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Circulatory System • Cardiovascular System = Heart, blood vessels, and blood -Transports H2O, nutrients, waste, O2, CO2, hormones, and immune cells. -Regulates heat, pH, and pressure. -Associated with lymphatic system. • Lymphatic System = Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic hearts, & lymph Human Cardiovascular Vascular Terms • Anastamosis = intercommunication between separate vessels (net like). • Portal System = vessels that carry blood from capillaries to capillaries. • Sinus = region for “pooling” of fluids. • Aortic arch = arterial arches that extend from ventral to dorsal between pharyngeal openings. Gnathostomes have 6 early in devel. Vascular • Arteries = Large; carry blood away from heart • Arterioles = Smaller; carry blood away from heart • Capillaries = Very small; gas & nutrient exchange occur here • Veinules = Smaller; carry blood to heart • Veins = Large; carry blood to heart Vertebrate Blood • Blood = connective tissue; cells (in vertebrates) in a water-based matrix. • Plasma = matrix around blood cells. Transports: H2O, nutrients, waste, CO2, hormones • Erythrocytes = Contain hemoglobin; transport O2; No nuclei in mammals. • Leucocytes = Immune cells. • Platelets = Cell fragments, involved in clotting after damage. Vertebrate Blood Plasma Hematopoesis – Blood Devel. • Hematopoesis = blood development. • Blood islands form in splanchnic mesoderm in yolk sac = 1st site of hematopoesis (always nucleate cells). Early fetal human red blood cells have nuclei. • Additional stem cells in splanchnic mesoderm around heart migrate to hematopoetic areas (spleen, kidneys, liver, & bone marrow in non-avian amniotes). Vascular Development • Mostly from splanchnic mesoderm. • Angiogenesis = blood vessel formation • Blood islands in yolk sac merge to form vessels that then extend into rest of embryo. Cardiovascular system starts in yolk sac and spreads to rest of embryo. Human Blood Islands Basic Chordate Arterial Circ. • Blood moves from posterior and ventral to the pharynx (heart/sinus venosus) • Anteriorly under the pharynx (ventral aorta) • Dorsolaterally up through the pharynx (pharyngeal/aortic arches) • Then to the body anteriorly and posteriorly from the dorsal pharynx (dorsal aorta). Lancelet Arterial Circulation dorsal aorta (paired - median) sinus venosus (median) ventral aorta (median) Lancelet Venous Circulation Anterior & posterior cardinal veins (paired) sinus venosus (median) hepatic vein (median) Lancelet Circulation ventral aorta dorsal aorta s.v. dorsal aorta common cardinal vein anterior cardinal vein s.v. hepatic vein posterior cardinal vein Basic Amniote Circulation Early Human Embryo Arterial left & right dorsal aortas aortic arch II III aortic arch I ventral aorta IV umbilical artery heart (truncus arteriosus) sinus venosus atrium ventricle bulbis cordis vitelline artery Early Human Embryo Arterial left & right dorsal aortas III IV VI umbilical artery heart ventral aorta (truncus arteriosus) vitelline artery Early Human Embryo Arterial descending aorta carotids ventral aorta III IV VI pulmonary umbilical artery heart (truncus arteriosus) vitelline artery Early Human Embryo Arterial Embryonic Arteries ventral aorta dorsal aorta I II III IV V VI HEART I II III IV V VI Human Embryonic Arteries external carotid internal carotid common carotid I II III IV subclavian aortic arch VI pulmonary artery HEART ductus arteriosus (before birth) descending aorta Human Embryonic Arteries Human Aortic Arches Human Fetal Circulation Upper Left Arch VI Early Human Embryo Circulation left & right anterior cardinal veins left & right posterior cardinal veins left & right common cardinal veins ventral aorta heart (truncus arteriosus) sinus venosus atrium ventricle bulbis cordis vitelline (hepatic) veins allantoic (umbilical) veins Early Human Embryo Circulation left & right anterior cardinal veins superior vena cava left & right posterior cardinal veins azygous vein jugular veins inferior vena cava hepatic portal hepatic vein vitelline vein (hepatic) veins heart allantoic (umbilical) veins Human Anterior Venous Development Basic Vertebrate Circulation Blood Vessel Structure • Endothelium = simple squamous epithelium lining inside of blood vessels (tunica intima) • Tunica externa = fibrous connective tissue surrounding the outside of the vessel • Tunica media = between the tunica intima and tunica externa; elastic connective tissue and/or smooth muscle. Vessel Structure • Arteries = Large; carry blood away from heart; thick tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle; accommodate high blood pressure • Capillaries = Very small; gas & nutrient exchange occur here; lack tunica media and tunica externa Vessel Structure • Veins = Vessels that carry blood to the heart; thin tunica media made primarily of connective tissue one-way valves promote the return of blood under low pressure Vertebrate Vessels vein tunica intima (endothelium) artery capillary Adult Human Arterial system Adult Human Arterial system external carotid internal carotid common carotid vertebral aorta* coeliac* superior mesenteric* renal gonadal inferior mesenteric* subclavian axillary humeral circumflex internal thoracic lateral thoracic brachial deep brachial radial ulnar common iliac external iliac internal iliac femoral circumflex deep femoral femoral popliteal anterior tibial posterior tibial Pulse Points Carotid & Radial Pulse Points Human Venous System Azygous vein Human Venous System Human Arm Venous System Human Leg Venous System Human Varicose veins Hematopoesis • In non-amniotes occurs primarily in the spleen, kidneys, and liver. Especially the spleen. • Hagfishes, lampreys, & lungfishes = no spleen • In amniotes occurs in bone marrow (especially in humans and other mammals) as well as in other tissues. No bone marrow in birds. ha gf is la hes m pr ey s C ho nd Ac ric tin ht op hy te s co ry el gi ac i an spleen lu th n gf lost is am h ph ib ia M ns am m a R ep lia til ia Subphylum Vertebrata * hematopoesis in marrow discrete spleen blood cells *erythrocytes lack nuclei Lancelet Circulation Vertebrate Circulation dorsal aorta ventral aorta subclavian external heart artery carotid Iliac artery Vertebrate Circulation anterior & posterior cardinal veins jugulars heart renal portal hepatic portal lateral subclavian abdominal iliac vein vein vein Aortic Arches • Gnathostomes = Arch I lost in adults; 6 arches early in development • Sarcopterygiians = Pulmonary arteries from arch VI • Tetrapods & Actinopts. = Arch II lost • Amniotes = Arch V lost • Mammals = left Arch IV forms aorta; right Arch IV forms base of subclavian • Birds = right Arch IV forms aorta Gnathostome Embryo Aortic Arches external carotid internal carotid I II III IV V ventral aorta dorsal aorta VI I II III IV V VI heart dorsal aorta Chondrichthyan Aortic Arches I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart Teleost Aortic Arches I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart Lungfish Aortic Arches I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart pulmonary artery Amphibian Aortic Arches external carotid internal carotid I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart pulmonary artery Lizard Aortic Arches external carotid internal carotid I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart pulmonary artery Bird Aortic Arches external carotid internal carotid I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart pulmonary artery Lepidosaur Aortic Arches external carotid internal carotid I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart pulmonary artery Mammalian Aortic Arches external carotid internal carotid I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI heart pulmonary artery M yx i n la i (h a m pr gfis ey he s) s C ho arch II lost nd Ac ric tin ht op hy te s co ry el gi ac i an lu th ng fis s am he ph s ib ia M ns am m a R ep lia til ia Subphylum Vertebrata arch V lost arch II lost arch VI forms pulmonary connection ds liz ar m on tr em es m ar su pi al s eu th er ia ns tu rt le s Amniota & sn cr oc ak od es ili an s bi rd s arch I lost; 6 arches form in development right arch IV forms aorta left arch IV forms aorta; right arch IV forms right subclavian Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches Aortic Arch Chondrichthys Actinopterygii lungfishes I II lost gill arch lost lost lost gill arch III gill arch gill arch gill arch IV gill arch gill arch gill arch V gill arch gill arch gill arch VI gill arch gill arch arch & pulmonary artery Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches Aortic Arch amphibians turtles lizards I II lost lost lost lost lost lost III common carotids common carotids common carotids IV l. and r. aortic arches aortic arch l. and r. aortic arches lost l. and r. aortic arches lost pulmonary artery pulmonary artery V (lost in frogs) VI aortic arch & pulmonary artery Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches Aortic Arch crocodilians birds Mammalia I II lost lost lost lost lost lost III common carotids IV l. and r. aortic arches com. carotids / subclavian bases l. lost r. aorta common carotids & ext. carotid base l. aorta r. subclavian V lost lost lost VI pulmonary artery pulmonary artery pulmonary artery Venous System • Gnathostomes = renal portal vein • Tetrapods = inferior vena cava from right hepatic; anterior cardinal veins form internal & external jugular veins • Mammals = inferior vena cava connects to & replaces renal portal • Some Mammals (humans, cats, etc.) = lose the left anterior cardinal vein (the right anterior cardinal vein = superior vena cava) Venous System hepatic vein anterior sinus cardinal venosus common cardinal hepatic portal posterior cardinal Shark Venous System internal jugular anterior cardinal subclavian common cardinal hepatic vein posterior cardinal hepatic portal renal portal Amphibian Venous System external jugular subclavian hepatic vein hepatic portal internal jugular anterior cardinal common cardinal posterior cardinal posterior vena cava renal portal iliac Reptile Venous System external jugular internal jugular anterior cardinal subclavian hepatic vein hepatic portal posterior vena cava renal portal iliac Mammal Venous System external jugular internal jugular subclavian anterior cardinal hepatic vein hepatic portal posterior vena cava renal vein iliac Gnathostome Venous System Veins Chondrichthys Actinopterygii lungfishes ant. card. com. card. ant. cardinal com. cardinal ant. cardinal com. cardinal ant. cardinal com. cardinal post. card. post. cardinal post. cardinal hep. portal hepatic portal hepatic portal hepatic portal renal port. renal portal renal portal renal portal hepatic post. cardinal (rt. = posterior “vena cava”) 2 hepatic veins 2 hepatic veins 2 hepatic veins Gnathostome Venous System Veins amphibians turtles Lepidosauria ant. card. ant. cardinal ant. cardinal ant. cardinal (jugular vein & (jugular vein & (jugular vein & brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics) com. card. com. cardinal com. cardinal com. cardinal (s. vena cavas) (s. vena cavas) (s. vena cavas) post. card. post. cardinal l. lost l. lost r. azygous vein r. azygous vein hepatic l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein r. p. vena cava r. p. vena cava r. p. vena cava hep. portal hepatic portal hepatic portal hepatic portal renal port. renal portal renal portal renal portal Gnathostome Venous System Veins crocodilians birds Mammalia ant. card. ant. cardinal ant. cardinal ant. cardinal (jugular vein & (jugular vein & (jugular vein & brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics) com. card. com. cardinal com. cardinal com. cardinal (s. vena cavas (s. vena cavas) (s. vena cavas) -left s. v. c. lost in some) post. card. l. lost l. lost l. lost r. azygous vein r. azygous vein r. azygous vein hepatic l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein r. i. vena cava r. i. vena cava r. i. vena cava hep. portal hepatic portal hepatic portal hepatic portal renal port. renal portal renal portal lost Hepatic Portal Vein • Vein from yolk sac to heart (vitelline vein) impinged on by hepatic diverticulum and forms hepatic capillaries. gut liver (with hepatic veins) heart hepatic portal vein vitelline vein (from yolk sac) ha gf is la hes m pr ey s C ho nd Ac ric tin ht op hy te s co ry el gi ac i an lu th ng fis s am he ph s ib ia M ns am m a R ep lia til ia Subphylum Vertebrata * jugular veins; rt. hepatic = posterior vena cava renal portal; subclavians *renal portal lost Heart • Heart = Muscular pump, moves blood via rhythmic contraction. • Contraction involuntary & initiated within the heart. (not-neuronal) Modified branching (cardiac) muscle cells transmit contraction signal. • Chamber = Cavity for blood collection separated by valves • Valves = Flaps of tissue that prevent back-flow of fluid (in this case blood) Human Heart Development • Formed from splanchnic mesoderm. • Endocardial tissue = forms simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart chambers and forms the heart valves • Myocardial = epithelium forms heart muscle • Hollow endocardial primordia form by splanchnic mesoderm ingression, then fuse to form a the endocardium (endothelium). • Epithelial splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the endocardium forming the cardiac muscle of the myocardium. Human Heart Development endocardium myocardium Human Heart Development (ventral aorta) Sinus Venosus Heart Chambers & Valves • Sinus venosus = slightly muscular chamber; receives blood from cardinal veins = sinoatrial node (“pacemaker”) in amniotes. • Sinoatrial valve = between s.v. & atrium. • Atrium = slightly muscular chamber. • Atrioventricular valve = between atrium & ventricle. • Ventricle = highly muscular chamber. • Conus arteriosus/ Bulbus arteriosus = chamber after ventricle (muscular with valves = conus; elastic, no valves = bulbus ; embryonic = bulbis cordis) Human Heart Development Human Heart Development • Sinus Venosus lost except some cells that become the sinoatrial node (“pacemaker”) • Sinoatrial valve lost. • Atrium divides into right and left. • Atrioventricular valve divides to form (right) tricuspid and (left) bicuspid/mitral valves • Ventricle divides into right and left. Human Heart Development • Bulbis cordis lost. • Ventral aorta (truncus arteriosus) divides to become - (left) ascending aorta that will maintain connection to aortic arches III & IV and - (right) pulmonary trunk artery that will maintain connection to aortic arch VI. Human Heart Blood Flow Human Heart Blood Flow Heart Chambers & Valves Heart Position/Stethoscope Blood Flow From Heart high oxygen low oxygen Heart Chambers & Valves Teleost Heart Chambers • Sarcopterygiians = at least partially developed interatrial septum • Tetrapods = complete interatrial septum • Amniotes = conus arteriosus lost during devel; sinus venosus incorp. into right atrium; at least partially developed interventricular septum • Mammals & Archosaurs = complete interventricular septum Heart Chambers & Valves Heart Chambers & Valves ha gf is la hes m pr ey s C ho nd bulbus ri A arteriosus ctin cht op hy te s co ry el gi ac i an lu th ng fis s am he ph s ib ia M ns am m a R ep lia til ia Subphylum Vertebrata complete interatrial septum partial interatrial septum heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus) & sn cr oc ak od es ili an s bi rd s ds liz ar m on tr em es m ar su pi al s eu th er ia ns tu rt le s Amniota complete complete interventricular interventricular septum septum conus arteriosus lost in adult; incomplete interventricular septum; sinus venosus lost (in rt. atrium) Gnathostome Heart Chambers Chondrichthys Actinopterygii lungfishes Sinus Venosus sinus venosus sinus venosus sinus venosus Atrium atrium atrium atrium (partially Ventricle ventricle venticle ventricle Conus Arteriosus conus arteriosus bulbus arteriosus (not conus arteriosus l.-r. divided) muscular) Gnathostome Heart Chambers Sinus Venosus Atrium amphibians lizards turtles sinus venosus sinoatrial node sinoatrial node (incorp. in rt. atrium) (incorp. in rt. atrium) Ventricle left atrium right atrium ventricle Conus Arteriosus conus arteriosus left atrium left atrium right atrium right atrium ventricle (partial. ventricle (partial. left-right divided) left-right divided) lost lost Gnathostome Heart Chambers Sinus Venosus Atrium Ventricle crocodilians birds Mammalia sinoatrial node sinoatrial node sinoatrial node (incorp. in rt. atrium) (incorp. in rt. atrium) (incorp. in rt. atrium) left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle lost lost (connected by foramen of Panizza) Conus Arteriosus lost Lymphatic System • Plasma in capillaries is forced into the tissues by blood pressure. • Edema = swelling of tissues due to accumulation of fluid (plasma/lymph). • Usually, edema is avoided because… plasma in tissues diffuses into blind lymphatic capillaries and is called lymph. Lymphatic System HIG HP artery RES SU RE t ar he capillaries LOW PRESSURE vein P LO W E SUR RES Lymphatic System • Lymphangitis = inflamation of a lymph vessel. (ROOT WORDS) Lymphangitis of the vessel indicated by the arrow caused the edema in the middle finger. Lymphatic System • Lymph vessels = thin walled vessels with valves (similar in structure to veins, but with weak contractile ability); return lymph to venous system. • Lymph nodes (lymphatic cisterns) = expanded lymph vessels filled with connective tissue and leukocytes. Immunological filters. • Lacteals = lymph vessels in villi of the jejuno-ileum (small intestine) absorb fats. Lymph Vessel Lymph Node & Lg. Vessel (in mesentary proper) Human Cephalic Lymph System Human Lymphatic System Lymphatic System • Contractile lymph vessels exist in most vertebrates (Form localized Lymph Hearts in hagfishes, lungfishes, amphibians, turtles, liz. & snakes, & ostriches+related birds) • Lacteals = lymph vessels in the intestinal villi – Only in TETRAPODS. • Lymph nodes / sacs / cisterns = expanded lymph vessels filled with connective tissue and leukocytes. Only in AMNIOTES. Human Lymphatic System ha gf is la hes m pr ey s C ho nd Ac ric tin ht op hy te s co ry el gi ac i an lu th ng fis s am he ph s ib ia M ns am m a R ep lia til ia Subphylum Vertebrata lymph nodes & cisterns lacteals General Respiratory Systems • Ventilation = movement of air or water across a respiratory surface. • Apnea = cessation of ventilation • Unidirectional ventilation = air/water moves 1 direction over resp. surface • Bidirectional ventilation = air/water moves 2 directions over resp. surface. (tidal) • Concurrent & Counter current exchange Concurrent Same Direction Current water or air blood from body (heart) to body Counter Current Counter Current System water or air blood to body from body (heart) Human Trachea & Lung Development Human Respiratory System in lung nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchus bronchiole alveolus Human Respiratory System Human Larynx Human Lungs Human Ventilation Aquatic Respiratory Structures • Skin is a significant respiratory surface in many NON-amniotes. • Gills = aquatic pharyngeal respiratory surfaces. (Internal = within pharynx; External = protrude from pharynx) salamander (axolotl) reedfish lungfish Internal Gills Chondrichthys Actinopterygii Gills • Gill = bony pharyngeal arch and two sets of filaments. • Absent in Amniotes and adult Lissamphibians • Each filament bears many lamellae (small, flat projections) & blood passes through capillaries in the lamellae. • Blood movement through lamellae sets up a counter current system. Gills Counter Current Gill Filament afferent lamella efferent Lungs/Swimbladders • Lung(s) = aerial gut diverticulum respiratory surface. (Osteichthys) In fishes called swimbladder & usually used for buoyancy as well. • Pneumatic duct = Connection to digestive tract in Actinopterygii & Dipnoi. Trachea (in Tetrapods) is a pneumatic duct held open with cartilage rings. Lungs/Swimbladders • Respiratory lungs/swimbladders are often compartmentalized. • Faveoli = non-mammal lung chambers. • Alveoli = rounded mammal lung chambers. Lungs/Swimbladders (Osteichthys) • Ancestral lungs/swimbladders: Ventral trachea/pneumatic duct. Two “lungs” • Swimbladder of non-reedfish actinopterygiians: Dorsal pneumatic duct. One lung dorsal to esophagus. (Pneumatic duct lost in some teleosts.) Lungs/Swimbladders r te op in ct A lungfish Amia calva ii yg Polypterus carp salamander bass ha gf is la hes m pr ey s C ho nd Ac ric tin ht op hy te s co ry el gi ac i an lu th ng fis s am he ph s ib ia M ns am m a R ep lia til ia Craniate Respiration alveoli gill filaments lost lungs trachea (swimbladder) (with cartilage “rings”) respiratory gills with filaments b A ow m fin ia ca lv a TE LE O ST S re ed fis he s st & urg pa e dd on le s ga fis rs h Class Actinopterygii single dorsal lung with dorsal connection to digestive tract Aerial Respiratory Modifications • Ancestrally - amphibians & “fishes” - “Swallow” air – push into lungs - Elastic lungs recoil to push air out. • Prehepatic diaphragm (mammals) - Negative pressure pulls air into lungs - Body cavity contraction pushes air out. • Posthepatic diaphragm (crocodilians) - Negative pressure pulls air into lungs - Liver pushes air out of lungs. “swallow” air Ventilation prehepatic posthepatic Bird Respiration • Parabronchi (birds) = one-way, passageways through the lung faveoli. • Lungs not very compressible. • Air Sacs (birds) = membranous sacs for containing air (9 off of each lung) • Air moved by expansion & contraction of air sacs. • Countercurrent, constant flow of O2 rich air over capillaries even when exhaling. Avian Lungs Avian Inhalation Avian Exhalation ds liz ar m on ot re m m es ar su pi al s eu th er ia ns tu rt le s Amniota & sn cr oc ak od es ili an s bi rd s Avian Respiration * prehepatic diaphragm air sacs; parabronchi * posthepatic diaphragm