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Transcript
SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 1 Review of Short Vowels Generalization: Closed Syllables, which follow the CVC and VCCV syllabication patterns, will usually contain short vowels. there are some exceptions to this generalization. Note: All syllables must contain a vowel. Most syllables contain a vowel(s) and consonant(s) and follow basic phonetic and orthographic patterns. short a short e short i short o short u answer strand branch handle swamp drastic random blanket fraction practice vacuum accident address traveled profanity husband mechanic language animosity constantly champion handsome companion subtraction medal credit elbow ready sketch stretch dentist meant steady healthy instead feather already speckle method question pageant skeleton memorize breakfast whenever expensive September presidential trick until which shrink windy trillion glisten fission pilgrim Pacific written favorite difficult picture original sprinkle children indicate continue consider skimmed beginning television theoretical dollar doctor tripod nostril closet blond strong gossip pocket gospel popular poverty illogical October contract common bombard promptly autonomy gossamer constitution correspond controversy microscopic touch scrub thumb blood tunnel autumn supper trouble double number republic conduct tantrum flooded repulse crumble rhombus hundred pumpkin toughen puffiness abduct youngster untouched SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 2 Review of Long Vowels Generalization: In most syllables (and single syllable words) with two vowels, the first vowel is long, the second vowel is silent. In words and syllables that follow the CVCe pattern, the first vowel is long, the final e is silent. In open syllables that follow a VCV, the vowel in the stressed syllable is usually long. Note that there are many exceptions. long a long e long i long o long u maybe sway stray crayon range strange behave escape phase break steak great obey remain afraid quaint complaint straight available eighth weigh sleigh neighbor Wednesday prefix prepare these theme complete because asleep speech between eighteen degrees speak teacher breathe increase kneading relief chief shield shriek believe achievement preoccupied lie tie alive price write arrive recite admire surprise combine describe buy style sign right high grind wind behind tighten malign exercise disguise roll jolt cold most chose wrote quote clothes boast coast toast loaves whoa remote suppose coax grown global know throw window stroll decompose use glue huge music volume amuse confuse produce tooth fooled choose smoothly hooray juice bruise fruitful human grew strewn shrewd molecule Tuesday cruel Some Exceptions: (not in order) live said have prove whose eye buy sew build give friend prince come been broad guy truth seize SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 3 Open and Closed Syllables: VCCV, VCV Generalization: The syllable break in words with the VCCV spelling pattern occurs between the two and double consonants (sur-vive, ap-pear). In words with the VCV spelling pattern, a consonant between two vowels tends to go with the second vowel unless the first vowel is accented and short (open syllable: bro-ken; closed syllable: wag-on). VCCV two consonants VCCV double consonants VCV open syllable VCV closed syllable until fancy melon expert cursor cactus rescue crayon certain athlete chapter husband compass costume welcome consume complain daughter condemn membrane pungent funny pretty happen pillar mirror tissue essay cellar giggle gossip appeal commit terrace quarrel vaccine raccoon mattress announce moccasin suffrage scaffold acre finer rider either nature feature declare respect believe trophy chosen teacher student moment because between vacancy crochet enough beyond robin never limit level vanish natural prophet column gravity saxophone benefit heritage literal shrivel nicotine negative sedentary rhetoric secular SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 4 Stress in Two Syllable Words Generalization: In a two-syllable word, the first syllable is usually stressed unless it is a prefix. first syllable stress (words without prefixes) second syllable stress (words with prefixes) victim picnic pardon barber tender plastic reptile signal seldom current children chapter pumpkin rescue welcome offer expert whimper costume harvest fellow urgent enjoy forget ignore disturb admire allow absorb decide confess pretend transfer confuse contend compose although perform support survive escape adhere suppose SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 5 Stress in Three-syllable Words Generalization: In a three-syllable word, the first syllable is usually stressed unless it is a prefix. First Syllable Stress (Words without Prefixes) Second Syllable Stress (Words with Prefixes) animal alphabet hamburger victory library several enemy article department yesterday average humorous avalanche aptitude carpenter deliver mistaken tomorrow propeller remember important remainder skeleton completion composure prevention endurance involvement demerit inclement SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 6 Words Commonly Misspelled Generalization: The following words are high frequency, commonly misspelled words in the writing of students at Grade 6. a lot usually themselves that’s through Christmas favorite clothes when our don’t TV really which because they awhile you’re again outside finally off business let’s there’s it’s college always there we’re except everything everybody beginning they’re too beautiful then their where doesn’t were didn’t whole probably myself SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 