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Name
BIOLOGY 406 HUMAN & COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, SPRING 2008
EXAMINATION #2 (PART 1)
Date
MULTIPLE CHOICE.⎯For the following multiple
choice questions circle the letter in front of the
response that best answers the question or completes
the sentence. (10%, 2% each)
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/LABEL I.⎯For the
following write the appropriate word or words in the
available space. (10%, 1% each)
1. Which of the following is derived from
ectoderm?
a. brain
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. ventral mesentery
e. None of the above.
1
2
2. Which of the following is derived from
mesoderm?
a. brain
b. epidermis
c. melanocytes (pigment cells)
d. stomodeum
e. None of the above
3. Which of the following is primarily
derived from endoderm?
a. brain
b. liver
c. ventral mesentery
d. vertebrae
e. None of the above
4. Which of the following embryonic aortic
arches forms “the aorta” in birds?
a. III
b. left IV
c. right IV
d. left V
e. right V
f. None of the above
5. Which of the following embryonic aortic
arches is formed and then lost in ALL
jawed vertebrates?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
e. V
f. VI
g. VII
h. VIII
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
vessel(s) 7
human liver
vessel 8
9 10
7
8
9
10
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/LABEL II.⎯For the following exercises write the appropriate word or
words in the available space. (10%)
Use the frontal section (ventral view) human
anatomy diagram below to fill in the
indicated structures to the right.
1. Label the indicated human vessels in the
diagram at left. (5%)
A
B
C
C
D
B
E
E
D
2. For each indicated vessel indicate the
embryonic vessel from which each
developed. (5%)
Not C
A
B
C
A
D
Not C
E
DEFINITIONS.⎯For the following words or phrases define them as accurately and concisely as
possible. (20%, 4% each)
1. Blastocyst:
2. Cloaca (also include its developmental origin/composition):
3. Dorsal mesentery (also include its developmental origin/composition):
4. Endothelium:
5. Epithelium:
Name
BIOLOGY 406 HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, SPRING 2008
EXAMINATION #2 (PART 2)
Date
SHORT ANSWER.⎯Address each question in as concise and lucid a manner as possible. Do NOT
exceed the space provided.
1. Explain how the endoderm develops during organogenesis in a human to form the digestive
tract and associated structures. What anatomical structures does it form and from what do
they form. Hint: I’m particularly looking for discussion of where “buds” form and what they become. (Feel
free, but do not feel obliged, to use a labeled sketch for your answer.) (14%)
2. Compare and contrast the digestive tracts (just the tube, not the offshoots/buds) of a human
and a shark. Be certain to identify any specializations or distinguishing characteristics of
each. (Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a table or clearly labeled sketches for your answer.) (12%)
3. Compare and contrast the heart structure (chambers) of a human and a shark. (Feel free, but do
not feel obliged, to use a table and/or labeled sketches for your answer.) THEN explain how this crossspecies comparison is relevant to understanding human heart development. (12%)
4. Explain what the four primary extraembryonic membranes in a human are. Be certain to
identify their locations, developmental composition, and function for the developing embryo.
(Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a table or clearly labeled sketches for your answer.) (12%)