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Physics 3610/6610 Lab Manual Kai Martens Physics 3610/6610: Electronics I Laboratory Manual U NIVERSITY OF U TAH D EPARTMENT OF P HYSICS c 2007 Department of Physics, University of Utah All Rights Reserved Contents 1 General Instructions 1 2 Prof. Bergeson’s Advice: 2 3 Tables 4 3.1 Table of SI prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2 Resistor Color Codings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.3 Capacitor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 Parts List 6 1 General Instructions Credit for the labs is given upon completion of the tasks associated with a lab exercise. Completion of the exercise means that you yourself produced a working version of the required circuits AND are able to explain how it works. You will also have to show documentation on how you calculated the parameters for your circuit (e.g. the values for resistances in your circuit). So please make it a habit to keep a precise log of all your work and in particular all the calculations you do when designing your circuit. - We will hold you to a standard: Work not documented is work not done! It is YOUR responsibility to make sure that you yourself as well as others (e.g. the TA) can fully -1- Physics 3610/6610 Lab Manual Kai Martens reconstruct your work from your documentation. No leaps of faith in science or engineering, please. In the beginning the lab instructions will repeatedly remind you of this, but as you are supposed to get the hang of it these reminders will fade, but by no means your obligation to document. A sheet with lab instructions will be posted on the course web page for each experiment. It will have a field for you to put your name and a place for the TA to sign off on your work, which he or she will do after your work is completed, documented, and your understanding of the circuit demonstrated to the TA. You should keep that sheet and attached documentation for your record and as your receipt in case there are any inconsistencies with our accounting of which labs we think you have completed. When the TA signs off on your work, please make sure he or she also credits you in our own documentation that I will later use to determine your grade. You will be given equipment and a locker for the duration of the course. We will have you sign a Lab Agreement that and expect that you return all the equipment in working order. Breadboards in particular do fail, and that will not be counted against you. If the breadboard failure is the result of your pet elephant stepping on it though, we will want the $ 75 from you that we estimate it will cost us to replace the board. For your education it also is your responsibility to find all the necessary data sheets for your experiments. Start your favorite search engine with the part number and it should quickly get you there. Do what it takes; do not come back to us with complaints like: I tried once on brokensearchengine.com and got no result... (Some data sheets are really not available though...) Acknowledgements: The lab exercises were developed by people before me (Kai). I believe that Dave Kieda played a major role in developing it, but you would have to ask people older than me if you want to know more of the history of this course. Anyway, I am grateful to all the giants on whose shoulders you find me standing. 2 Prof. Bergeson’s Advice: • Never design a complicated circuit All working circuits are simple, or are arrays of simple circuits. Furthermore, if you cannot explain how the circuit works to a retarded chimpanzee, then you will never be able to find out why, in fact, the circuit does not work at all. • Master the hierarchy of circuit elements: 1.) resistors 2.) capacitors 3.) inductors 4.) integrated circuits -2- Physics 3610/6610 Lab Manual Kai Martens 5.) transistors, diodes, etc. 6.) electron tubes... Never let the performance depend on the parameters of an element towards the bottom of the list if it can be made to depend on the parameters of an element higher up (Personally, I have never liked inductors, so my circuits depend only on capacitors and resistors. • Never calculate the performance of a circuit until you already know how it will perform If you have to calculate the performance, you have ignored the first advice... • When a circuit does not perform as expected, look for simple reasons: Do not design a new circuit, correct the old one. A circuit will perform as expected at first only 5% of the time (With experience, this figure may go as high as 20%). The reason for failure lies not in the central idea, which of course you worked out impeccably; it always lies in some secondary consideration like biasing, stray inductance, etc. Occasionally the cause is not simple. In such a case, the only hope is a brand new circuit. However, simple causes usually masquerade as complicated ones until they are found. (Kai’s added comments: Faulty contacts, termination, or settings on your probes may also cause you grief with no fault on the part of the circuit. Sometimes switching on the power will miraculously enhance the powers of your design: always check your supply lines; you may have blown a fuse while you were twiddling. • If you have a mechanical problem (packaging, connectors, etc.), NEVER ask a scientist for help! Scientists prefer to build things with chewing gum, duct tape, and rubber bands. An engineer is better. A good engineer is best of all. (But electronics parts salespeople are worst of all unless they have been engineers or technicians. • When reading about electronics, first look at the pictures and the diagrams. If you do not see how it works immediately, the circuit violates the first advice. The text may be read for details after you understand how the circuit works. • Learn the hierarchy of electronics literature: 1.) price lists 2.) specification sheets 3.) advertisements 4.) articles on electronics 5.) books Things toward the bottom of the list are of value only as they lead you to things toward the top of the list. • Remember that scientists can get only half the performance from components that specification writers can get. Transistor oscillators and amplifiers are good up to one half of the “maximum useful frequency”. Power transistors burn out at half their power rating, etc, etc, etc. • If you can: Get an integrated circuit for your task! It will perform twice as well as anything you can build, but still half as well as the specification sheets say. -3- Physics 3610/6610 Lab Manual Kai Martens • Ignore people who say: “Your design is unorthodox: a Peterson circuit would work better.” or “Ah, you are using a modified Bridgeman amplifier.” Such people are jealous of your creative genius, and only wish to detract from your magnificent design. However, if they can propose a simpler or obviously more reliable circuit, welcome their comments. 3 Tables 3.1 Table of SI prefixes Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a z y 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 103 101 10−1 10−2 10−3 10−6 10−9 10−12 10−15 10−18 10−21 10−24 yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto 3.2 Resistor Color Codings The stripes on a resistor tell the resistance value and its tolerance. The color rings are grouped towards one end of the resistor; start reading from that same end. The color of the first ring indicates the first digit of the resistance value, and the second ring the second digit. The third ring indicates the power of ten that this value had to be multiplied with. A fourth ring indicates the tolerance on this value; if no fourth ring is present, the tolerance defaults to ±20%. -4- Physics 3610/6610 color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Silver Lab Manual first digit second digit multiplier 0 0 1 1 1 10 2 2 100 3 3 1,000 4 4 10,000 5 5 100,000 6 6 1,000,000 7 7 N/A 8 8 N/A 9 9 N/A 0.1 0.01 Kai Martens color Gold Silver none tolerance ±5% ±10% ±20% 3.3 Capacitor Codes For capacitors there are essentially two and three number codes, sometimes followed by a letter for the tolerance. If a voltage is printed on the capacitor, the capacitor is rated up to that voltage; if higher voltage is applied, it will fail. Codes of the form Letter-Number-Letter refer to temperature tolerance and dependence. Here is how to read the two or three digit number codes: The basic unit of measure is the pF. Two number codes directly translate into pF capacitance, with the two digits representing the two significant digits in that measure. Thus an imprint of 47 means 47 pF and 47K a 47 pF capacitor with a 10% tolerance. If three digits are given, the third digit represents a multiplier much like the third ring on a resistor. The two tables below list the multipliers as well as the optional tolerance letter that may follow the capacitor code: third digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 multiplier 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 N/A N/A 0.01 0.1 letter B C D E F G H J K M N P Z tolerance ±0.10% ±0.25% ±0.50% ±0.50% ±1% ±2% ±3% ±5% ±10% ±20% ±0.05% +100%, -0% +80%, -20% A capacitor marked 104 has a capacitance of 10×10,000 pF = 0.1 µF. A 472J is a 4.7 nF capacitor with a 5% tolerance. Large capacitors will have their capacitance printed on them directly. A capacitance meter (on the Extech 380771 DMM) is available in the lab. -5- Physics 3610/6610 Lab Manual 4 Parts List 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 Resistors [Ω] 10, 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 330, 390, 470, 560, 680, 820 1k, 1.2k, 1.5k, 1.8k, 2.2k, 3.3k, 3.9k, 4.7k, 5.6k, 6.8k, 8.2k 10k, 12k, 15k, 18k, 22k, 33k, 39k, 47k, 56k, 68k, 82k 100k, 120k, 180k, 220k, 390k, 470k, 560k, 680k, 820k 1M, 1.5M, 2.2M, 3.3M, 4.7M Capacitors [F] 1n, 10n, 20n, 470n, 1µ, 4.7µ, 47µ 10p, 22p, 47p, 100p, 470p, 4.7n, 47n, 100n, 220n Thermistor KA 35J3-5K5 Diodes 1N4148 Small Signal Diode Transistors 2N4401 Small Signal General Purpose npn-Transistor 2N4403 Small Signal General Purpose pnp-Transistor 2N5485 General Purpose n-Channel JFET Transistor VN10KM or VN10LP nMOS Power FET Transistor CA 3046 Transistor Array L14P1 Photo Transistor Linear ICs LM 741 Operational Amplifier LM 311 Comparator CA 3080 or NTE 902 Operational Transconductance Amplifier NTE 989 Phase Locked Loop (PLL; formerly LM 565) LM 723 Voltage Regulator NJM 7806 Voltage Regulator NJM 7906 Voltage Regulator Digital ICs CD 4001 quad 2-input NOR Gates CD 4011 quad 2-input NAND Gates CD 4013 dual D-type Flip-Flop CD 4016 quad Bilateral Analog Switch CD 4018 Presettable Divide-by-N Counter CD 4049 hex Inverter CD 4081 quad 2-input AND Gate CD 4528 or MC14538B dual Monostable Multivibrator CD 4027 dual J-K Flip-Flop MM 74C48 BCD-to-Seven-Segment Hexadecimal Latch/Decoder/Driver CD 4029 Presettable Up-Down Binary/Decimal Counter Displays NSL 5053 or NSL 5056 LED FNO 500 or LN 514 7-Segment -6- Kai Martens