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FORM 2 SCIENCE 1. Species 2. Population 3. Community 4. Habitat CHAPTER 4 INDEPENDENCES AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT - Same kind of organisms that can make to produce youngs. - A group of organisms which is same species living in a particular habitat. - Several populations of plants and animals living together in a habitat. - A natural living place where organisms live and reproduce. - Provides food, shelter and space for breeding to the organisms. 5. Ecosystem. i. Interaction of a few community interact one another and also with non-living things. ii. Is made up of living things and non-living things components in the environment. iii. Ecosystem Animals Living things Plants Decomposers (bacteria, fungi, mushroom) Soil Non-living thing Air Water light iv. v. Photosynthesis – plant depends on non-living things to produce food. – carbon dioxide + water → glucose (food) + oxygen 6 c. Saprophytism – are organism eats dead organism such as mushroom lives on dead tree. sunlight 7. Food chain - transfer of energy from one organism to another organism. - the sun is the main source of energy. i. sunlight (main source of energy) Grass return (Producer) simpler substances / dead minerals to the soil Worm (Primary consumer or herbivore) dead Chicken (Secondary consumer or carnivore) dead Snake (Tertiary consumer or carnivore. dead Bacteria / fungi (decomposers) i. If snakes are killed, the population of chickens will increase, worm decrease but grass increase. WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY ii. If chicken increases, the chicken will compete for food and the population of worm decrease but grass increase. However, the population of snake increases. a. Decomposers b. Producers - fungi and bacteria that break down dead organisms / change complex substance to simple substance. - return simpler substances / minerals to the soil. - green plants that can make their own food through photosynthesis from sunlight. - change simple substance to complex substance. c. 8.Food web - combination of several food chains linked together. 9. a. Moving up a pyramid number shows: i. a decrease in number of organisms. ii. An increase in organism size. iii. 90% energy loss between one level to another level b. The number of organisms at each level must be maintained so that there are enough organisms to support the next level of organisms. d i. ii. N→K→P→L iii. Producer – which is the most number is put at the base of the pyramid. iv. Tertiery –which is the least number is put at the summit of the pyramid (predator). WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY v. vi. 10. a. Important of photosynthesis - Produce food / glucose - Increase oxygen in the atmosphere - Reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere b. #The leaf turn blue-bleck when tested iodine solution because presence of starch 11. Stomata on a leaf surface a. Stomata pores (to release of water vapour and exchanging of gasses) i. Release oxygen but absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis (daytime) ii. Release carbon dioxide but absorb oxygen during respiration (day and night) iii. Release water vapour during transpiration. b. Factors affect the rate of transpiration: i. humidity of air (humidity ↓ , transpiration ↑ ) ii. surrounding temperature (temperature ↑ , transpiration ↑ ) iii. intensity of light (intensity ↑ , transpiration ↑ ) iv. movement of wind (movement ↑ , transpiration ↑ ) c. Functions of transpiration i. to remove excess water ii. to cool down the plant/leaves iii. to help the plant to absorb water from the roots up to the leaves. 12. Transpiration a. Releasing of water vapour through stomata on the leaves. WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY d. Plant wilts because transpiration / loss of water / insufficient of water. Inference The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration. Farmer needs to water the plant early in the morning to supply sufficient water for the plant to carry out transpiration process in the afternoon. e. Excessive logging i. carbon dioxide increase / cause greenhouse effect ii. oxygen decrease iii. destroy water catchment area iv. cause soil erosion v. extinction of flora and fauna f. Ways to reduce excessive logging i. management of forest (FRIM) ii. enforcement of law iii. establish forest reserved area iv. prevent illegal logging 13. Photosynthesis is peak during day time 14. Respiration (24 hours) – Animals / Plant (day and night) 15.a. i. ii. iii. Photosynthesis and respiration balance the composition of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 15 (b) Important of photosynthesis process i. reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY ii. increases the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere iii. produce food / glucose 16. Experiment to show that plant needs carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis process. 17 a. Important of conservation and preservation of environment i. To maintain the balance of ecosystem. ii. prevent extinction of animals and plants iii. ensure continuous supply of food 19. a. b. c. d. Process Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration Combustion b. Steps taken i. Enforcement of law to prevent illegal hunting and logging. ii. Tree replanting or reforestation. iii. Declare forest reserved area. iv. Education / awareness campaigns 18. Role of rainforest i. maintain water catchment area ii. Habitat for flora and fauna iii. Prevent soil erosion iv. Balance the composition of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere v. Reduce greenhouse effect. Uses Carbon dioxide Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Release Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water vapour Carbon dioxide 20. WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY