Download LECTURE 18 COLD WAR CONFLICTS 1945-1960

LECTURE 18
COLD WAR CONFLICTS
1945-1960
Part 1 – Origins of the Cold War
Part 2 – The Cold War Heats Up
Part 3 – The Cold War at Home
Part 4 – Two Nations Live on the Edge
•END OF WWII (ISSUES & REPARATIONS)
•YALTA CONFERENCE (BIG 3)
•POTSDAM CONFERENCES, TENSION MOUNTS
•CREATION OF UNITED NATIONS
•IRAN: THE FIRST COLD WAR CRISIS
•TURKEY, GREECE, AND THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE (containment)
•CZECHOSLOVAKIA & THE MARSHALL PLAN
•DIVISION OF GERMANY & BERLIN BLOCKADE
•FORMATION OF NATO
•COMMUNISTS TAKE CONTROL OF CHINA
•SOVIET UNION BECOMES A NUCLEAR POWER
END OF WWII ISSUES:
• LOSS OF LIFE - 50 MILLION (15 MIL. SOLDIERS)
• HOMELESS – HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS
– JAPANESE IN U.S.
– WAR TORN COUNTRIES
• LOSS OF PROPERTY – 2 TRILLION
– FACTORIES, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (RAILROADS,
STREETS, HIGHWAYS)
– DEVASTATED CITIES
NOW WE HAVE THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE
WEAPONS IN HISTORY
REPARATIONS
• WHO’S RESPONSIBLE?
• HOW DOES IT GET FIXED?
• HOW DOES IT GET FIXED WITH
DIFFERENT, OPPOSING BELIEFS?
WHY THE NAME, “COLD WAR”?
• COLD WAR IS THE STATE OF INTENSE
ECONOMIC, POLITICAL,MILITARY, AND
IDEOLOGICAL RIVALRY BETWEEN NATIONS
JUST SHORT OF MILITARY CONFLICT.
• NO ACTUAL FIGHTING.
• ATTMEPTS TO BLOCK ONE ANOTHER’S
GOALS.
• TWO MAJOR PLAYERS:
– CAPITALIST UNITED STATES
– COMMUNIST SOVIET UNION
U.S. CAPTIALISM
• AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH THE MEANS OF
PRODUCTION ARE PRIVATELY OWNED.
• BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS PRODUCE GOODS FOR A
MARKET GUIDED BY FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND.
ADVANTAGES FROM A POLITICAL STANDPOINT:
1. NO PERSON OR COMBINATION OF PERSONS CAN
CONTROL THE MARKET PLACE.
– NO MONOPOLY BY A PARTY OR CLIQUE.
2. THE MARKET TENDS TO REWARD EFFICENCY WITH
PROFITS AND TO PUNISH INEFFICIENCY WITH LOSSES.
SOVIET COMMUNISM
• ORIGINALLY, COMMUNISM SIGNIFIED AN IDEAL
SOCIETY IN WHICH PROPERTY WOULD BE OWNED
IN COMMON AND THE NECESSITIES OF LIFE
SHARED BY MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY
ACCORDING TO THEIR NEEDS.
• HOWEVER, COMMUNISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE
COLLECTIVE OWNERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF
PRODUCTION, CENTRAL ECONOMIC PLANNING,
AND RULE BY A SINGLE POLITICAL PARTY OR THE
GOVERNMENTS OF COMMUNIST COUNTRIES. IT
BECAME TOTALTARIANISM – COMPLETE
CONTROL BY THE GOVERNMENT OVER CITIZENS.
YALTA CONFERENCE, BIG 3 MEET IN
Feb. 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND
STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE
OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.
YALTA CONFERENCE:
MET FEBRUARY 4 - 11, 1945
• AGREED TO CREATE THE UN (UNITED NATIONS).
• SOVIETS WOULD ALLOW FREE ELECTIONS IN
POLAND AND OTHER SOVIET OCCUPIED
COUNTRIES.
• SOVIET UNION WOULD ENTER WAR AGAINST
JAPAN AFTER GERMANY SURRENDERED.
• DISMEMBERMENT OF GERMANY.
• ZONE OF OCCUPATION FOR THE FRENCH IN
GERMANY.
POTSDAM, JULY 1945
CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN
DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND
JAPAN
POTSDAM CONFERENCE
• ROOSEVELT DIES ON APRIL 12 1945, AND IS REPLACED BY
TRUMAN AS PRESIDENT, WHO ATTENDS CONFERENCE
• CHURCHILL REPLACED BY CLEMENT ATLEE IN MIDCONFERENCE, DUE TO WINNING ELECTION.
