UNIT VIII
Applications ol'organometallic compounds in organic synthesis and homogeneous
catalysis. Complex fbrmation and activation of FI2, N2, Or, NO by transition
metals.
Catalytic steps, Oxidative addition, reductive elirnination and insertion reactio,s
Carbonylation by Collman's reagent. Llydrozirconation of alkenes an6
alkynes.
I-lomogeneous caLalysis - llydrogenation, hydrosilation and isomerisation
ol.alklnes,
alkyne, cycloaclditions and polymerisastion, Zeigler-Natta catalysis, hydrofbrmylatioi
ol alkencs, Monsanto acetic acid plocess and Wackcr p.o""... M"taf complexes in
enantioselective synthesi
s.
REFEITENCES
l.
2'
D.1". Shriver, P.W. Attains and C.ll. Langfbrd, Inorganio
Chemistry, ELBS.
K.t'-. Pr-rrcell and J.C. Kotz,lnorganic Chemistry, W.B. Saunders
Ctmpa,y.
3' J'E' Fluheey, Inorganic Chemistry Principles Lf Structure
and Ileactivity.
4- lr.A. cotton and G. wilkinson, Advnced hiorganio chemistry.
5. l-.v. Azaroif, Introdtrction to Solids, Mc Graw ltill. New yort<.
6. G. Wulf.sberg Inorganio chemistry, Viva, 2002.
7. A.E. Martell, Coordination Chemistry Vol.l.
8. R.L- Dutta and A, Shyamar, Elements of Magnetochemistry.
9. R-s. Drago.' physicar Methods in l,organic -hemistry.
- rt-.-
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
M. Sc. Applied Chemistry
Semester II Organic Chemistry II (3 Credits)
ACH 2CIO
UNIT
I
Reactions of Carbonyl ComPounds
Reactivity of carbonyl groups in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and acid
chlorides with nucleophilic reagents ( Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
nucleophiles).Carbonyl o-iubstitution reactions:- Keto- enol tautomerism. Reactivity of
enols, mechanism of o-substitution reactions. o-Halogenation of aldehydes, ketons and
carboxylic acids. Hell- Volhard- Zelinski reaction. Acidity of a hydrogen atom- enolate
ion formation. Reactivity of enolate ions. Halogenation of enolate ions- haloform
reaction. Alkylation of enolate ions. Aldol and related reactions, Claisen ester
condensation, Darzen reaction, Dieckmann, Perkin and Prins reactions. Mannich reaction.
Alkylation using enamine. Alkylation of carbon nucleophiles by conjugate addition,
Michael reaction, Robinson anulation, The enamine and imine anion. Phosphorous ylides
and Wittig Reaction
UNIT II
Pericyclic Reactions
Definition alcl types of reactions classified as pericyclic reactions- (a) Cycloaddition and
cycloconversion'(b) Electrocyclic ring closure and ring opening (c) Sigmatropic
of
rearrangemenls. Gi Cheletropic reactions (e) Group transfers. Stereochemistry
pericyciic reactions and theory of molecular orbital symmetry
M.O. Syrnmetry by the method of correlation diagram by both t
paths. Stereochemistry of Pericyclic reactions- thermal and pho
Transition state aromaticitY"
of Frontier
Basic principles of perturbation molecular orbital (PMO) theory, Significance
Molecular or.bitals, Stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions by the "Frontier molecular
orbital (FMO) method".
(a)
Selection rules; Application of selection rules in pericyclic reactions involving
rearangements
Charged systems unO (U) 3 and 5 membered lings and Claisen and Cope
Detailed siudy of Diels-Alder reaction, Sommelet- Hauser Itearrangement
REFERENCBS
1. T.H. Lowry, K.S. Richardsen- Mechanism and theory in Organic Chemistry, Harper'
2. F.A. Carey, R.J.Sundberg- Advanced organic chemistry, Plenum Prss.
UNIT
III
Chemistry of Natural Products
primary and secondary metabolites- Chemical classification of Natural produotsof alkaloidsAlkaloids- Classification based on ring structure- Medicinal importance
elucidation
struoture
reagentsGeneral metho<is of isolation- TLC identification by spray
of
methods
General
based on degradative reaotions- Synthesis of Quinine, Terpinoids-
Isolation and structure elucidation- TLC identification using spray reagentsand insect
classification - Importance of Tepnoids as flavour and fragrance compounds
biosynthetic pathway to
repellents ( an overview) . Syntheiis of Camphor - Chemistry of
using spray reagenls
mono and di-terpenoids. Steioids classification - TLC identification
Synthesis of
- lmportan.. oi steroids in physiology and medicine - steroid hormones-
t1-
Oestrogen- Conversion of Cholesterol to Testosterone - Biosynthetic pathway of
cholesterol- Flavanoids as natural colouring materials- Chenristry of flar.-,rer,
Isol'lavones and Coumarins,
IIEFERENCES
l. I. L. Finar, Organic Clremistry, Vol.2, Longman.
2. N.lL. Krishnaswami, Chemistry of Natural Products, University Press.
UNIT IV
Photochcmistry
General Principles, Jablonski diagram, Photosensitization, orbital symmetry
considerations related to photochemical reactions, photochemistry ol' carbonyl
compounds. Photochemistry of visions, photochemistry o1' alkenes, Patterno
Buchi
reaotion, Photochemistry of aromatic compounds, photochernical ."u.rong"*ents,
Di-n-
methanc rearrangement, aromatic reanangement, Barton reaction,
rearrangement, Norrish l and
Chen-ristry of singlet oxygen
II
photo-I.-ries
reactions. Atmospheric photochemistry, phoiosynthcsis.
IIEITERENCES
l. F-.A. carey, R.J.Sundberg- Advanced organic chemistry, plenum press.
2. P.O. Kan- Organic photochemistry, Mc Graw [-Iill.
UNIT V
Named Organic Reactions
of carbocations,
carbanions, Migratiou to
synthetic applications of the following
I and semipinacol, Dienone - phenol, Wolf.
Fries, F-ischer_ Hepp, Demjanov,
aptitude in rearrangements
Named reactions: Favorski reaction, Stork
reaction, Hollmann- Loelller"rru-ir"
Irreytag reaction, Shapiro reaotion, Woodward
and Prevost hydroxylation, Stobbc
condensation, Gomberg- Beohmann reaetion, Vilsrneir reaction, peterson
reaction ancl
Wohl-Zeigler reaction
REFEITENCES
l. Jerry March- Advanced organic chemistry McGraw I-Iilr.
nic Chemistry.
ngman.
Prentice Hall.
c Applications of Named Reactions in
ess, 2005.
UNIT VI
Oxidation -Reduction Reactions
oxidation o1'alcohols to aldehydes, Ketones or Carboxylic acids.
oxidation ol. aldehycles
and ketones. Flydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of
Carbon-Carbon double
bonds, Addition of oxygen to Carbon-Carbon double bonds,
oxidative cleavage of
alkynes, reactions of alkenes with singlet oxygen. Allylic Oxidation,
Muffat Oxidation,
Swern oxidation, oxidative coupling of l'lienols. Rlduction reactions.
Reduction ol.
It
double a1d triple bonds with catalytic hydrogenation, Stereochemistry and selectivity.
Reductions using LAH, NaBH4, diimide and Lindlar catalyst
REFERENCES
1. F.A. Carey, R.J.Sundberg- Advanced Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press.
2. R.O.C. Norman and J.H. Cox, Principles of Organic Synthesis, Chapman & Hall.
3. W. Carruthers, Some modern methods of Organic Synthesis, Cambridge Uni. Press.
4. H.O. Flouse, Modem Synthetic Reactions, Benjamin Cummins.
UNIT VII
Biomolecules: Amiono acids, Peptides, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids and
Carbohydrates.
Natural and unnatural amino acids, Making Peptide bonds- General strategies The Eight
stages of peptide synthesis, Amino group Protection and de-protection methods( Nproiection- Cb, o, Z, N- Protection Boc, Mechanism of Boc Cleavage, N- protection Frro., Other Fmoc reagents, Mechanism of Fmoc deprotection). Carboxyl protection
methods- As esters, as hydrazides. Peptide bond formation- a coupling cycle. Standard
Peptide coupling reagents (Carbodimides, Halopyridinium salts,-(Mukaiyama method)
phosphonium, imidazolium and uronium reagents). Mechanism of DCC coupling. Solid
Fhur. peptide synthesis- The Melrifield method. Solid phase peptide synthesis- Fmoc
method. Fmoc resins (examples only). Advantages of solid phase synthesis. Protein
biosylthesis. The role RNA and DNA in protein biosynthesis. Nucleic acid Structure(DNA and RNA). Bases and Base pairing, Codons and anti codons. Sequence in protein
biosynthesis (Transcription, Transalation and replication). Polymerase Chain reaction
(PCR), applications of PCR. Recombinant DNA Technology and its applications. Cloning
(introductory discussion only).
Structure of Oils, fats and Waxes. Introduction to phospholipids, sphingolipids and
glycolipids.
-arbohydrate- Stereochemistry and Configuration of glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose,
arabinose and ribose. Oligosaccrides and polysaccarides. Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose,
Chitin, Industrial applications of polysaccarides.
REFERENCES
1. Jerry March- Advanced Organic chemistry McGraw Hill'
2. P.Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
3. J. Clayden, et. al., Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press'
4. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Yol.2, Longman.
UNIT VIII
Heterocyclic Chemistry
Aromatic heterocycles and nonaromatic heterocycles. Five membered ring compounds
with ole heteroatom. Synthesis of pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene, Indole, Benzothiophene.
Six mernbered rilg compounds. Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Pyrylium salts, 2H -pyran- 2ones, 4H-pyran -4-ones.Five and six membered ring with two or more heteroatoms pyrimdines and purines, quinazoline, oxazine, Thiazene, Imidazole.
REFERENCES
1. J.A.Joule
2. Gilchrist,
and
K .Miller,. Heterocyclic Chemistry.
Heterocyclic Chemistry.
l!
li
I
-\
UMVERSITY OF CALICUT
M.
Semester
II
Sc.
Applied Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
II
(3 Credits)
ACH 2C11
IINIT I
Statistical Thermodynamics I
Basic Principles, Permutations. Probability distribution of particles in energy states. Micro
states and nlacro states. Statistical weight. Most probable distribution. Therntodynantic
probability and entropy. Boltznrann distribution law. The partition function and its relation
to the thern)odynanric functions.
UNIT
II
Statistical Thermodynamics
II
The pert'ect gas. Factorization of the partition tunction into the translational, rotational,
vibrational, and electronic parts. Evaluation of partition functions and the thenrrodynantic
n-ronatonric and diatomic gases. The system partition function (canonical
partition function) and its relation to molecular partition function. Sackur - Tetrode equation.
Heat capacity. The anontalous heat capacity ofHydrogen. Ortho and para hydrogen.
functions. Ideal
Statistical Themodynamics III
Heat capacity. Heat capacities of solids, Classical and quantum theories, Einsteins theory of
atomic crystals and Debye's modification. Heat capacities of gases - classical and quantum
theories. The anomalous heat capacity of hydrogen, ortho and para hydrogen. Imperfect
Gases. The virial expression and the virial coefficients. Relation between the virial
coefficients and the cluster integrals.
IIMT III
LINIT
Mtatistical
Thermodyn amics IV
Quantum statistics - The ideal Fermi Gas. Fermi - Dirac distribution law. Energy and
pressure of Fernri Gas. Gas Degeneracy. Applicatron to electrons in nretals.
The ideal Bose gas. Bose-Einstein distribution law. Energy and Pressure of an ideal Bose
gas. Gas Degeneracy. Bose-Einstein condensation. Application to liquid helium.
REFERBNCES
l.
G.S. Rush Brook Statistical Mechanics, Oxford University Press.
2. T.L. Hi I l, Introducti on to S tati stical Thermodyn ami cs, Addi son Wesl ey.
3. K. Huary, Statistical Mechanics Thermodynanrics and Kinetics, John Wiley.
4. F.C. Andrew, Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, John Wiley.
5. O.K. Rice, Statistical Mechanics, Thernrodynamics and Kinetics, W.H. Freeman and Co.
LINIT V The Liquid State
X-ray difliaction studies of simple liquids. Short range order. Radial distribution function.
Configurational Partition function for liquids. Theories of the liquid state. Lattice theory,
The cell or liee volume theory, The simple hole theory. Order-disorder theory. LennardJones theory of melting. Communal entropy of liquids.
-La
\-j
REFERENCLS
l. J.A. Barker, Lattice theories of the liquid state, Perganxrn
Press.
2. I. Prigrgine, MolccularTheory of solutions, North HollandPublishing Co.
3. O.K. Rice, Statistical Mechanics'l'hernrodynanrics and Kinetics, W.H.
Fleentan and Co.
4. Molewyr I-Iughes, Physical Chenristry, Canrbridge University Press.
UNIT
VI
Solid State Chcmistry
I
Electrtnic Stu.rcture of solids. Classilication oi solids into conductor, seruiconduct<lls and
insulators- Prepu'ation, prlperties and industrial inrportance of Senriconductors.
Intpert'ections in solids. Point, line and plane det'ects, Electrons and holes.
Nonstoichionretry.
UNIT
VII
Solid State Chenristry
II
Inrpert'ection and Physical propemies ol solids (Briel' survcy)
Electrical propet'ties
-
Electrical conductivity, I-Iall etl'ect, dielectric properties,
piezoelectricity, l'erroelectricity and conductivity. Super conductivity, Meisner effect, Briel'
discnssion of Co<lper theory ol'superconductrvtty
Optical properties - Photoconductivity, lunrinescence, coluur centers, lasers, refractisn,
birefi'ingence.
Magnetic properties
-
dianragnetisnr, Paranragnetism t'erro mangnetisnr, antit'errlnrtgnetisnr
and f'erri nragnetisnt.
Thernral properties - thernral conductivity and specific heat.
Mechanical propertie;: Strength of real crystals as contpared with an i<Ieal crystal, dillcrent
.strengtheni ng nrechan is nu.
REFERENCES
I. I-.V. Azaroll, Introduction to solids, McGraw-Hill.
2. A. K. Galway, Clrenristly ol'Solids, Chapnran and Hall.
3. N. B. Ilanna, Solid State Chenrisrry, Prentice Ilall
4. G. M. Barrow, Physical Chenristry, McGraw - IIill.
-5. W. J. Moore, Physical Chenristry, Prentice Hall
6. A. R. Wesr, Solid srare chenristry, John Wiley.
UNIT
VIII
Photochemistry
Laws of Photochemistry. Quantunr yield and its tletermination. Et't'ect of tenrperature,
wavelength ilnd intensity of radiation on photochemical leactions. Kinds of photochenrical
reactions. Kinetics ol' photochemical chain reactions. Hz-Brz reaction. Hz-Clz reaction.
Photolysis ol'NI'I3. Excinrers and Exciplexes. photosensitiz.ation by FIg.
Photo-physical phenonrena. Radiative and non-radiative t-ransitiorrs. Jablonski tliagranr.
Fluorescence. Phosphorescence. Lunrinescence. Chenrilurninescence. Thernrolurrrinescence.
The Ruby Laser.
REFERENCES
l.
D. A. McQuarrie and J.D. Simon, Physiurl Chenristry, A nrolecular approach, Univer.sity
Science Books.
2.G.K. Venrulapalli, Physical Chenristry, Prcntice-I-Iall of India.
LINIT.IERSI7} OF CAL| CLIT
Pmctical Inorgank Clvmistry Semester-
I
( 2Credits)
ACH| C 05
Qualitative analysis
Separation and identification of two metal ions of which one is less familiar
elements tike,W,Tl, Se, Ce,Th,
I.
V,Zr,TiJ,Mo,Li.
Quantitative Estimation.
Volumetric estimation of the following cations using EDTA. Ca, Ni, Co. Al, Ba, Cu
and Fe.
Practical Inorganic Chemi@ Semester-Il ( 2Credits)
ACII2
!
C
I].
Colurimetric determination of metal ions.
Iron, Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, Titanium and Vanadium-
fl
Separation and estimation of binary mi.rlures of metal ions in solution.Copper-
Nickel, Ferric iron,zinc,calciunu lvlagnesium, Barium and Silver.
IIl
Analysis of Ores, Alloys,Cement and Soil.
I|I
Prepa.ration and charactgrization ofmetal complexes'
REFERENCES.
A.I.Vogel. A text book of Macro and Sememicroqualitative inorganic anal-vsis
V.
V Ramanujam, I-norganic Semimicro Qualitative Analysis.
AI.Vogel. Atext book of Quantitative inorganic analysis
D.P. Agarwat and R.C. Saxena Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-
I
ZL.
I
jNl\/1,)ltSI'l'Y ()lf
/l/.,tr'.,
Scrricslcr
(lr\l,l('t j'l'
lltltl i rt l (' h r t tt is' t ry
I llr-ltciicrrl Ol'g:rrric I(2 ('r-ctliis)
1't('lli. i
i
- i .;r ilrir':rttir'1''l't't'it
lr
i{l
,.
1r('s :
l\li'{lio,ls ol sc;ltntlion iirtrl l)ulil'iciitiolt ol'olgitrric t'orrrlrtrrrrrtls ll'trclitlrrirl, ijlt.itrrr lrirrl lorr
l)rr'::sur'i.'r.listilllrliorr. llrtctiotutl cr'1,:itlrllizlttion itlt,.l strblirrtlrtiorr.
2. tJ rr:r I Ii rr { ivt' ( ) r'grr
rr it',,\rr it l.1,sis:
(.)ttirrttitlttivt' St:;iitnttiiirt ol'()r'lliurie binirr'.1, l)li\lul'L':i [r.y Sctrrirrrit'r'o irrrlrll,ticlrl t.-.rlrnit;rrt':;.
N'leit.';ttt'ettte ttt:; ol'l'lr1'sir.:irl c()n:.iti-urts irrrtl pr',-:pirlirliorr tll'tlt-'r'ivittives
-1"
l'r'r1li'r'lrliorr ol' ()r'g.:rnic ('onr;lilunrls:
l'tclil.tttttiotts ol'ltltottt liltccrr tlrglttric eorrr;'rorrrtls irr rvlriclt irt lcirst livc ol tltcrrr irrvolre:;
tttittirtlttrtt It\o :i.1'tttltr:lic :;lcps (irrcltrtlirrg plrotticlrclrricirl rrrt'tlrotls). l'rrrrl'ir.lrtiorr ol'
l)r'r)tl llcts [rt t't1'l;tltllizitliott, rlir;tillirtirln rurtl irviriltrtrle clrntrnirtup,r'lltlrir: rrri-.tlrorls.
('lututt:lctizittiort ol'lrll isolirtr'tl ltnrtlrrcls bl, lrrrirlylicirl lrrrrl sltt'clr-irl rrrcllrotls (lr'l'-lli. ll\/
Yis t i('-N'|51. N'lt'ltirrg lioirrl/ lloilirrg l'trirrt tlctelrrrinllion rrrril 'l'(iA lrrirlysis)- llltrstrrrrii,t.
utitllrlrlt':1. llr it'tlt'l ('r'ir lis reitt:tiolt, l)e t liirr l'circlir)n. lie irncr - 'l'ittrrrrrrrrr lt.lrt.tior)Slttt,lriiel'ct' t't'rtt'tiott, (.'iutrrizzlrltl lcilcli()n. z\ltlol leirr'Iiorr, N,lirrrrrielr reirt:tiori.
l)irr.ztilit irtirin iltltl l)iirz,leorr;llilrq l'circtiorrs. llcrrzoirr corrtlcrrsirlirirrs iurrl sclct:tivr.
t'r'rltrt'ti0rr t ll' 1rtil.1 ItlII(, iil i)t) rirIic r.()rrt1)()un(ls
Itrlcr't'rrt't's:
L,\.1. Vtige l. .,\ 'li.rt llooli rrl'l)r'lre tit'irl ( )ig11;1ir' ('lrctrrislt.l,
I lricslcr'. l,s1relirircrrt.s in ()l'girnic ('henristr-1,
i. Nlirrrrr irntl Srrtlrrlt.r's. l)r'iu..ticirl ( )rgirnic ('lrentislr.t,
-1. l)er'. Silirrrutlttt itttrl (itivirttllrclrirri. A l.lrtroritkrly
IVlirntrirl ol'()r'girnic (-'lrt.rrristr-1
5. ('lrcloiris irntl lilitriliirt. :iollii-lltirl.tl or-grrnic intill-\,sis
(r. .\.1. \zog.e'1. (-)Lrrrlillrlivc ()r'giurir: Arrrll,sis
/. l'. (i. Sirrglr. l).fi. (ltt;ttit lrtttl l'..S. llrripirl. li.rpclirncrrtal Olgirrric
rrnrl
ll.l9tiO
l'i li. Slirrivirsln. lrtl. l)lrtitoclrcrrrielrl
I IN I
\i
('lrr:rrristrr'. Vtrls.
Syrrtlrt'sis Vols. lirnrl ll
tillst'l'Y ()tf C,\t,tcl l't'
ll 1.,9t:. .
