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The Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire & The Congress of Vienna World Studies I Today you will be learning about how NAPOLEON lost his empire! Napoleon has conquered most of Europe and the map on the next slide is what the French Empire looked like when he was most powerful…. French Empire in 1812 (in blue) But, let’s begin with the mistakes Napoleon made that cost him this empire… Mistake #1: The Continental System • Napoleon tried to destroy Britain’s ability to trade with other countries • He closed the European ports under his control • This policy was called the “Continental System” Mistake #1: The Continental System • Napoleon’s plan failed • Smugglers were able to get around the “blockade” • Britain organized their own blockade, and it was better than Napoleon’s Mistake #2: The Peninsular War • Napoleon invaded Spain • When the Spaniards protested, Napoleon put his brother Joseph on the throne • Furious, Spanish peasants organized and attacked Napoleon’s troops • Napoleon lost over 300,000 men in this war Mistake #2: The Peninsular War Meanwhile, “Nationalism” spreads throughout Europe because nations under Napoleon’s Empire began to hate him and feel pride in their own countries instead. Nationalism: Intense loyalty to one’s country • Modern Examples: Raider Nation Mistake #2: The Peninsular War • While they once saw Napoleon as a leader, the non-French people began to unite against him • Like the Spanish, the Germans and Italians turned against the French DOWN WITH NAPOLEON! Nationalism Changes in France Old France under King Louis XVI New France after the Revolution • King is symbol of France • Allegiance to the King • Nobles wear aristocratic clothing • People follow old Estate system • French Flag is symbol of country • Allegiance to France • Most people wear more common clothing • People call each other “citizen” Mistake #3: Invasion of Russia • Napoleon invaded Russia when the ruler refused to stop selling grain to Britain • The Russians retreated, but practiced the “scorched earth policy” • In other words, as they retreated they burned fields and killed livestock so the French army would starve Mistake #3: Invasion of Russia • In addition to starvation, troops also suffered from the cold winter and pure exhaustion • When Napoleon finally retreated, there were only 10,000 troops left (from 422,000!!!) The Result: Napoleon’s Defeat • In 1814, Napoleon is defeated and exiled (sent to another country). • He is sent to Elba, an island off the coast of Italy. • However, in 1815, Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to France to try and regain his power. • The British & Prussian armies defeated Napoleon and his troops at the Battle of Waterloo. • This time, Napoleon was exiled for good to a small island in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. He died 6 years later in 1821. The Congress of Vienna (1814 - 1815) • Now that Napoleon is defeated, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England meet over 8 months to discuss how to keep Europe warfree and stable for as long as possible. • These meetings are called the Congress of Vienna. This is a city in Austria This means “meeting” Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • The Congress of Vienna accomplishes the following: – They return power to absolute monarchs who ruled before Napoleon. This is called legitimacy. – France ends up with a constitutional monarchy with King Louis XVIII (brother of the dead King Louis XVI) – Give Austria, Prussia, England, France, and Russia similar amounts of land so that countries don’t fight. Also, they make many new smaller countries around France to contain it. This is called creating a balance of power. No country in Europe could overpower another. – France was not punished too harshly for fear that it might want to take revenge in the future. Europe after Congress of Vienna