• GERMANY IS SPLIT INTO 4 ZONES. EACH ZONE TO BE
OCCUPIED BY U.S., BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND SOVIET UNION.
• BERLIN (GERMAN CAPITAL) IS SPLIT INTO FOUR ZONES,
OCCUPIED BY SAME FOUR COUNTRIES.
• STALIN AGREES TO OPEN ELECTIONS IN POLAND, BUT THEN
HAS A CHANGE OF HEART. STATING, “A FREELY ELECTED
GVMT. IN ANY OF THE EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
WOULD BE ANTI-SOVIET.”
UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST
TIME, 1945
UNITED NATIONS
•
•
FIRST MET IN April 1945, then later on Jan. 10th 1946 in Westminster
Central Hall in London, where representatives from 51 nations met in
San Francisco. By June 1946, they agreed on a charter, which created
a general assembly made up of all member nations.
UN Council has five permanent members:
– U.S., U.K., France, Soviet Union & Republic of China.
Permanent members have power to VETO.
•
General Assembly is made up of all UN member states.
– Currently 191
•
Elected members are elected by the General Assembly for 2 year
terms, with five replaced every year.
SIDE NOTE: UN Security Council is unable, usually due to disagreement
among the permanent member, to exercise its primary responsibility.
UN FUNCTIONS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the
principles and purposes of the United Nations; to investigate any
dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;
to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of
settlement;
to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate
armaments;
to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression
and to recommend what action should be taken;
to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures
not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
to take military action against an aggressor;
to recommend the admission of new Members;
to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in
"strategic areas";
to recommend to the GeneralAssembly the appointment of the
Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the
Judges of the International Court of Justice.
UN IS IMPROVEMENT OVER LEAGUE OF
NATIONS
• THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
– U.S FEARED THAT IT WOULD INFRINGE ON U.S
INDEPENDENCE.
– U.S. FEARED THAT IT WOULD CHANGE FOREIGN POLICY
TO STAY CLEAR OF EUROPE ENTANGLEMENTS.
• THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS DID NOT HAVE AN
INTERNATIONAL POLICE FORCE.
- OTHER THAN ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS, THEY
NOTHING.
COULD DO
IRAN WAS THE SITE
OF THE FIRST
DISPUTE OF THE COLD
WAR IN 1945-46
GROMYKO
BRITISH AND SOVIET TROOPS HAD JOINTLY OCCUPIED
IRAN SINCE 1941 TO PROTECT OIL RESERVES FROM
FALLING INTO GERMAN HANDS. THE SOVIETS REFUSED
TO WITHDRAW THEIR FORCES AND THE CASE CAME UP
BEFORE THE NEWLY FORMED SECURITY COUNCIL IN
MARCH 1946. WHEN THE SOVIET AMBASSADOR, ANDREI
GROMYKO, FAILED TO GET A POSTPONEMENT OF THE
DEBATE, THE SOVIETS WALKED OUT. NEVERTHELESS, THE
SECURITY COUNCIL STOOD ITS GROUND AND SIX WEEKS
LATER STALIN WITHDREW HIS TROOPS FROM IRAN.
BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY
FACED COMMUNIST
REVOLTS (CIVIL WAR) IN
1946 & 1947 AND ASKED
THE U.S. FOR AID TO
DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM
COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS
BRITIAN HAD
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS,
WHICH CAUSED IT TO
WITHDRAW FROM
GREECE AND TURKEY.
THEY TURN TO U.S. FOR
AID
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
“THE SEEDS OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES ARE NURTURED
BY MISERY AND WANT. THEY SPREAD AND GROW IN THE
EVIL SOIL OF POVERTY AND STRIFE. THEY REACH THEIR
FULL GROWTH WHEN THE HOPE OF A PEOPLE FOR A
BETTER LIFE HAS DIED. WE MUST KEEP THAT HOPE ALIVE.
THE FREE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD LOOK TO US FOR
SUPPORT IN MAINTAINING THEIR FREEDOMS.
IF WE FALTER IN OUR LEADERSHIP, WE MAY ENDANGER
THE PEACE OF THE WORLD -- AND WE SHALL SURELY
ENDANGER THE WELFARE OF OUR OWN NATION.
GREAT RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE BEEN PLACED UPON US
BY THE SWIFT MOVEMENT OF EVENTS.”
PRESIDENT TRUMAN ASKED CONGRESS FOR $400 MILLION
IN AID PLUS US TROOPS/ADVISORS TO HELP BOTH
GREECE AND TURKEY FIGHT BACK THE COMMUNIST
THREAT
"I'M SICK OF
BABYING THE
SOVIETS."