7 Polysyllabic Words Generalization: Spelling polysyllabic words requires the knowledge of phonics and spelling generalizations (consonant and vowel patterns, syllabication) and the knowledge of the structure of words (prefixes, suffixes, derivatives). Pronouncing each syllable in a polysyllabic word is the first step in spelling the word. two syllable three syllable four syllable five syllable deny acute sister number arctic ninety belief deceit helmet lumber hazard among ascend costume describe grammar machine acquire obscene proceed relative parallel hospital previous mystery quantity abandon probably alphabet calendar character desperate dominate fascinate important precedent yesterday understand performance acquaintance adequate amateur military portfolio definition motorcycle information ingredients irrigation unusual interference declaration accumulate appropriate combination composition constitution environment transportation prosperity imperative incidental diagnosis diversity extremity advantageous accommodate comprehension hippopotamus immediately capability elementary opportunity unnecessary consideration irresistible ceremonial significant pronunciation exclamatory intoxicated inspirational precipitation exaggeration objectionable controversial contamination approximation perpendicular SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 8 Plurals: -s, -es, -ies Generalization: A noun is usually made plural by adding an –s. Nouns ending in –x, -ch, -o, or –s are made plural by adding –es. If the noun ends in a –y and is preceded by a consonant, drop the –y and add –ies. -s - es - ies chicks fences writers trainers crayons animals gadgets napkins chapters diseases members payments vegetables techniques procedures refrigerators descriptions complications conveniences experiments pyramids soldiers scribes axes boxes mixes buses gases dishes kisses wishes peaches lashes patches passes latches glasses watches dresses brushes churches swatches waltzes quizzes potatoes tomatoes heroes volcanoes zeroes echoes cargoes sandwiches skies flies fries armies cities ladies fairies tardies babies berries bodies copies parties ponies pennies bunnies factories guppies supplies trophies activities qualities opportunities theories varieties queries EXCEPTION: pianos SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 9 Irregular Verbs Generalization: Some verbs, when written in the past tense and past participle, take on irregular forms. Present Past Past Participle begin bite blow break bring choose drink drive eat fly forget forgive lie ride shake speak spring steal swear throw weave wind write sew swim swing hang began bit blew broke brought chose drank drove ate flew forgot forgave lay rode shook spoke sprang stole swore threw wove wound wrote sewed swam or swum swung or swang hung or hanged begun bitten blown broken brought chosen drunk driven eaten flown forgotten forgiven lain ridden shaken spoken sprung stolen sworn thrown woven wound written sewed or sewn swum swung hung SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 10 Vowel Alternations Generalization: There is often a direct visual link between the spelling of related words and their related meanings. However, often the vowel sounds in these related words change: from long to short, or long to unaccented schwa. long a short a long e short e cave grave nature nation insane volcano humane cavity gravity natural national insanity volcanic humanity brief serene recede receive proceed succeed conceive brevity serenity recession reception procession succession conception long a schwa long e schwa able relate major native famous educate narrate ability relative majority nativity infamous educable narrative repeat remedial compete repetition remedy competition SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 11 Vowel Alternations Generalization: There is often a direct visual link between the spelling of related words and their related meanings. However, often the vowel sounds in these related words change: from long to short, or long to unaccented schwa. long i short i long u short u sign divine divide revise decide resign signal divinity division revision decision resignation induce reduce seduce produce conduce misconstrue induction reduction seduction production conduction misconstruction long i schwa long o schwa invite recite define reside inspire deprive admire invitation recitation definition residential inspiration deprivation admiration impose expose propose compose harmonious imposition exposition proposition composition harmony SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 12 Prefix Opposites: bene-/mal-, hyper-/hypoGeneralization: A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word united with or joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word. bene- = well mal - = bad, evil hyper- = over, above hypo- = under bene mal hyper hypo benign benefit benedict beneficial beneficent benevolent beneficiary benediction malice malady malaise malaria malinger malicious malignant malevolent malfunction malnutrition malpractice maladjusted malcontent malodorous dismal malign grand mal hyper hyperspace hypersonic hypercritical hypertension hypersensitive hyperventilation hypervigilant hyperacidity hyperbole hyperglycemia hypocrite hypothesis hypocritical hypodermic hypothermia hypothetical hypochondriac hypoglycemic hypoallergenic hypoxia hypocrisy hypotenuse hypothalamus SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 13 Prefix Opposites: sub-, superGeneralization: A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word united with or joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word. sub = under, beneath, below super = above, over, beyond sub super submit submission / submissive suburb subject subjective subway subtotal subzero subtract / subtraction subscribe subtitle subtopic subsoil substitute submerge subhuman submarine subscription substandard subterranean subdue subcommittee subordinate subtle subconscious subversive superstar superb superior super power supervise / supervisor superficial superman supernatural superhuman superhighway supersensitive superintendent superlative superimpose supercharged supernova supercilious superego superfluous superstition supersonic supersede BONUS WORD: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 14 Prefix Indicating Quantity: bi-/di-/du-, tri-, quadr-, quint-/penta- Generalization: A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word united with or joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word. bi-/di-/du- = two tri- = three quadr- = four quint-/penta- = five bi-/di-/du- tri- quadr- penta-/quint- biped bisect bicycle bias bikini biceps bifocal bicuspid binoculars bipartisan biannual bicentennial biennial bilateral biathlon binary bicultural bifacial bi-directional digraph dilemma diatomic dichotomy diatonic didactic duet dual duel duplicate duplex duo duplicity trio tricycle triangle triangular tricolor trice triad triple trivet tripod triplex trinity trilogy trifocal trident triceps trimester triceratops trigonometry trisect triennial trivial triumvirate quadrant quadruple quadruplet quadrangle quadriplegic quadrilateral quadriceps quadrille pentagon pentathlon pentameter pentacle pentad pentadactyl pentahedron pentarchy quintet quintuple quintuplet quintessential SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 15 Prefixes: amb-, amphi-, circ-/circumGeneralization: A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word united with or joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word. amb-/ambi -= both, around amphi -= on both sides or ends, around circ-/circum- = around, round amb- amphi- circ- circum- amble preamble ambition ambitious ambient ambidextrous ambiguous ambivalent ambivalence ambiance ambulate ambulatory circumambulate perambulator amphibian amphitheatre amphipod amphibolites amphibole amphibious amphibiotic amphichromatic circle circus circuit circular circa circumference circumstance circumvent circumnavigate circumscribe circumspect encirclement circadian circumambulate SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 16 Roots prim-/princ-/protoGeneralization: The root is the most basic element of the word. Most roots in the English language can be traced back to Latin or Greek origin. Roots are useful in finding cognates, which are words in other languages derived from the same root. prim-/ princ-/ proto- = first prim- princ- proto- prime primary primate primitive primal primacy primo primrose prime minister prima donna prime meridian primogeniture primordial prima facie prince princess principal principle principally unprincipled principality principate principium proton prototype protocol protagonist protoplasm protozoan protohuman proto Ionic protostele prototropic protogenia SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 17 Prefixes: ac-, a-, af-, ag-, an-, asGeneralization: A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word. ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, an-, as- = to, toward, near ac- ad- af- ag- an- as- accident accidentally accent accept accuse access account accounting acclaim accompany accomplish accomplice accord accost accommodation accelerate acquire acquisition addition additional admit advance advantage adapt adaptive adopt adoption addict addiction addictive adjust adjustment admire adverb adjective adjacent advertise adjourn adhere adherent adverse adversary admonish advocate adequate administer adolescent adrenaline affect affair affirm affix afford affordable affirmative affectionate afflict affliction affront affluent affluence affiliate affidavit affinity aficionado agree agreement aggressive aggressor aggravate aggravaton aggregate aggrandize aggrandizement agnostic annoy annex announce announcement anagram annotate analog analogy analogous annihilation annihilate anarchy anarchist analyze analysis analyst anesthesia anaerobic anachronism assist assistant assign assignment assess assessment aspire aspiration assert assertive assemble assembly ascend ascendancy ascertain assail assailant assault assassin associate assimilate SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 18 Adding Suffixes: -ity, -ism, -ic, -ist Generalization: A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix often changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words. -ity = state of / quality -ism = condition of -ic = pertaining to / relating to -ist = one who -ity -ism -ic -ist cavity gravity serenity captivity regularity familiarity inferiority peculiarity levity baptism heroism terrorism patriotism naturalism nationalism communism pluralism socialism basic public poetic heroic frantic historic chronic allergic metallic symbolic nostalgic electronic paraplegic democratic artist dentist scientist novelist chemist biologist geologist radiologist psychologist SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 19 Adding Suffixes (-ion, -tion) Generalization: A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words. -ion, -tion = state of, condition of ending in –ct add -ion ending in –te drop the e, add –ion action reaction affection conduction contraction subtraction induction deduction extinction prediction selection detraction distinction benediction protection creation education congratulation abbreviation decoration imitation generation complication fascination navigation separation vegetation