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The Roman Architecture Vol. I, pp. 138-162 400 a.C. ca., Lupa capitolina, bronzo etrusco The Periods 21st April 753 BC – – According to the tradition, Romulus founded the town of Rome on the Palatine Hill. Rome was later inhabited by the Latins, the tribe living in Latium. 753 – 509 BC – – – The rule of the seven kings In this period Rome conquers various regions of Italy. Political power is held by the king helped by the Senate The Senate is made up of patricians (noble men and descendants of landowners) plebeians (poor but free people lacking political power) slaves – 509 BC Overthrow of Tarquin ( the last of the seven kings) and the foundation of the Republic 509 – 27 BC The Republic – The Republican government will last until the foundation of the Empire by Augustus in 27 BC 27 BC –476 AD The Empire – It was the largest empire in western civilisation ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 2 The Town Planning The town was like a military camp: – – – square plan divided into 4 blocks by two main streets: “cardo” and “decumanus” the farming lands were also divided into regular blocks (“centuriae”) by parallel and perpendicular lines Territorio nei pressi di Padova ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura Pavia 3 Arches The Romans were great builders. Their conception of space was different from the Greeks: – Greeks: columns and architrave with canopy covering (triliptic system) – Romans: vaulted arch (supports merged with covers) Arches and Vaults: laterally pushed with thick walls, able to cover large areas. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 4 Vaults ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 5 The Walls ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 6 The Architecture Public Architecture Religious Architecture Private Architecture ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 7 Public Architecture The Romans constructed numerous public works – – – – – – – – – Strade Ponti Acquedotti Fognature Archivi Magazzini Mercati Terme Basiliche Roads Bridges Aqueducts City Sewer Systems Archives Storehouses Markets Thermae Basilicas They created a role model which was later used all over the empire. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 8 Public Architecture roads approx. 3m wide; covered with stone slabs; sided by drainage gutters. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 9 Public Architecture bridges great importance was given to the brideges during Roman times; the Council of “Pontifices” was in charge of their construction. Verona (ricostruito) Rimini (14-21 d.C.) ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 10 Public Architecture aqueducts between 4th cent. BC and 3rd cent. AD 10 bridges were built to provide for the water needs of the population. Roma, Acquedotto Claudio, 38-52 d.C. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 11 Public Architecture City Sewer Systems - Archives – Storehouses - Markets Cloaca Massima 4th-3rd sec. B.C. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 12 Public Architecture thermae from the Greek “thermai” ( hot source), they existed during the Republican period. The type was fully defined by Trajan’s Baths ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 13 Public Architecture basilicas located close to the “forum”. here the legal proceedings, meetings and business negotiations took place. basilicas were made up of: – – – – – a large rectangular hall divided into naves by tiers of columns (Maxentius’ was 80m long) the entrance was opened on one of the main sides on the opposing side was the apse, rectangular or semi-circular where the magistrate’s chair was placed. wooden trusses or cross vault cover plain exteriors and elaborated interiors Roma, Basilica di Massenzio, 307-313 ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 14 Roma, Tempio della triade capitolina, 509 a.C. Religious Architecture - Temples The first great temple was built in 509 after the overthrow of Tarquin Trivalent model similar to Etruscan examples other examples were inspired by the Greeks Roma, Tempio di Ercole vincitore (detto di Vesta), II sec. a.C. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura Roma, Tempio della Fortuna Virile, II-I sec. a.C. 15 Religious Architecture - Temples Pantheon 118-128 d.C. It was only under the Empire that this kind of temple evolved. The Pantheon was dedicated to all gods (“pan”=all “ theos”= god). The building stood in the centre of an open space characterised by a circular plan, entrance with Corinthian pronao, hemispherical dome lightened by lacunars. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 16 Leisure Architecture - Theaters with steps resting on walls rather than a hill; used for drama performances Roma, Teatro di Marcello, 13 a.C. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 17 Leisure Architecture - Amphitheaters circular or elliptical used for shows that lasted days Anfiteatro Flavio (Colosseo), 70-80 d.C. ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 18 Residential Architecture The Villa Villa di Boscoreale (Pompei), I c. B.C. Villa di Settebassi, Roma, post 139 ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura Villa Laurentinum, (Plinio il Giovane), Roma II c. 19 ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 20 Roma, Pantheon, 118-128 ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 21