PRESIDENT TRUMAN WROTE THIS ON JAN. 5, 1946 TO
SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES. HE WAS UPSET
THAT THE USSR WAS TAKING OVER EASTERN EUROPEAN
NATIONS AND IMPOSING COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.
GEORGE F. KENNAN AND
CONTAINMENT
IN FEB. 1946, GEORGE KENNAN (AN
AMERICAN DIPLOMAT IN MOSCOW)
PROPOSED A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT.
AN EFFORT TO BLOCK THE SOVIETS’
ATTMEPTS TO SPREAD THEIR INFLUENCE
BY CREATING ALLIANCES AND
SUPPORTING WEAKER COUNTRIES
THE TRUMAN
DOCTRINE WAS THE
FIRST EMPLOYMENT
OF THE POLICY OF
CONTAINMENT
“IT IS CLEAR THAT THE UNITED STATES
CANNOT EXPECT IN THE FORESEEABLE
FUTURE TO ENJOY POLITICAL INTIMACY
WITH THE SOVIET REGIME. IT MUST
CONTINUE TO REGARD THE SOVIET
UNION AS A RIVAL, NOT A PARTNER, IN
THE POLITICAL ARENA.
THIS POLICY BEGAN TO GUIDE THE
TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION’S
FOREIGN POLICY.
CHURCHILL
GIVING HIS
“IRON CURTAIN”
SPEECH IN MARCH
OF 1946 AT
FULTON
MISSOURI
"A shadow has fallen
upon the scenes so
lately lighted by the
Allied victories. . . .
From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended
across the continent.”
CHURCHILL’S MAIN POINTS WERE THAT THERE SHOULD BE A
US/UK AGREEMENT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE U.N. TO
RESIST AND DETER ANY DISTURBANCES TO WORLD PEACE AND
THAT STALIN WANTS "NOT WAR BUT THE FRUITS OF WAR”, AND IF
THE ALLIES STAY STRONG AND UNITED THEY CAN COUNTER ANY
SOVIET THREAT.
STALIN CONSIDERED CHURCHILL’S WORDS, “A CALL TO WAR”
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
IN 1948 THE SOVIETS SEIZED CONTROL OF
CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND MADE IT A USSR PUPPET STATE. AS
A RESULT, U.S. APPROVES MARSHALL PLAN.
US SECRETARY OF
STATE GEORGE C.
MARSHALL AT
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY, JUNE 5TH
1947, THE DAY HE
DELIVERED HIS
HISTORIC SPEECH
ANNOUNCING THE
MARSHALL PLAN FOR
THE ECONOMIC
RECOVERY OF EUROPE
HOW EUROPE WAS TO BE RECONSTRUCTED
UNDER THE MARSHALL PLAN
MODERNIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
CREATION OF SOUND CURRENCIES AND NATIONAL
BUDGETS
EXPANSION OF TRADE AND INCREASE IN EXPORTS
INCREASED ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
REMOVAL OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION ESPECIALLY IN
AGRICULTURE AND ENERGY INDUSTRY
IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
THE FIRST SHIP CARRYING MARSHALL PLAN AID ARRIVES
IN BORDEAUX, FRANCE, MAY 1948. THE U.S.
AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE IS ON HAND TO WELCOME IT.
GERMAN CITY OF
HAMBURG IN 1947
BEFORE THE MARSHALL
PLAN
EFFECTS OF
THE
MARSHALL
PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952,
AFTER THE MARSHALL
PLAN
THE MARSHALL PLAN IS A MAJOR
FACTOR IN WESTERN EUROPE’S
RECOVERY FROM THE
DEVASTATION OF WW II
COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ASSISTANCE
(COMECON). FOUNDED IN 1949
• SOVIETS RESPOND WITH THEIR OWN MILITARY
AND FINANCIAL AID PACKAGE (COMECON)
– COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE ECONOMIC
COOPERATION OF THE EASTERN EUROPEAN STATES.
– SOVIETS BELIEVED THAT THE MARSHALL PLAN WAS AN
ATTEMPT BY THE U.S. TO BUY THE SUPPORT OF
SMALLER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
– SOVIETS FELT THAT THE U.S. WAS GOING TO
ECONOMICALLY EXPLOIT THESE COUNTRIES.
PLAN LARGELY FAILED BECAUSE OF INABILITY OF
SOVIETS TO PROVIDE LARGE AMOUNTS OF
FINANCIAL AID.