abdication communication accommodation precipitation accumulation alliteration ending in –ce drop the e, add -tion introduction production reproduction reduction SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 20 Adding Suffixes: -ition, -ation Generalization: A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words. -ition, -ation = state of, condition of ending in se drop the e add -ition ending in ne/re/ve drop the e add -ation exceptions: composition opposition exposition disposition decomposition exploration combination admiration inspiration declaration determination examination starvation perspiration adoration repulsion convulsion definition SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 21 Adding Suffixes: -sion Generalization: A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words. All /zhun/ words are –sion. -sion = state of, condition of ending in ss add –ion ending in t change to ss add –ion ending in de change de to s add -ion impression confession depression discussion expression procession profession succession permission admission commission transmission omission remission regression emission decision explosion conclusion invasion evasion erosion collision delusion inclusion persuasion SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 22 Adding Suffixes: -able Generalization: When changing from a verb to an adjective, you can add –able. If the verb ends in a consonant, add –able. Verbs ending in silent e, drop the e and add –able. verbs ending in y, change the y to an i and add –able. -able = capable of, tending to base words base words with the final e dropped base words ending in y – change the y to i payable wearable passable washable profitable reachable returnable agreeable breakable enjoyable shrinkable preferable perishable predictable dependable questionable objectionable likable usable sizable lovable notable valuable quotable excitable desirable advisable debatable excusable admirable believable deplorable presumable recyclable reliable defiable enviable justifiable deniable SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 23 Adding Suffixes (-ible) Generalization: Words ending in –ible are often preceded by ss. Words ending in –ible often have a noun form ending in –ion. Drop the –ion and add –ible. (admission – admissible) (digestion – digestible) Use –ible to keep the soft sound of g or c. (deducible, eligible, incorrigible) audible compatible horrible terrible invisible impossible feasible permissible intelligible producible transmissible indivisible collectible accessible credible destructible flexible gullible irresistible collapsible coercible deducible eligible ineligible invincible possible illegible convertible responsible insensible inadmissible divisible incredible reversible irreversible indigestible combustible edible comprehensible admissible SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 24 Suffixes: -ant/-ance, -ent/-ence Generalization: A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix often changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words. -ant/-ance, -ent/-ence = action, process, state of -ant/-ent are adjective-forming endings which often have corresponding noun form endings in -ance, -ence. -ant -ance -ent -ence distant assistant important instant abundant tolerant dominant defiant elegant fragrant radiant arrogant brilliant ignorant vigilant significant distance assistance importance instance abundance tolerance dominance defiance elegance fragrance radiance arrogance brilliance ignorance vigilance significance base allow accept disturb resist endure grieve persevere admit hinder -ance allowance acceptance disturbance resistance endurance grievance perseverance admittance hindrance absent present silent resident violent innocent intelligent different excellent convenient competent prominent turbulent obedient diligent persistent (im)patient correspondent equivalent belligerent reverent adolescent phosphorescent absence presence silence residence violence innocence intelligence difference excellence convenience competence prominence turbulence obedience diligence persistence (im)patience correspondence equivalence belligerence reverence adolescence phosphorescence base prefer persist occur confer -ence preference persistence occurrence conference SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 25 Tricky Homophones Generalization: Homophones are pairs of words that have the same pronunciations but different spellings and meanings. bored board buy by bye then than clothes close its it’s straight strait where wear ware to two too who’s whose were we’re which witch through threw whole hole their there they’re sight site cite piece peace your you’re course coarse passed past aloud allowed warn worn herd heard berry bury missed mist our hour plain plane cord chord sent scent cent cereal serial medal metal meddle boy buoy whit wit nay neigh SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 26 Additional Most Frequently Misspelled Words Generalization: Sixth grade students frequently misspell these words in their writing. color forty any many none done does ache again often among been break busy business could doctor every friend since sugar believe enough instead through women answer early grammar guess laid lose loose once straight piece raise know knew meant cough country built hoarse though sure says February SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 27 More Homophones Generalization: Homophones are pairs of words that have the same pronunciations but different spellings and meanings. heir air profit prophet lesson lessen morning mourning kernel colonel affect effect altar alter aisle isle censor sensor rein rain reign