lppliul ('lt rttri.ttry
L1
I
Srnreslcl
Il
l)r'uclicitl Org:rrric (2 Cletlils)
..\('l'l
l. {Jir:rrrtii:itivr: ( lrgrrlric
-.\nitl-t
--
_
si-s:
I '.tirtrtiott'ul Nitt'ouctt b\ I.,.i ,.'lrlitltl ntctltotl:;. cslilrtitti()lt ril' ltr rltrrrr I itrtil t irrlrrrtn I
!rr)ul):,. l)cl.-rrtrirrirti()lt ol ltttlittu' nul)tt)cl'trtirl Slrl)()ltilirlrti()ii \itlLrc ol'oil:,. l::;tirniiti(,lls
oi'tt.tltr.'irrr! r,uliu- irnii)c5. plrcrrols- fslci's. rilitttrirrs (.,\ irrrrl (')irntl l)r'trp:, t.,\slririrr lrrrtl
l'lLtlrc:ctitr'troI
)
r Strrtlt'rl- I)t'siiinctl NIultistcll
S.r rrlhcsis;rt'o.ice I:
lrr ilic :,ccorrtl sclrrcslur cltclt sttttlcrrt rr ill ltitr e to tlt'r clop lr tttttltistcl r s--\ nlltr:is ploit't't
lirrrilciI lrlirrt:ilrlllr [r.t cost. sirlct_t rrrLtl uvitilabilitl ol trlrtcriirl:;.'l'hc Plln:;lroulrl eiirrIirirr
irt Ir--lst lirtrr :'i ntlrctic str:lls. Strbscrlttcntl\,. thc sttrtlcnts slioultl otrtirin llrril tirr n
lilr:rirtule l')l()tut:(,ls lilr'thr:' inilir irlual .stclls. ,,\lict' tlisctrssion \\ ith ['ircullt ntul]r[)r'ts. tl)u\
cln :;uu'1. itttll,irrg on lheir ottrr pt'uicc1s. Ihe'srnllrcsis rrill bc 1-lcllirrrrtutl ()\('r'tlrrcc [()
iirttr ticel-s. llrr-:trrrlcnts slrortltl uonclLr(le thcir'ploicut rrith ir 1-llcsc'rttltiol ol'tht'r'c:;rrlts
irt tltc ctttl ol'tli(' :;rlrrcstcr'. l:r'trlulrli()lt ol the stttrlcnt ltto;cct riill lircLrs noI tinlt' orr Iltc
);u('('rs\lirl :,r rillir.r:is trl'lhc till'gcl r.titrlccttlu' bttl also. tltt:ir plirttnirig- sl,ill lritl l)iittLnil\
tlicr lriir c :,lr()\\ r) ili trttutrlcsltooting ttrtcl tltc ttreril ol' tlrc ri.\l)cl'inrcnlul irrtr[ sl)L-ullill
lcclutitlrrc:; tlrrr lrirvr rrscrl lor'pttlilieirtitirt anrl chalttctclizittirrti,
I
lrlt'r'i'r t t't's:
l. .\.1. \/ogcl- .\ I crl [Jrrok ol'l'r'uctit:al Or-uanic ('[rentistt',\'
,1. I ic:;tcr'- l:,r1,,.:rinrcrrts in ()r'ganic Chenristr'1'
l\ lirnn arirl ljirrrntle rs- l)r'itctical Olgirnic L'hentts;tr'\'
-1 .
:1 . I)r'r
- Sitlrriuttrrlt irurl (itlvintlircIrali. ;\ I-alrot'irtot'i, I\4ittittirl ol'()r'uauic ('ltr:trrislry
('h,-'r'oris
lrr.l lrlrtril'in- Scrni-nricnr ()r'gauic ;\rtrrl) sis
-i.
(r r\.1. \/ogt'1. (-)rrirlilirtire ()t'girtiic Antrl-\'sts
1. l'. (i. Sirr;rlr. l).S. (iLrl-itir ancl li.S. litrjpLrl. l:rperinrctrtirl Olgitnic C'ltcrrri:,tt'1'" \/,rls
itrrrl ll - l()80
lJ. Ii Srinivlr:irrt. l:t[. l)ltoltichcnticltl St'ttlliesis \iol.s. lantl ll
Z\
I
SIINITiS'tEI{
Solrr
I
I'II YSI(JAL C]}IfiN{ ISTTTY LAI}
I
bility
l. Dcfcluriuation o1'lleat ol-solulion ll'onr
sttlLrbilitl, i1n1', (An-iurtlniLtnr oxalulc attcl sttccittic acid).
N'lolcculur u'eight
I I)cterntinution o1- rroleculal u,eight lionr rlepressiott in fieezirrg poiltt. [Silthcnll -Nap-rhtlralcrrc
cooIing cLrrve nretlroil.
l. l)ctcrntinatiorr o['rnolecular \veiBhl fi'oni tlepression in tlatisitiort point. tiooling cLlrve nrr-'1hod.
(-'
r'1'osco
I
pic
S
ttrtly
I)cte mtirtatit-rtl tll- ct'1'6sg11pic cotrstatrts
rrsing u'atet' trttt'l benzene as solvettts.
ol stllvetlts and nrolecLrlar u'eight ol' uctt.t volatile
sltbslatlct's
fir'_l,oscopic stLtcll' o1' the reaction. 2KI + I-lglz ) I(:l-lgl+ . in \vater atttl cletet'tllinatiotr ol
conccntrittirrn ol' KI soltttittti.