1949 SAW THE FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO
GERMAN NATIONS COMMONLY KNOWN AS EAST AND
WEST GERMANY. EAST GERMANY WAS RULED BY THE
USSR WHILE WEST GERMANY WAS INDEPENDENT.
EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE
USSR AFTER WW II:
EAST GERMANY, ALBANIA, BULGARIA,
CZECHOSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, ROMANIA & POLAND
GERMANY AND THE
CAPITOL CITY OF
GERMANY (BERLIN),
WERE DIVIDED
INTO FOUR ZONES:
SOVIET, FRENCH,
BRITISH AND
AMERICAN. THE
THREE ALLIES
UNITED THEIR
ZONES IN THE WEST
OF BOTH GERMANY
AND BERLIN. THE
SOVIETS WERE ON
THE EAST SIDE OF
BOTH GERMANY AND
BERLIN.
ON JUNE 23RD 1948 THE USSR IMPOSED A COMPLETE
BLOCKADE ON RAILWAY, ROAD AND CANAL TRAFFIC LEADING
TO WEST BERLIN FROM THE ALLIED GERMAN ZONE. NO
SUPPLIES OF ANY TYPE, INCLUDING FOOD, FUEL AND
CONSUMER GOODS, WERE ALLOWED TO ENTER WEST BERLIN.
STALIN WANTED TO STARVE THE CITY INTO SUBMISSION.
THIS WAS DONE FOR TWO MAIN REASONS:
•STALIN'S DESIRE TO CONTROL ALL OF BERLIN
•THE ALLIES LONDON PROGRAM OF 1948 THAT CALLED FOR A
SEPARATE WEST GERMANY AND CURRENCY REFORM
POLITICAL CARTOON
ASKS THE QUESTION
“WHAT WILL PRESIDENT
TRUMAN DO ABOUT
BERLIN?”
TRAINS PREVENTED FROM
MOVING TO BERLIN
PRESIDENT TRUMAN DECIDED THAT WE WERE
GOING TO HOLD ON TO WEST BERLIN AND HE
CHOOSE AN AIRLIFT FROM THE OPTIONS
PRESENTED HIM. THE AIRLIFT WOULD BE
USED FOR KEEPING THE CITY SUPPLIED WITH
FOOD, FUEL AND CONSUMER GOODS.
BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949
EVERYTHING FROM COAL TO CHOCOLATE WAS FLOWN IN
BY FLEETS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH CARGO PLANES
LOADING BAGS OF
COAL
MAKING SMALL
PARACHUTES TO DROP
CANDY TO BERLIN
CHILDREN
PRESIDENT TRUMAN MADE
IT CLEAR THAT IF ONE
CARGO PLANE WAS SHOT
DOWN IT WOULD MEAN
WAR BETWEEN THE US AND
USSR
CRASHED CARGO PLANE
DUE TO AN ACCIDENT
IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE
BERLIN BLOCKADE
DEAN ACHESON BECAME
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
IN 1949 UNDER HARRY
TRUMAN. IN THAT POST,
HE DEVELOPED A POLICY
TO CONTAIN COMMUNIST
EXPANSION BY
FUNNELING ECONOMIC
AND MILITARY AID TO
DEMOCRATIC NATIONS,
AND BY HELPING TO
ESTABLISH THE NORTH
ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION (NATO).
NATO:THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION IS FORMED IN 1949
IN APRIL 1949, TEN WEST
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA, SIGN
THE WASHINGTON TREATY, WHICH
CREATES THE NORTH ATLANTIC
TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), AN
ALLIANCE WHICH BRINGS
TOGETHER FREE AND SOVEREIGN
COUNTRIES IN ORDER TO CREATE A
COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM. THE
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE OF THE
ALLIANCE IS SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE
5 WHICH STATES THAT "AN ARMED
ATTACK AGAINST ONE OR MORE OF
THEM IN EUROPE OR NORTH
AMERICA SHALL BE CONSIDERED AN
ATTACK AGAINST THEM ALL."
NATO'S FIRST SUPREME
ALLIED COMMANDER
EUROPE (SACEUR),
GENERAL DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER,
DECEMBER 1950
APRIL 1949, DEAN
ACHESON SIGNS THE
NATO TREATY FOR THE
US WITH PRESIDENT
TRUMAN OBSERVING
FIRST SESSION OF
THE NORTH
ATLANTIC COUNCIL
FIRST MEMBERS OF NATO
BELGIUM, CANADA, DENMARK, FRANCE, ICELAND,
ITALY, LUXEMBOURG, THE NETHERLANDS, NORWAY,
PORTUGAL, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED
STATES. LATER JOINED BY GREECE, SPAIN, TURKEY
AND WEST GERMANY.