counsel council carrot caret carat symbol cymbal compliment complement ascent assent stationary stationery were whir weighed wade foul fowl presents presence minor miner patience patients principal principle wholly holy capital capitol accept except vary very whether weather muscle mussel pi pie step steppe tear tier wet whet stile style vain vane vein tide tied SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 28 Words Borrowed from French Generalization: Words borrowed from another language often retain spellings from those languages, e.g. the beginning sound in chivalry is spelled with the French /ch-/ not with the English /sh-/. café filet valet vivid ballet depot fatigue blouse resumé collage mirage vague croquet debris glacier petite crochet detour bologna lasagna apropos en-route dialogue brochure parachute cul-de-sac filet mignon boulevard naïve surveillance espionage menagerie portrait entrée fiancé endive encore massage chivalry antique triumph chateau rapport matinee coup debut perfume coupon boutique plaque plateau bouquet sabotage boisterous chandelier rendezvous camouflage mayonnaise entrepreneur hors d’oeuvre technique porcelain mannequin reservoir amateur SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 29 Troublesome Words Generalization: The troublesome words below are often misspelled by sixth grade students. Many of the words sneak in an extra silent letter, contain unusual letter combinations, or defy all normal spelling generalizations. To conquer spelling troublesome words, some rote memorization may be required. It is also a good idea to analyze and discuss the words to determine what makes each one so difficult. absolutely achieve actually advice ambition ancient anticipated appearance appreciate approximately arctic attempt belief believe breathe bulletin disappoint discussion dissatisfied endeavor environment equipment eventually excellent excitement exhausted exhibit existence extraordinary fascinate fascination favorite individual intelligence interrupt judgment knowledge mathematics meant miniature miscellaneous neither occurrence performance precede quantity satisfactory SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 30 Troublesome Words-List 2 Generalization: The troublesome words below are often misspelled by sixth grade students. Many of the words sneak in an extra silent letter, contain unusual letter combinations, or defy all normal spelling generalizations. To conquer spelling troublesome words, some rote memorization may be required. It is also a good idea to analyze and discuss the words to determine what makes each one so difficult. cafeteria calendar comfortable conscience conscientious conscious criticize criticism misspelled rhythm courteous criticism desperate doesn’t mischievous tyranny ninety nuisance parallel fierce foreign fortunately government guarantee height immediately importance restaurant continuous schedule curiosity thorough fulfill twelfth niece writing nucleus perseverance serious succeed success suggestion system technique therefore unusual benefited ridiculous seize siege tragedy truly necessary weird noticeable outrageous playwright SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 31 Greek/Latin Roots: co-, col-, com-, con-/syl-, sym-, synGeneralization: Root words are parts of Latin and Greek words. In English they do not stand on their own as independent words; they are always preceded or followed (or both) by affixes. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding prefixes and suffixes to roots. Note: Base words are elements that can be used to build words by adding affixes, but are also complete words in themselves (power, powerful, powerless). co-, col-, com-, con- = with syl-, sym-, syn- = together co- col- com- con- cooperate coauthor coincide coactions codefendant collect collateral collegiate colleague collaborate combat comfort commune combine compatible concert concede confident concrete syl- sym- syn- syllabic syllable syllabus syllogism syllabication symbol symptom sympathy symmetry symphony synonym synergy synapse syncopate synagogue synchronize SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 32 Greek and Latin Science Vocabulary Generalization: Prefixes and suffixes, or both, are added to these Latin and Greek roots to modify or qualify their meaning. astro- = star astrolabe astronomy astrology astronaut astronomer bio- = life biology biotic biome biosphere chlor- = greenish- chlorine yellow chlorophyll chloroplast eco- = house ecology ecotype economy ecosystem hydr-/hydro-= water hydrate hydrogen hydroplane hydrant hydrology hydrothermal hydraulic hydrophobia hydroxide aqua- = aqua aquarium aquatic aquamarine aqueduct photo-/phos- =light photosynthesis photography photogenic telephoto phosphorescent vor- = eat carnivore devour herbivore voracious omnivore geo- = earth ground geometry geophysics geode geology geography geotropism geologist geocentric terr- = land extraterrestrial terrarium Mediterranean terrace territory terra firma subterranean terra cotta terra incognita water SVUSD – Grade 6 Lesson 33 Words Borrowed from Spanish Generalization: Words borrowed from another language often retain spellings from those languages, e.g. many taken from Spanish end in o. taco rodeo burro burrito patio stucco pueblo embargo bronco avocado sombrero tobacco vanilla sierra fiesta chocolate plaza corral Montana alligator tamale hurricane hammock cocoa hacienda platinum armada piñata poncho mañana rumba pinto canoe cargo potato tomato tornado bolero palomino gaucho cafeteria armadillo desperado tortilla chili mesa siesta saguaro peninsula canyon coyote enchilada adios guacamole mosquito iguana guerrilla flotilla chaparral bonanza jai alai junta puma