I)cterrttination ol- cle gree ol' dissociaticln allci hellce Vant l-lofl' Iac-tor ol' an cIectl'oIt'te b)' cri'osct-r1'ric
niethocl.
l.
l,
(lonductortrett'y
('e11clur:t6pr:tric tit;atitr6s o1'clispiaceurerrt ancl precipitaliott reetctiotrs - ll('l vs Na(lll, lllC'l +
I lO,A,c) r's NaOIl. AgNOr vs l(Cl.
l. Dcterltipatigp o1'[tluiyaleut concluctance of strong electrolytes (l(Cl). Velilrcatiort ol'Ottsagilr'
'cclttittion.
i. f)etcr.niination ot'[:quivalent conductance ol weak acid - verillcatiolt ttl Ostrvalcls i]iltrtion lari caI c tt I itt itttt o l' cl isst'rc i at i otr coustatlt.
-{. I)crernrinalion of Activity coelficient of Zn in 0.002M ZnS04 using Delil'e-l-lucliel linliting lau.
(AgCl, BaSOI).
-i. I)i:terrrriuerti6p o1'solubilitl,product o1'sparingly soltrble salts
6. Detcrntinalior-r ol'erluivalent conductance o1'rveak acids and hettce the clissocialion cotlstatrt.
7. [)cte,1i1atigp ot'pil o1'bufJ'er solutions u,ith a p) l meter atid evalttatiotr t'rl'PI(,, r'altte ol'acicls.
l.
Itcfritctoltt cttl'
l. r\,al),sis ol.1biriarl,nrixture altcl cleteulinalion o1'molar reI't'acliott ol'a solicl arlcl I'he ct-rttlllosititltl ol
cltltl'oliirrualtd acetotle irl its azeotropic nlixtLtle by reli'actometrl''
\/
is co u
t
ctt')'
bilar-1, ptixture o['tu,o rtrisciirle liquids lry visconretrl' atrd the relatiorl lretu'ce'll
viscosity ol-a soltrtion ancl thc' electlical eondttctivib''
1. Stucll, ol'r,ariatiort glyiscosity of a liquid rvit[ tetrrperature.
l.
.l'ri
Anirll,sii
l)istribution Litu'
l. DistribLttion coelllcietll ol'12 lretweetl CCI'l
1. StLrdy ol'cquilibrium l(l + 12 ) Kl3
--j.
[)etelntirtatitltl
o1'
cotrcetrLt'atiotl
+. Deter.riratio, of
cl i stlib Lrt
Itcf'ct'e
n
i
ort
ttr
zirrcl
of KI scl]trtiorl
the association constarrt
Ii'O'
oI a caiboxl'lic acid ilt ittl orgtttlic
solYetit b1' thc
etlttlcl.
ccs
l. z\ liincllal,, I)r'actical Phlsical Chenristrl', Lollgtlrau's Creetl & Co" 1971'
l. r\ Nl .lanres. Practical Plii,sical Clienristrl'..1 A Chulchill [-td.- 1q61'
I It .A,\lber.tr et. al. Irxpeliurental Phy,sical Cheltiistl'r'. N4cCjrau'I-iill.. l9-)6
-l \\,C i)alrtrer. Exlteritrierrtal Phl,sical Cheuristrl'. Canrbridge [)rliversity l)t'ess- 2'"1 L-.t1.- ]t)(,-1.
5 I) I Slroenralier.anrl C \\/ Carland. Erpelimenrs in Phl'sical Clrenristr'}'- N{c(irau'IIill- l97l
.-L9
sltNll,lsl'Ett
('lrrrnical l(irretics
;t''
"'
'-:
It
PItYStCAL
ciltiNIls't'ttY
[,At] tl
\7
"' '
L
I(inertics ol'itcicl catalysccl hyclrolysis ol'rncthyl acrrtatc attcl clctcnrinatiorr ol- (a) orrlcr untl rltc
cttnstant. (b) I{clative strcttgth ol'two lcicls, c) [rnclgy ol'activirtion.
l. l)ctclrrrinution ol'tenrlteruturc cocf'llcient and cncrg)/ ol- aclivntiorr ol'ltyrlro[ysis ol'rrrc(ltyl
lcctirtc. I)ctcl'nrinution ol' Arlhcrritrs llarantetcrs.
3. Srrpor r i llcatiorr ethyl acctatc (litlatiotr/corrductarrce nrc.thocl).
'[. Irrvclsiorr ol'canc sLrgiir irr lllescnce ot'I l('l lry Polarinrctr'1,.
5. lodirtirtiott tll'acc(ottc in acid trc-cliutr - [)etelrrrirrution ol'olclcr o[-rerrctiuu witlr rcsltcct to iorliric
rrnrl itcctone.
(r. [)ctclrnirration ol'dcgrcc'ol'lryclnrlysis ol'C'll3CoONa antl Nll,rCl.
7. l)ctcrrtrirttttitln rtf lryrlnrlysis constanl. ol'aniline hyclroclrloride.
li. l;irst ittttl scc:tlncl ot't[rt'l<inetics ol'r'cactiou lrctwecnr polassirrm PelsulPhirLc arrcl l(1.
Atlsol'ptioll
l. Vcrillclrtittrt o['llrcttrtcllich lrrtd Langrnrrir aclsorptiou isothclurs.
1. [)ctcrltlitlitLiotl tll' cottcetttration ol' acctic acitl/oxaIic acicl using lireunrllich ancl
arlsolpt
itlt
l.arrgrnrrir.
isothet'uts.
-i.'l'o sttrcll'lltc ltclsor;rLiott ol'iorline on chalc:tlal ll'ont alcohttlic sclltrti6p
l)lrirsc cr1uilihl'ia
l. l'lrase: tliitgrant ttl'a sint;-rlc cutectic systeur
2. l)lurse cliagrarn ol'a binar'1, solitl systern lirnning a conrpouncl
-1. N'ltrlttttl rlriscibility cttrvc ol'a [rinary liqLrid syslcnr (phenol-rvaler')
- cliLical s6lrrtisl Ir:r'rrpcprtur-t:
(('S'l';- lrl'lcct ol-inrptrritics (Na('1. KCl, succinic acicl. salicylic rrcidl on llrc ('Sl'6['*,,tcr.phcrrol systctn)
4. 'lcl'ttltry liqtritl systcttt tviLlt onc llail of paltially nrisciblc liqLritls. (DlVlSO-bclzerrc-rv.tcr..
rrcctor tc-chloro lbl'rrr- rvatcr.. ctc. ).
5. L'tltrstt'ttctiort ol'plrase cliugratnr ol'tr tr.vo cornponenl systenr by tlrcnrrtrl analysis.
l)olcnliourctr-y
l. l)otcttIitltttctric titrations ol'acitl vs base in ptrltiirl rrncl non-aclrrotrs nrctlit.
')- l)otctttitittte tt'ic
titrirtion ol'halides in nrixture5 ( (ll , ll1 alcl I ) rvith sil'cr-rri1r-iilc:.
-1. I)ctcrtttittatiotr ol'1r'ansport uurnl'rcl tll'ior-rs by eurf nretlrocl 1Ag',t'cl?',NO,2-,!i()1r-. ctc.)
4. l,lcctRrdc lltttetltiitls ttl'Z.tt, Ag ancl Clu.in solutions ol'dil'l'cren1 nrolalities at 119rp le6r1-rc:r-irtr1.c
and tlctcrrnination ol'thcil slanclarcl clectroclc potcrrtials.
IVlcan
activity coelllcictrt of an elecl,rolyte art ditl'creltt niolalities tr1, l-iMli nrelhocl.
-5(r. l)issor:iutiort r:otrsllpt oI CI-l]COOll in DMSO, DMp, acetotrc and tlioxin
by litrating rvitlr
NaOIl.
7- l)ctcrrrrilrttti<tll ol'strettgtlt ttl'thc givcri llCl solLrtion by clillbrclttial
ltstcstiorpctric titrlti,q.
lJ. l)issociittiott cottstanI ttl'trcctic acid b1, polcntiornctric titratiorr ntethoil.
llcl'crcrrccs
l. A Irinrl lay. I)r'acLical Ilhl,sical Chc:nl1511'1,, [,orrgnran's (irecrr & co.. l()72,
I l\ IVI .llrtrcs, [)r'ucticirl lrlrysical ('hcnrist11,..l A L]hur-chill t.tcl., 1961,
i. li r\ Albcrt;'ct. al. l')x;.rct'inrettLal I'}hysicirl (.llrcrrris;try. IVIcCirarv Ilill., l9-5(r
-+. W (i l)altttct', l-ixltcrirncntal l)lrysical CIc6tistpy. Cilstbriilgc
[.Jgivcrsit), 1)r.ess,2,,,l Iicl., l9(r.1.
5. l) I"slrocrralicr irrrrl (' \\/ Garlarrd. Ilx;rcrinrc:nls in r)hl,sioal chcnristr-y, IVIcor-all, Ilill. 1974.
2u